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基本翻译理论

基本翻译理论
基本翻译理论

Basic Knowledge of Translation Theory

I.Translation

1.Definition

1)The definition in the old days

●“译即易,谓换易言语使相解也。”——贾公彦(618-907) 唐朝

●“夫翻译者,谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别,义则大同。”——法云

(960-1279) 宋代

It means that translation is a rendering from one language (Source Language) into another (Target Language), remaining the meaning.

●The British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into

another language, remaining the sense.”

2)The current definition

●The American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida wrote in 1964: Translation

consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(所谓翻译,是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先是意义,其次是文体。)

1)再现原文的信息(message)而不是保留原文的形式结构(formal structure)

2)对等(equivalence)不是同一(identity)

3)对等是最贴近、自然的对等

4)意义是优先考虑的因素

5)文体很重要

●The British translation theorist Tytler’s definition in 1970 about translation: “A

good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the orig inal work.”

●Prof. Huang Long Translatology

Translation may be defined as follows:

The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)

(翻译可以作以下界定:用一种语言(目的语)的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言(源出语)的文本材料。)

1)部分地替代

2)对等概念

In summary

1)Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the

cultural communication between two language families.

2)Translation is a rendering from one language into another. Translation is a

science, an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and

communication.

3)Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is

written or said in another language.

4)Translation is a kind of science because it was a whole set of rules governing

it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating.

2.Varieties of translation

1)Interpretation and written translation

2)In terms of SL and TL, Interlingual translation语际(不同语言之间),

Intralingual translation语内(同一语言rewording),Intersemiotic translation

符际(eg.把语言符号用图画、手势、数字或音乐来表达)

3)In terms of style, political essay政论,practical writing应用文,science and

technology科技,literary translation

II.Translation Criteria or Principle

●Tytler’s: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791

1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the

original work.译文应完全复写出原作的思想。

2)The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as

that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。

3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译

文应和原作同样流畅。

●Yanfu’s: Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance (信、达、雅)

1.“Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the

original content of thought.

2.“Expressiveness” demands that the vers ion should be clear and

flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and

sense.

3.“Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han

Dynasty.

In summary, the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable.

The original mea ning of “Elegance” is unacceptable for today, but we can

give it new sense -----elegant style in translation.

●Others:

Lu Xun’s (鲁迅)translation principle:

Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition to

Liang Shi-qiu’s translation principle in 1930s. (宁信不顺)

Fu Lei’s付雷translation criteria: TL should be similar to SL both in Form

and in Spirit. (形似、神似)

Liu C hongde’s刘重德translation criteria: faithfulness, expressiveness and

closeness. (信、达、切) faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the

original; expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original;

closeness: to be as close to the original style as possible.

Liang Shiqiu ‘s and Zhao Jingshen’s (梁实秋,赵景深) translation

principle in 1930s: “It’s better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.”

宁错务顺

Eugene A. Nida’s translation principle: Dynamic equivalence or

Functional equivalence or Equivalent-effect theory. The main idea is that

the translator is to produce as nearly possible the same effect on his readers

as was produced on the readers of the original.

Peter Newmark’s translation principle: From the angle of contextual

analysis, he puts forward two translation approaches: Semantic translation

and Communicative translation.

Semantic translation: The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and

semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of

the author. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content

of the source text.

Communicative translation: The translator attempts to produce the same

effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers.

Communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and

response of receptors.

In summary, translation criteria: faithfulness and smoothness忠实与通顺.

Faithfulness refers to that content and style of TL should be faithful to the

SL.

Smoothness requires that version should be clear and distinct, flowing

and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word

translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused

structure and logic.

III.Prerequisites of a translator

As Zhou En-lai said: To be a good translator we should strengthen our “basic training” in the three essential aspects:

1)The enhancement of our political consciousness

2)The betterment of our command of the relevant languages

3)The broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge. IV.Translation strategies: foreignization and domestication

Foreignization:If the translator’s preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignizing or foreignization.

