普通生态学考试题习题库

《普通生态学》

一、Please explain the following terms (3 points each, 18 points totally)、（1）I ntroduction

Ecology

habitat

（2）a utoecology

niche(生态位)

fundamental niche(基础生态位)

petitive exlusion principle(竞争排斥原理)

fitness(适合度)

environment(环境)

Liebig’s law of minimum(利比希最小因子定律)

Shelford’s law of tolerance (谢尔福德得“耐受性定律”)

ecological valence or amplitude(生态价、生态幅、耐性限度)

law of limiting factor(限制因子定律)

Vant Hoff’s law(范霍夫定律或Q10定律)

developmental threshold temperature(发育起点温度)

law of effective temperature(有效积温法则)

(3)population ecology

Population(种群)

ecological invasion(生态入侵)

innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)[内禀增长率] density dependence(密度制约)

density independence(非密度制约)

age structure(年龄椎体或年龄金字塔)

Survivorship curve(存活曲线)

ecological natality(生态出生率)

ecological mortality(生态死亡率)

maximum natality(最大出生率)

minimum mortality(最低死亡率)

ecological strategy(生态对策)

(4)munity ecology

pioneer species(先锋物种)

climax (顶级群落)

biotic munity(生物群落)

munity succession(群落演替)

growth form(生长型)

life form(生活型)

ectone(群落交错区):

edge effect(边缘效应):

species diversity(物种多样性):

dominant species(优势种)

functional group(guild)(同资源种团或功能团):

(5)ecosystem

biomass(生物量)

primary production(初级生产)

biogeochemical cycle(生物地化循环)

ecosystem(生态系统):

biosphere(生物圈):

ecological pyramid(生态椎体或生态金字塔)

food chain(食物链)

food web(食物网)

trophic level(营养级)

Ⅱ、Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful、[填空题]

(1)introduction

Human being are confronted with the five crisis such as , food, , , environment、

Divided by the organization levels, the ecology include molecular ecology, autoecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, global ecology、Divided by the habitat, ecology include terrestrial ecology, ecology, estuary ecology, ecology, etc、

Divided by the organisms, ecology include ecology, ecology, and microorganism ecology、

Classic ecology include autoecology, , , , and ecosystem ecology、

(2)autoecology

The ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are , ,

、

The spatial distribution patterns of a population (种群得空间分布格局) include even distribution (均匀分布), distribution, and distribution、

(3)population ecology

The types of natural selection include , directional selection, 、

The drives of evolution include and 、

The selfregulation schools include , , and 、

The processes of speciation are , , and 、The three ways of speciation are , , 、

According to the shape of age pyramid, it can be classified into three types, that is,

, , and 、

The interspecific relationship between lion and deer is 、The interaction between penicillin and bacterium is 、Walnut quinone secreted by walnut can inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to 、

(4)munity ecology

The three model to explain the succession mechanism include, ,

、

(5)ecosystem ecology

The function of ecosystem include , , 、

There types of biogeochemical cycles are , , 、

The two main types of food chains are and 、

, , and are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem、

The maximal ecosystem in globe is 、

The figure below is a simplified sketch map (示意图) of food web (食物网) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answer for the six questions below according to this sketch map、

(1)The number of food chain (食物链) in this food web is 、

(2)The number of trophic level (营养级) of hawk is 、

(3)The interspecific relationship between hawk and fox is 、

(4)The life form (生物) with the highest energy among the ponents of this ecosystem is 、The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk, the efficient food chain is 、(5)If we use DDT to control the pest insect (害虫) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration (浓度) of DDT is _______、

(6)If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is 、

15、种间关系包括(举例说明就是什么关系)

16、她感、异种抑制、抗生

17、趋同进化等

18、生态型、生活型(举例)

19、演替

ⅢTrue or false、[就是非题]

(1)introduction

( ) 32、Population ecology, munity ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology、

( ) 35、Molecular ecology belongs to the research domain of classic ecology、

( ) 36、Modern ecology include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology、

(2)autoecology

( ) 4、Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but a resource for a plant、

( ) 4、Water is the resource for one plant at any time、

( ) 17、For any organism, the value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次数) by a 10℃rise in temperature is two to three、

( ) 22、If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species among the two species destined (注定) to go to extinction (灭绝)、

( ) 21、Organisms in the Tropical Zone(热带)are able to tolerate(耐受) much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone(温带)and Frigid Zone(寒带), so organisms

in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (广温生物) while organisms in Temperate Zone are

stenotherms (狭温生物)、

(3)population ecology

( ) 1、Most animals belong to unitary organism (单体生物)、

( ) 1、The most plants belong to modular organism (构件生物)、

( ) 2、One species maybe obtains some benefits from the other one when they pete each other for resources、

