高级英语第二册第四课课后题答案(可编辑修改word版)

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第四单元习题答案

第四单元习题答案

Ⅰ.John F. Kennedy(1917--1963),35th President of the United States

A.His family background

John Kennedy, whose ancestors came from Ireland, was the first Roman Catholic to become president of the United States. At 43 he was also the youngest man ever elected to the highest office of his country, although he was not the youngest to serve in it. Theodore Roosevelt was not quite 43 when the assasination of President McKinley elevated him to the Presidency. John Fitzgerald Francis Kennedy was born on May 29,1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Brookline was the suburb of Boston where his grandfather had been elected to many public offices. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the future presi- dent, was at 25 the youngest bank president in the country. He was to build one of the great private fortunes of his time. He and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy raised a family of nine children. John was the second born.

When the first Kennedy child, Joseph, Jr. , was born, father Joe was reported to have said, "He' 11 be the first Kennedy to become president of the United States. " But he was killed while piloting a bomber in World War Ⅱ , and the leadership of the rising Kennedy generation passed to John.

Thus young John Kennedy, often called Jack, inherited a background of polities, wealth and determination. The family circle was close and warm. The boys learned competition first in sports. They played hard to win, a family trait in sports and politics all their lives. Young Kennedy attended private schools in Brookline and New York City; and then, in 1931, he entered Choate School, in Wallingford, Connecticut to prepare for college. Young Kennedy, after a short spell at the London School of Economics and Princeton, entered Harvard. In 1940 he graduated from Harvard cure laude.

B.His political career and election as president

In 1945 the Hearst newspapers hired Kennedy to cover the United Nations preliminary conference in San Francisco. He covered the British elections that year, then decided he had had enough of journalism. He did not know whether he would like politics, but decided to try it. In 1946 he ran for Congress as a Democrat, in a Boston district. Though he did not live there, Kennedy, by hard compaigning, defeated a large field of rivals. He was re-elected twice. Then he tried for election to the United States Senate against Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, who was supposed to be unbeatable in Massachusetts. It was a big Republican year in 1952, in Massachusetts and elsewhere, but Jack Kennedy beat Lodge by 70,000 votes.

On September 12, 1953, Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier were married at Newport, Rhode Island. They had three children—Caroline; John, Jr. , whom his father called John-John; and Patrick Bouvier, who lived but a few days.

Kennedy missed being nominated for vice-president by a few votes in 1956. But he gained an introduction to millions of Americans who watched the Chicago Democratic Convention on television. When he decided to run for president in1960, his name was widely known. Many thought that his religion and his youthful appearance would handicap him. Kennedy faced the religion issue frankly. He declared his firm belief in the separation of church and state. His

wealth enabled him to assemble a staff and to get around the country in a private plane.

Kennedy’ s four television debates with Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon, were a highlight of the 1960 campaign. The debates probably were important in Kennedy’s close victory electoral votes to 219 for Nixon. The popular vote was breathtakingly close Kennedy received only18,574 more votes than Nixon--a fraction of 1 precent of the total vote. (excerpts from the New Book of Knowledge)

C.Assasination

In November 1963, President Kennedy journeyed to Texas for a speech-making tour. In Dallas on November 22, he and his wife were cheered enthusiastically as their open car passed through the streets. Suddenly, at 12"30 in the after-noon, an assassin fired several shots, striking the president twice, in the base of the neck and the head, and seriously wounding John Connally, the governor of Texas, who was riding with the Kennedys. The president was rushed to Park-land Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead about a' half hour later. Within two hours, Vice President Johnson took the oath as president. On November 24, amid national and worldwid e mourning, the President’s body lay in state on the rotunda of the U. S. Capitol. The next day, leaders of 92 nations attended the state funeral, and a million persons lined the route as a horsedrawn caisson bore the body to St. Matthew’s Cathedral for a requiem mass. While millions of Americans watched the ceremonies on television, the president was buried on an open slope in Arlington National Cemetry. There an eternal flame, lighted by his wife, marks the grave.

On the day of the assasination, the police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, a 24-year-old ex- marine, for the president’s murder. Oswald, who had lived for a time in the Soviet Union, killed Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit while resisting at-rest. Two days later, in the station, Oswald himself was basement of the Dallas police fatally shot by Jack Ruby, a nightclub owner. On November 29, President Johnson appointed a seven- member commission, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, to conduct a thorough investigation of the assassination and report to the nation. The commission’s report made public on Sept. 27, 1964, held that Oswald fired the shots that killed the president. Further, to allay suspicions that the murder was a conspiratorial plot, it stated that the committee "found no evidence" that either Oswald or Ruby "was part of any conspiracy, domestic or foreign, to assassinate President Kennedy".