Domestication:It refers the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture is called domesticating or domestication.

For example,

C-E

谋事在人,成事在天。(曹:95)

Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang: 90)

Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes: 152)

注:杨宪益利用了一个英语谚语,但把其中的“God”改成了“Heaven”,从而保留了原有的宗教色彩。而Hawkes直接引用了英语谚语,未作任何改动,这样,他把原文的佛教色彩变成了基督教色彩。这样英美读者更为自然、更容易接受。当然,这样一来,Hawkes把一个信佛的人变成了一个信耶稣的人了。

E-C

He made you for a high way to my bed; but I, a maid, die maiden ---widowed. (W. Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, 3, 3, 134-135)

译文1:他要借着你做牵引相思的桥梁,可是我却要做一个独守空阁的怨女而死去。(朱生豪译)(归)

译文2:他要借你作捷径,登上我的床;可怜我这处女,守活寡,到死是处女。(方平译)(异)

Unless you’ve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.

误译:除非你有锦囊妙计,否则我们是输定了。(归)

改译:除非你手中藏有王牌,否则我们是输定了。(异)

注:英语中ace是西方玩牌赌博时藏于袖中的“王牌”,而“锦囊妙计”则是中国古代宫廷争斗或疆场征战时封在“锦囊”中的神妙计策,彼此有截然不同的文化背景和内涵。

Among Wolves one must howl.

入乡随俗(归)

在狼群中你就得嗥(异)

注:异化的翻译方法为汉语表达同一意思提供了一个新颖别致的语言形式。

Go to law for a sheep, you lose a cow.

捡了芝麻,丢了西瓜。(归)

为一只羊打官司,却损失了一头牛。(异)

注:异化的翻译策略表示律师借打官司之际,向原告和被告收取尽可能多的钱财,反映了西方民族习惯于通过法律途径解决纠纷的文化习尚。

V.Two basic translation methods: Literal Translation and Liberal (Free) Translation

Literal Translation means word-for-word translation. It takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.

Liberal Translation is also called Free Translation. It is a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.

For example,

E-C

To kill two birds with one stone.

直译:一石二鸟

意译:一箭双雕,一举两得

The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.

直译:最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响。

意译:才学最差,叫喊最响;出力最少,抱怨最忙;能猫不叫,叫猫不能。

C-E

树倒猢狲散

直译:When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.

意译:Members run away when the family falls. / Rats leave a sinking ship.

VI.Terms

Polysemy: One word has various parts of speech and various meaning.

Firth said: “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”

Eg. Dry

I want my martini dry. (not sweet)

我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。

There are still some dry states in the United States.

在美国尚有几洲禁酒。

She prefers dry bread. (without butter)

她喜欢无奶油的面包。

The cows are dry. (not supplying milk)

这些母牛缺奶。

He gave us a dry lecture yesterday.

昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。

I am sure what he presented was a dry fact. (plain, undisguised)

我相信,他所列举的是铁一般的事实。

●Commendatory and derogatory words: Commendatory word means

a praising word, or a word in good sense. Derogatory word means a

word to lessen or impair the power or authority or a word in bad sense. Eg.

Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.

很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。

Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.

他虽然很年轻,但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。

They incited him to go into further investigation

他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。

The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.

阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。

●Diction: It means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of

accurate comprehension of the original.

Eg. Context

We can make out the meaning of the word from the context.

我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。

We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.

我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。(in the context of以……为精神,在……的基础上)

It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born.

撒哈拉沙悲剧正在这种情况下发生。

We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit.

我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。

In this context, I’ve to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world.

就此而论,我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实:印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。

The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50 minute class session two or three times a week. The most common mode of instruction is the lecture.

由一位教授和二三十名学生每周会晤两三次,每次授课时间45分钟到50分钟,是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。最普遍的教学方式是讲课。

●Repetition: In translation we are required to repeat words over and over

again for clearness, for the sake of emphasis and for attractiveness

(vividness).

Eg.

Big families had their own difficulties.

大家庭有大家庭的难处。

Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.