( ) 2、In the broad sense (广义上说), parasitism is one kind of predation、

( ) 3、Timespecific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群)、

( ) 3、Agespecific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群)、

( ) 15、Self regulation school belongs to endogenous regulation theory、

( ) 16、According to HardyWinberg’s law, the gene and genotype frequency in each generations will retain constant in a small population、

( ) 19、Ecological factors (生态因子) can be divided into densitydependent (密度制约) and densityindependent (非密度制约) factors, light and temperature are

densityindependent factors, while food is densitydependent、

( ) 20、Parasites and their host are in coevolution (协同进化) 、

( ) 23、Realized (ecological) natality is not only determined by actual ecological conditions, but also restrained (限制) by physiological conditions、

( ) 24、The result of static life table are more reliable (可靠得) than that of dynamic table life、

( ) 25、There are more specialists in stable conditions than generalists in capricious (变化无常得) conditions、

( ) 27、Antibiosis belongs to amensalism、

( ) 28、The interspecific relationship between black carp (鳙鱼) and silver carp (鲢鱼) is mutualism、

( ) 31、The interaction between termite and flagellate (鞭毛虫) in its intestine is mensalisms、

( ) 34 That 1000 kg silver carps have fished per unit fishing effort stands for relative density、

(4)munity ecology

( ) 18、Species diversity (物种多样性) in Tropical Zone (热带地区) is lower than in Temperate Zone (温带地区)、

( ) 5、The succession direction of facilitation model is predictable、

( ) 5、Polyclimax hypothesis argue that the climax of a munity is determined only by the climate、

( ) 6、The ecologists of the organismic school argue that there are not obvious borderline between two munities、

( ) 6、One of the succession viewpoint (演替观) of individualistic school is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of a munity、

( ) 7、We can classified trees (乔木) into broadleaved and needleleaved in term of growth form、

( ) 8、There are two munities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals、munity A has two species each with 50 individuals、munity B has ten species, but the each of which

has 10 individuals, respectively (分别地)、So we can conclude that the species

biodiversity of munity A is higher than that of munity B、

( ) 9、After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting (皆伐) , there will occur secondary

succession、

( ) 14、It will not incur (招致, 引起) any negative effects on a munity to remove all the redundant species (冗余种) from this munity、

( ) 29、Plants can be classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物), shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物) in terms of life growth、

(5)ecosystem ecology

( ) 11、The biomass of the lower of trophic level must be higher than that of the higher trophic level、

( ) 12、The energy decreases with increase of trophic level、

( ) 13、Sulfur cycle (硫循环) belongs to sedimentary cycle (沉积型循环) and doesn’t belong to gaseous cycle、

( ) 26、The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it、

( ) 10、There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp (鳙鱼) in a lake with area of 100 km2 in a given time (某一时刻), so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated、

( ) 33、The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is generally less than seven to eight、

Ⅳ、To make the right choice [选择题]

(1)introduction

8、The ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecology is ( )、

A、Hackel

B、Clements

C、Tansley

D、Lack

33、( ) belong(s) to the research domain of classic ecology、

A、population ecology

B、munity ecology

C、ecosystem ecology

D、landscape ecology

(2)autoecology

1、The auricle (外耳) of arctic fox (北极狐) is markedly shorter than that of red fox (赤狐) in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviously shorter than that of largeear fox (大耳狐)、

We can use ( ) to explain this phenomenon、

A、Bergmann’s rule

B、Allen’s rule

C、Shelford’ law of tolerance

D、Jordan’

rule

3、Whale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mammal, and shark belongs

to fish, but they all have the finlike structure to adapt themselves to water environment、We can term this phenomenon ( )、

A、convergence adaptation

B、petition

C、mutualism

D、divergence adaptation

20、When there are short of calcium (钙) in the environment, strontium (锶) can substitutes for calcium (Ca、) in the growth and development of mollusk、We can term this effect as ( )、

A、bined effect (综合作用)

B、plementary effect (互补作用)

C、Nonsubstitutable (不可替代作用)

D、Definitiveness (限定性作用或阶段性作用)

21、The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus in the soil can be absorbed by a crop to produce 250 kg, 350 kg, and 500 kg of this crop, respectively (分别地), so the realized production of this crop is about ( )、

A、250 kg

B、350 kg

C、500 kg

D、1100 kg

25、Among the following ecological factors, ( ) are/is probably (很可能地) the conditions