Ⅱ. 1. Kennedy thinks the world is different now because man has made great progress in science and technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc. ) to abolish poverty, but also the power(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)to destroy all forms of human life．I agree with him．

2.According to Kennedy，the belief still at issue around the globe is the belief that all man are created equal and God has given them certain inalienable rights which no state or ruler can take away from them．

3.Kennedy considers as friends：

a)the old allies of the U．S．，such as Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand and the western European countries；b) the countries in South America and；c)many of the developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U．S．aid．He considers all socialist countries as foes(all that time the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union)and those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road．

4.Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand．and in a wider sense one may also

include France．

5.Many new nations were born after World WarⅡ．especially in Africa．In 1 960 alone，just one year before Kennedy’s inaugural speech，the following countries in Africa declared their independence：The Republic of Cen—tral Africa，The Republic of Chad，The Republic of Da-homey，The People’s Republic of the Congo 。The(jabon Republic，The Republic of Ghana．etc．

6.The people who are in huts and villages are the poor people in backward developing countries in Africa and Asia．(Student give comments on the rest of the answer．)

7.The stated policy of Kennedy towards Latin America is summed up in the phrase “alliance for progress”．Kennedy pledged to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the chains of poverty．

8.Kennedy’s policy towards “his adversary”is negotiation from a position of strength．The U．S．must first be strong enough to deter her adversary．From this strong position of absolute military superiority Kennedy proposes negotiating with the socialist camp(or the Soviet Union)on the following problems：a) arms control，b) cooperation in the fields of science，technology，arts and commerce，c)a new world system．

9.He calls on his fellow—Americans to make new sacrifices．to do what his country calls on him to do．He should be prepared to sacrifice everything，even his life if necessary，to defend freedom，to wage constant war against tyranny，poverty，disease and war．The “long twilight struggle”is not a hot war but a constant，persevering fight against tyranny，poverty，disease and the threat of war．

10.There are probably some exaggeration in the claim that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office．However，it is historically justifiable that Kennedy assumed office at a time when freedom was in a most critical hour．The new president had to face many dangers and crises．At home，freedom was endangered by the witch hunting campaign against government workers accused of being communists started by Senator McCarthy．So Kennedy made himself a strong supporter of civil rights．Ⅲ．1．The rhetorical devices employed included：figures of speech，parallel and ballanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses．

2.Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and a ppropriate．

3.In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence "To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge", the word "sister' is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north. And in the sentence "Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request", the phrase "would make them- selves our adversary" is again cleverly chosen to throw the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party, It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.

4.N ermedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured help and

support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them over, and veiled threat, warning and! advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.

5.Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be "we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty", as this is not only a carefully thought out, well-ballanced sentence easy to remember and elegantly pleasant to read aloud, but also a sentence that best expresses the proud feelings of the Americans as the self-appointed leader of the "free democracies "Kennedy's call for Americans to "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" is also very often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit of the Americans of which Kennedy is a best example.

6.Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on e-motional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.

IV. 1. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.

2.This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.

3.United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.

4.We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.

5.The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.

6.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.

7.before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place

8.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.

9.So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate)and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness. 10. Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.

11.Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).

12.L et history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.

Ⅵ.1.prescribe, set down or impose

2.mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die)

3.at issue, in dispite; still to be decided

4.disciplined, received training that developed self-control and character

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4c14383757.html,mitted, bound by promise, pledged

6.undoing : abolishing

7.at odds: .in disagreement ; quarreling split asunder : split apart ; disunited

8.iron: cruel; merciless

9.bounds: chains; fetters

10.invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insuits, curses, etc.