无知是羡慕的根源,也是恐惧的根源。

●Amplification: It means supplying necessary words in our translation

work so as to make the version correct and clear. Words thus supplied

must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.

The number of children being excluded in the area is getting out of hand.

该地区学生被开除的现象已到了无法控制的地步。

“According to Dr. John,” he said, “the patient’s life is still in danger. The first aid must be rendered as soon as possible.”

“根据约翰大夫的诊断,”他说,“这位患者的生命仍然处于危险之中,必须尽快采取急救措施。”

Then a little over decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely different scheme.

然而三十多年前,剑桥大学的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不同的学说。

●Omission: In the process of translation we may make proper omission of

some individual words in accordance with the corresponding laws

inherent in the two languages concerned in order to retain and better

express the original meaning.

Eg.

He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man.

不到长城非好汉。

As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.

温度增高,水的体积就会增大。

●Conversion: It means that in translation a word in one language

belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into

one of the same part of speech in another language.

Eg.

The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music.

我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人而专攻音乐。

A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington

Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.

从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。

●Inversion: By inversion in translation we mean that the constituent

elements of a sentence are arranged in way different from the general

rules of word order of the language in question.

Eg.

It’s good you’ve so considerate.

你想得这样周到很好。

Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer.

他过去是工人,现在当了工程师了。

Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.

万一有什么困难,请给我们一个信。

●Negation: It means in translation some words, phrases or sentences with

negative expression in SL may be transformed into affirmative

expression in TL. Vice versa, some affirmative expression in SL may be

transformed into negative expression in TL, to make the version clearer

and more explicit.

Eg.

I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before.

我头两年写了三本书,打破了以往的记录。

The machine is far from being complicated.

这部机器一点也不复杂。

Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine.

赶快把这部机器擦好。

●Division: It means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter

ones.

Eg.

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.

我访问了一些地方,遇到不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多着呢。

After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admirers backstage as he always does.

他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。音乐会结束以后,他提出要向往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。

Change of the voice: There are two kinds of voices: the active and the passive. The passive voice is much less used in Chinese than in English. In E-C translation we may usually change the passive voice into active voice, but in C-E translation we may usually change the active into the passive, especially in EST (English for Science and Technology)科技英语.

Eg.

The happy man cannot be harried.

吉人自有天相。

He is said to be the most respected teacher in our department.

据说他是我们系上最受尊敬的老师。

翻译理论概述

翻译理论知识 一、翻译的定义 学习一门新的学科,首先必须有一个科学的定义。翻译是一个包罗万象、博大精深的技艺,至今也没有一个统一规范、举世公认的定义。我们只能综合各种不同的定义来掌握翻译的本质。 1. The Definition of The Oxford English Dictionary To turn from one language into another. 2. The Definition of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language To turn into one’s own or another language. 3. A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒,1790) 4. Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言。 (奈达,1974) 5. 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980) 6. 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进社会文 明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。(孙致礼:2003) 7. 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 (王克非,1997) 二、翻译的分类 翻译分不同的类型。就文本而言,随着世界发展的全球化趋势,翻译的范围越来越广,涵盖各个领域,如文学、政治、文化、贸易、科技、传媒等。在这个意义上,翻译可分为文学翻译、科技翻译和实用文体翻译。 1.按语言分类:本族语译成外语、外语译成本族语/ 语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation) 2.按活动形式分类:笔译(translation)、口译(oral interpretation) 3按翻译材料的文体分类:应用文体翻译、科技文体翻译、文学作品翻译、政论作品翻译 4按处理方式分类:全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述 三、翻译的标准 翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则,也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。翻译是一种社会活动,翻译标准则是从中产生的。由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素,因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。 在我国持这一翻译原则的有玄奘、严复和鲁迅等人。玄奘是唐代著名的佛经翻译家,主张翻译"既须求真又须喻俗"(A good translation should be both faithful to the original and intelligible to the public.),意即译文要"忠实通顺"。严复是我国清末时期的名学者。他在《天演论》(译例言)(1898)中提出了"信达雅"三字标准(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)。"信"是"意义不背本文","达"是不拘原文形式,尽译文语音的能事以求原意明显。"信"、"达"互为照应,不可分割开来。"雅"在今天看来是不可取的,因为这个"雅"是用汉以前字法句法,即所谓的上等文言文。鲁迅先生认为:"凡是翻译,必须兼顾两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿。"这就是说,译文既要信又要顺(both faithful to the SL and smooth in expression)。我国当代翻译理论家张培基等人在其《英汉翻译教程》中所提出的"忠实"、"通顺"标准也属此类型。从