(or a condition) for the plants but the resource(s) for insects、

A、solar radiation

B、air

C、water E、temperature

31、The position of light pensation point (光补偿点) for sun species (阳地或阳性物种) is ( ) that for shade species (阴性或阴地物种)、

A、higher than

B、lower than

C、the same as

D、higher than or lower than or the same as

(3)population ecology

6、The basic unit of species’ existence in nature is ( )、

A、individual

B、population

C、species

D、munity

7、The main characteristics of Kselector include(s)( )、

A、small body

B、large body

C、high reproduction rate

D、low reproduction rate

9、The spatial distribution pattern of population include ( )、

A、uniform distribution

B、random distribution

C、clumped distribution

D、vertical

distribution

10、( ) don’t belong to positive interaction among the four interspecific relationships followed、

A、petition

B、amensalism

C、predation

D、mutualism

11、The dynamics of population of the algae (藻类) that insulted in red tide belongs to ( )、

A、irregular fluctuation

B、regular fluctuation

C、population outbreak

D、

ecological invasion

12、A secondary metabolizied material (次生代谢产物) is released into environment by a plant, which

can inhibited the other plants from growth, we often term this phenomenon ( )、

A、allelopathy (她感作用)

B、apparent petetion (似然竞争)

C、petetion

D、

territoriality (领域性)

13、In Logistic growth equation ‘dN/dt=rN(1N/K)’, ( ) denotes the residual space (剩余空间)。

A、1/K

B、N/K

C、1N/K

D、N(1N/K)

14、When Tribolium castaneum(杂拟谷盗) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis(锯谷盗) are cultured

together, they pete for food and eat each other’s eggs、The interaction between the two animals

belong(s) to ( )、

A、exploitation petition

B、interference petition

C、Apparent petition (似然竞争)

D、

amensalism

15、( ) belong(s) to modular organism、

A、bracken fern(欧洲蕨)

B、insect

C、fish

D、sheep

16、( ) belong(s) to unitary organism、

A、insect

B、bracken fern(欧洲蕨)

C、hydroids

D、sponges

17.The gene of Huntington’s disease (亨廷顿舞蹈病) was often found among the Afrikaner (南非白人,

布尔人) population in South African established by 20 immigrants of one shipload from Europe, and

this gene was originally taken by a Dutchman (荷兰人), one of the 20 immigrants、According to the

background, we can infer that Huntington’s disease is the result of ( )、

A、Founder effect

B、genetic drift

C、genetic bottleneck

D、HardyWinberg’s law

18、The population of bird will increase when food availability (可获得性) is high, which will go down when there are short of foods、According to the relationship between bird population size and food availability, we can infer boldly (大胆地) that the regulation mechanism of bird population belongs to ( )、

A、biotic school

B、climatic school

C、endocrinal regulation theory

D、genetic regulation theory

19、Population growth model ‘N t＝λt N0’’ describes ( )、

A、the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is nonoverlapped;

B、the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped;

C、the population growth when the resource is limited and the generation is nonoverlapped;

D、the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped、

23、( ) belong(s) to rstrategist、

A、locust (蝗虫)

B、giant panda (大熊猫)

C、white whale (白鲨)

D、Chinese river dolphin (白暨豚)

24、The interspecific relationship between ant and aphid (蚜虫) is ( )、

A、primitive cooperation (原始合作)

B、mutualism (互利合作)

C、amenanlism (偏利共生)

28、The following life form (生物) that doesn’t belong to the modular organism(构件生物)is ( )、

A、coral (珊瑚)

B、hydroid (水螅)

C、pine tree (松树)

D、insect

26、It is called ( ) for the relationship between a bee and its pollinated flower(授粉得花)、

A、primitive cooperation

B、predation

C、parasitism

D、mensalism

29、The types of density dependence include(s) ( )、

A、over pensation

B、under pensation

C、exact pensation

D、balancing pensation

30、( ) doesn’t belong to interspecific relationship、

A、petition

B、predation

C、parasitism

D、cannibalism (自相残杀)

32、The interspecific relationship between penicillin and bacterium belong(s) to ( )、

A、antibiosis

B、amensalism

C、mensalisms

D、allelopathy

34、When the population size is ( ), the population increase in the maximum rate、

A、more than K/2

B、less than K/2

C、the same as K/2

D、the same as K

35、The parasitizing bees lay eggs in the body of their parasitized insects, and will gradually kill

the parasitized insects, so the relationship between them is ( )

A、parasitoidism(拟寄生)

B、parasitism (寄生)

C、amensalism (偏害作用)

D、mensalisms (偏利作用)