11.writ : (archaic) a formal written document ; specifically, a legal instrument in letter form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch from Anglo—Saxon times to declare its grants，wishes and commands(Here it refers to the United Nations Charter．) run：continue

in effect or force

12．stays：restrains

13.tap：draw upon or make use of

14.bear：take on；sustain

Ⅶ．1．fatal 可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物(不能指人)，侧重于其不可避免性。如an illness which might not be serious for a young person．but which will almost certainly prove fatal to the old lady(一种对于年轻人来说也许并不严重，但对于一个老太婆来说却无疑是致命的病症)。deadly 在表示“必然致命”这一点上与fatal 完全相同，可互换使用。但deadly 还有一种为fatal 所没有的用法，它可以指一个欲置他人于死地的人。如：The murdered man had many deady enemies．(被害者有很多不共戴天的死敌。) mortal 像deadly 一样．，可以指能置人于死的人或物。如：Because of an ancient family feud，the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth．用于指物时，mortal 之不同于fatal 及deadly 之处在于它往往只在已有提及死亡发生的前文后使用。如：He was struck down by a mortal blow upon to head．(他的死是由于头上受了致命一击)。lethal 指的是某物质因其构成成分中含有毒素而定可造成死亡，而且其物存在的目的即是为了致人于死地。如：Cyanide is a lethal poison．(氰化物是一种致命的毒药。) 除lethal 之外，以上各词均可

用来形容某种造成恐慌或极度不安，会带来灾祸但不一定造成生命伤亡的事物。如：a

fatal mistake(十分严重的错误)；a deadly insult(难以容忍的侮辱)；in mortal terror(极端的恐怖之中)。

2．faithful 指出于对个人荣誉、友谊或爱情等的珍惜而体现出的信义和忠诚，如a

faithful wife(忠实的妻子)。loyal 则指因受道德良心或正义感、责任感的驱使而对某人、某

项事业或某个组织表现出坚定不移的耿耿忠心，如a loyal friend(忠实可靠的朋友)。constant 一般指爱情或事业上的用心专一，不见异思迁，朝秦暮楚，如a constant lover(用情专一的情人)。staunch(或stanch)指为维护某种原则或信念而表现出毫不动摇的意志和决心，如a staunch defender of the truth(真理的坚决捍卫者)。resolute 也表示坚定不动摇的决心，不过多指在小事上或为私人目的而表现出的决心，如：She was resolute in her decision to stay．(她决定留下，很难改变。)

Ⅷ．tyranny，despotism，terrorism 。domination．oppression．iron hand，iron heel, club law，big stick，reign of terror

Ⅸ．wealth，riches。opulence，affluence．abundance，prosperity．prosperousness，easy circumstances，richness，opulency

Ⅹ．1．pay a price 7．tay the(ocean)depths 2．bear a burden 8．encourage teh arts 3．pledge(one’s)word 9．forge a(great)alliance 4．explore the stars 1 O．support friends

5.conquer the deserts 11．oppose foes 6．eradicate disease l 2．formulate proposals Ⅺ．1．United，there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures．Divided，there is little we can do．for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder．2．If a free society cannot help the many who are poor．it cannot save the few who are rich．3．Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us．4．And so，my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you；ask what you can do for your country．

Ⅻ.Paragraphs 6，7，8，10，11 begin with the same type of phrases：“To those old allies…”，“To those new states …”，“To those peoples…”。“To our sister republics…”．"To that world assembly " and " to those nations. Paragraphs 15, 16, 17, 18 begin with the same type of phrases: "Let both sides "-'". Besides these, there are many other examples of parallel structures. As for repetition of important words we have: "all forces" and" belief"(paragraph 2 ) ; "committed" (paragraph 3 ) ; "good' and "free" (paragraph 9), etc.

ⅩⅢ. 1, But we shall not always expect "- to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by calling in strong, greedy countries ended up by losing their independence to these countries.

2.We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which will bring hope of progress to all our countries.

3.And let every other power know that this hemisphere will not tolerate any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere.

4.We renew our pledge: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its power so that it can protect the newly independent and weak nations.

5.And if a little bit of co-operation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides "..

6.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will inspire not only the United States and her people but also the whole world.

ⅩⅣ. 1. Addition 2. Comparison 3. Contrast 4. Emphasis 5. Exemplification 6. Place 7. Reason 8. Result 9. Summary 10. Time

ⅩⅤ. Para. 1: 1) First 2) for example 3) on the other hand 4) second 5) For instance 6) In particular 7) Last908) For these three reasons

Para. 2: 1) indeed 2) also 3) thus 4) Later 5) But 6) So 7) Before long 8) at last 9) Then 10) after that 11) finally 12) for ever

ⅩⅥ. Omitted.

ⅩⅦ. The outline of the address is that the United States, the self- appointed leader of the "free democracies", is prepared to pay any price to defend human rights and the liberty and independence of free nations, that she is prepared to "oppose any foe", and that Kennedy appeals to his countrymen for support and sacrifice.