英语翻译理论与实践

第二讲 原句:I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. 译文:我抓起那支最大的画笔,势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。 原文:There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. 译文:吸烟肯定与肺癌有关,但这并不能使你感到太不舒服,因为吸烟的人不止你一个。 原文:Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking. 译文:德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人,可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last (man) to blame. 原文:John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 译文:约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。 Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 死译:one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word. 硬译:word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences. Literal translation goes beyond one-to-one translation, ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, to sentence to sentence. Literal translation is the basic translation procedure both in communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. ---by Newmark Liberal Translation mainly conveys the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech. 原文:我们的朋友遍天下。 错译:Our friends are all over the world. 译文: We have friends all over the world. 单词

翻译基本理论知识

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翻译理论知识

《翻译理论与实践》考试理论部分复习提纲 一、翻译定义: 1、张培基——翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。 3、刘宓庆——翻译的实质就是语际的意义转换。 4、王克非——翻译就是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 5、泰特勒——好的翻译应该就是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。 6、费道罗夫——翻译就就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。 7、卡特福德——翻译的定义也可以这样说:把一种语言(Source Language)中的篇章材料用另一种语言(Target Language)中的篇章材料来加以代替。 8、奈达——翻译就就是在译入语中再现与原语信息最切近的自然对等物,首先就意义而言,其次就就是文体而言。 “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style、”---Eugene Nida 纽马克——通常(虽然不能说总就是如此),翻译就就是把一个文本的意义按作者所想的方式移译入另一种文字(语言)。“Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language、”--- Peter Newmark 10、“Translation is the expression in one language (or target language译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences、”--- Dubois 12、13、Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text、 二、翻译标准 1、翻译的标准概括为言简意赅的四个字:“忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness)”。忠实指的就是忠实于原文。通顺指的就是译文的语言必须合乎规范、通俗易懂。 2、严复对翻译曾经提出“信(faithfulness)、达(expressiveness)、雅(elegance)”的标准:“译事三难:信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣,顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。” 3、“泰特勒三原则”:(1)That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;(2)That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original;(3)That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition、”(1)译作应完全复写出原作的思想;(2)译作的风格与手法应与原作属于同一性质;(3)译作应具备原作所具有的通顺。”(谭载喜,2006)泰特勒指出,这三项原则就是好的翻译所必备的条件,它们次序的排列就是恰当的、自然的,就是按重要顺序排列的,如果在不得已的情况下要牺牲某一个原则就要注意到它们的次第与比较上的重要性,决不能颠倒主次,以牺牲思想内容的忠实来求得译文的优美与流畅。 5、奈达提出了著名的“动态对等”。她对翻译所下的定义: 所谓翻译, 就是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息, 首先就是意义, 其次就是文体。