(4)munity ecology

2、The climax in the ‘Monoclimax theory’ denotes ( )、

A、Climate climax

B、animal climax

C、soil climax

D、 topographical climax

4、( ) can be exclusively used to determine whether a species in a munity is dominant or not、

A、number of species 物种数量

B、biomass of species 物种生物量

C、size of species

物种得体积D、its role in the munity 物种在群落中得作用

22、( ) belong(s) to ecological equivalent species、

A、rice and cotton

B、apple and coconut tree (椰子树)

C、hyacinth (水葫芦) and reed

D、

cactus and plants of zygophyllum (霸王科, 霸王属)

(5)ecosystem ecology

5、Lindamm efficiency deals with ( ) between two trophic levels (营养级)、

A、relationship of energy

B、information transfer

C、matter cycle

D、trophic relationship

27、A mature ecosystem should have a feature of ( )、

A、P/R>>1

B、Simple linear food web(直线型食物网关系)

C、more Kstrategists

D、lower diversity

36.( ) is/are the deposer of the ecosystem

A、earthworm (蚯蚓)

B、bacteria (细菌)

C、fungus (真菌)

D、green alga (绿藻)

Ⅴ、Please answer the questions below in brief、[简答题]

1、Please give the definition of resources and conditions, and take example(s) to describe the differences between resources and conditions、[简述资源、条件得定义,并举例说明资源与条件得区别] 。

2、Please list the types of survivorship curve, the characteristics and one representative species of each curve、[存活曲线有哪几种？每种存活曲线有哪些特征？各种曲线列出1个物种]。

3、Please list the rules of animal’s evolved response to temperature, and describe its meanings in brief、[从进化角度瞧,动物对温度得响应规律(evolved response to temperature)有哪些]？

4、What are the four fundamental ponents of the ecosystem? and what functions the poser, consumer, and producer play in the ecosystem ? [生态系统有哪些主要组成成分？生产者、消

费者与分解者在生态系统中各起什么功能？]

5、Please briefly describe the morphological, physiological, and behavioral differences between rselector and Kselector、[简述r 选择者与K选择者在形态、生理、行为特征方面得主要区

别有哪些？]

6、Please briefly describe the main characteristics of rselector and Kselector, respectively、[分

别简述r对策者与K对策者得主要特征。]

7、Please describe the main viewpoint of three climax hypothesises、[简述三种顶级群落理论

得主要观点]。

8、Please briefly describe the characteristics and parameter of population、[种群得特征、参数

有哪些？并分别加以简单描述。]

9、Please briefly list the main characteristics of three types of age pyramids、[简述三种年龄锥

体得特征。]

10.Please briefly describe the reason why the number of trophic levels is less than six? [简要说明

为什么不能超过6个营养级]

11、Please list eight kinds of interspecific relationship, and briefly describe the characteristics of those relationships、[请列出8种种间关系,并简要描述各种种间关系得特点]

12、Please briefly describe the three types of natural selection、[对三种自然选择类型进行简

要描述]、

Ⅵ、Please answer the questions below in detail [论述题)

1、Why it is very difficult to control the number of pest insects and harmful rodent and to restore the population of the endangered species such as south China tigers (华南虎), giant panda, and Chinese River Dolphin (白暨豚)? [试论为何很难控制害虫、害鼠得种群数量,而濒危物种如大熊猫、华南虎、白暨豚得恢复难度则非常大？]

2、Why the four major Chinese carps (四大家鱼) can be raised in the same pond and their production is high? Please explain this phenomenon in term of niche theory, principle of interspecific relationship, and the law of energy influx、[四大家鱼养殖在同一池塘中能获得高产,试从生态位理论、种间相互作用原理及能量流动规律角度进行分析。]

2、Please explain the ecological mechanisms, which lead to the high production of traditional Chinese polyculture stocked with silver carps, bighead carps, grass carps, and black carps, by using the food chain theory, interspecific relationships and niche theory? [请用食物链理论,种间关系与生态位理论解释为什么中国传统青、草、鲢、鳙混养鱼池能够获得高产？]

3、Please discuss the main point of view of the selfregulation theories in detail、[试论三种种群自动调节理论得主要观点。]

4、Please write down the Logistic growth equation, and discuss the biological significances of Logistic growth model、[请写出Logistic增长方程,并试论Logistic增长方程得生物学意义。]

5、Please describe the six amendments to Shelford’s law of tolerance in detail、[对谢尔福德得“耐受性定律”得几点补充进行详细描述]

6、Please pare the main viewpoints concerning munity property and its succession of the Individualistic School with those of the Organismic School、[比较机体论与个体论学派对群落性质及群落演替得主要观点。]