汉英英汉翻译理论与实践

Clinton is the first black president . 克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统 Clinton is the first woman president. 克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统 1. We want to buy quality steel. 我们要买高质量的钢材。 2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法,这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术,高薪金的劳动队伍。 3. The president now is on a poverty tour. 总统目前正在访问贫困地区。 4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施 5. She is on her listening tour of New York. 她正在纽约巡回访问,听取群众的意见。 6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss. 史密斯教授要离开学校了。这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。 7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征,代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。Criminal law 刑法; Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师; Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击; criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病 This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同,但却很能给人启发。 Bryant Gumbel is sometimes favorably compared with Ted Koppel. 人们有时把布来恩特甘贝尔和特德考波尔相比,认为甘贝尔更好。The so-called critics are only generically mentioned, but not individually mentioned. 那些所谓的批评者,传媒提到他们时总是泛泛而指,从来不指名道姓。The areas could be profitably rehabilitated. 重建这些地区是有利可图的。 The consensus strategies for managing the world’s forests sustainably. 既能获得各方同意,又能使全球森林得以可持续生长的管理策略。 Men tend to enjoy public, referentially orientated talk, while women enjoy intimate, affectively orientated talk. 男人喜欢公开谈论有具体内容的话题,而女人则喜欢两三个人私下交流感情。 15.The joy of his return 由于他回来而有的喜悦 16. of humble parentage, he began his working life in a shoe factory. 由于出身低微,他的第一个工作是在一家制鞋厂。

《英汉翻译理论与实践》教学大纲

《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲 (英文名称E-C Translation: Theory and Practice) 一、课程说明 课程编码 22110280 课程总学时 32 周学时 2 学分 1.5 课程性质专业必修课适用专业英语专业1、教学内容与学时安排(见下表): 教学内容与学时安排表

2、课程教学目的与要求: 本课程是高等学校英语专业三年级学生开设的一门专业必修课。它是理论与实践相结合的一门课程,其主要目的在于使学生具备笔头英汉翻译的基本能力。通过介绍各类文体语言的特点、汉英两种语言的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法,使学生掌握英汉翻译的基本理论,掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英译汉的能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅,翻译速度达到每小时250-300字。 3、本门课程与其它课程关系: 本课程为英语专业本科三年级学生开设。学生在修该课程之前已修完综合阅读,综合英语,语法学,词汇学,英美文化等课程,这些课程都为学生修该课程奠定了扎实的语言基础。该课程又是学生综合英语语言运用能力的体现和反映,它的开设不仅能提高学生的翻译能力,而且它与英美文学,语言学,口译,高级英语等都能帮助学生进一步提高他们的综合英语语言运用能力。 4、推荐教材及参考书: 教材采用孙致礼编著的《新编英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社(2003年4月第1版)教学参考书 Baker, Mona. 2001. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Bassnett S, Lefevere A. 2001. Constructing Cultures: Essays On Literary Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Brown Gillian & Yule George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000 Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Hatim B. 2001. Communication Across Cultures:Translation Theory and Contrastive Text

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第一章翻译理论概述一、Definition of Translation二、中国翻译简史三、中国翻译理论四、翻译的基本原则五、翻译工作者的基本素质一、Definition of TranslationDefinitions given by Chinese scholars:● 翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。(现代汉语词典)●翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格和神韵。(吴献书,1949)●翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980)●翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。(刘宓庆,1990)●翻译的定义应该是:“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。” (蔡毅,1995)●翻译是将一种语言所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。(王克非,1997)翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交流。(沈苏儒,1998)● 翻译应当把原文的本意,完全正确地介绍给中国读者,使中国读者所得到的概念等于英俄日德法┅┅读者从原文得来的概念。(瞿秋白)Definitions given by Western scholars:● 翻译是翻成本族语言或另一种语言(to turn into one’s own language or another language)美国韦氏新大学词典●好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地遗注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受一样。(泰特勒,1790)●翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不

可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。(费道罗夫,1953)● According to Catford transl ation is “ the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL”. (翻译的定义也许可以这样说:把一种语言(SL)中的篇章材料用另一种语言(TL)中的篇章材料来加以代替。)(卡特福德,1965)● ●翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面(也就是意义)不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。(巴尔胡达罗夫,1985中文版)● According to Newmark translation is “ a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”2001a:7.美国现代翻译家、语言学会主席尤金奈达(EugeneA Nida)1969年所下的定义:Nida in sists “… translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” Nida1969: 53。(翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言)Translation Translation in fact has three distinguishable meanings for this word. It can refer to: 1 translating: the process to translate the activity rather than the tangible object 2 a translation: the

翻译理论流派

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