高中英语选修7 Unit 2 Robots课时作业练习含答案 精品

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

I used to believe courtesy was a thing of the past. Very seldom have I encountered a courteous human being in this modern era.

Recently, I had to change my thinking, when I came face to face with just such a human being in a coffee place, with my two daughters. The place was crowded as usual and we had to climb steep (陡峭) stairs in order to find an empty table. After enjoying coffee and snacks, we went down the narrow stairs, where there was hardly any space for another person to either climb up or come down.

Just as I was in the middle of the stairs, a gentleman entered the main entrance of the restaurant which was right in front of the staircase (楼梯). I was sure I would be pushed roughly by this man going up. I kept coming down as fast as I could. My daughters were already down, looking up at me worriedly, and hoping I would reach them before the stranger started walking up the stairs, knowing I was a nervous sort.

Nearly reaching them, I noticed the man still standing near the door. I reached my daughters and passed the stranger at the entrance door which he kept holding open. I looked back thinking he was still at the door, deciding whether to go in or find another less crowded place. I saw him going up the stairs, two at a time. I told my daughters about it and all three of us felt bad that we did not even thank the courteous gentleman who was actually holding the door open for us ladies to pass through before going up.

Such well-mannered people are hard to find these days, when pushing is very common in our advanced but aggressive society. We applauded him for his chivalry (彬彬有礼)．

本文为一篇记叙文。本文通过讲述自己的亲身经历告诉读者，现在社会尽管懂得礼节的人不多，但毕竟还存在着一些懂礼节的人。

1．What is the meaning of the und erlined word “courtesy” in Paragraph 1?

A．A brave action.B．Sacrifice spirit.

C．A considerate action. D．Selfish behavior.

解析：词义猜测题。根据文中男子为女士让路和开门等行为可知他是一个善解人意、彬彬有礼的人，由此可推出courtesy意为：为他人着想的行为，故答案为C项。

答案：C

2．What did the author think of the man at the first sight of him?

A．He was in a hurry.

B．He would wait for her.

C．He would push her rudely.

D．He was a man with good manners.

解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I was sure I would be pushed roughly by this man going up.”可知，作者第一眼看到那个男士时以为他会粗鲁地推开她上楼梯，故答案为C项。

答案：C

3．Why did the author's daughters worry about her?

A．She was easy to be nervous.

B．She took up too much space.

C．She was too old to walk fast.

D．She focused too much on the man.

解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“My daughters were already down，looking up at me worriedly...knowing I was a nervous sort.”可知作者的女儿们担心她的原因是：她是一个很容易紧张的人，故答案为A项。

答案：A

4．What can we learn about the man from Paragraph 4?

A．He might be a waiter of the café.

B．He might have an urgent business to do.

C．He loved a daughter of the author.

D．He would hold the door open for all.

解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中“I saw him going up the stairs，two at a time.”可知，那位男士可能有急事要做，故答案为B项。

答案：B

B

Can you figure out someone's name just by looking at him or her?

The answer may not be a definite “yes”，but a study by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, found that you would at least have a clue, since people with certain names tend to share similar facial appearances.

For example, if someone is named Bob, he's likely to have a round and joyful face, while someone named Tim tends to have a narrower face and a more serious look.

People have long been associating names with certain cultural expectations, which may be responsible for the study's results. For example, a woman named Katherine is usually considered to be more reliable than

a girl named Bonnie. Previous studies also found that people with traditionally African-American names such as DeShawn and Jamal are more likely to be seen as dangerous and violent by their teachers and are less likely to be hired in jobs.

These stereotypes (模式化概念) have become so widespread that they've even affected how people look at themselves. In fact, people tend to subconsciously (下意识地) change their own personalities to fit into these stereotypes—Katherines may try hard to be trustworthy and Bonnies may care less about the mistakes they make.

“We develop the personality that other people expect us to exhibit，”said lead researcher Yonat Zwebner, according to The Telegraph.In other words, it's not that names change people, but people try to live up to their names.

And our faces may even change over time, based on these stereotypes.

“Usually, we think that faces are very fixed but now we show that they're not，” the study's co-author Ruth Mayo told UK's iNe w s.

According to Mayo, the use of different facial expressions can allow people to develop different looks. “If you smile a lot, you have different wrinkles around your eyes and your mouth from if you frown(皱眉)a lot，”she said.

本文主要讨论了是否可以通过相面而识人名的问题。

5．Why did the author use the names Bob and Tim as an example?

A．To prove the influence of names on our emotions.

B．To present the cultural expectations of certain names.

C．To show the correct method of guessing someone's name.

D．To explain the possible connections between names and looks.

解析：推理判断题。根据第二段和第三段的整体内容可推知，第三段的例子是为了证明第二段的观点，即名字和面相是有一定联系的，故选D。

答案：D

6．Which of the following are considered cultural stereotypes by the author?

a．A boy named Tim tends to be cautious.

b．A boy named Jamal tends to be violent.

c．A boy named DeShawn appears dangerous.

d．A girl named Bonnie is likely to be seen as joyful.

e．A girl named Katherine is usually considered trustworthy.

A．abe B．ade

C．bce D．bcd

解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的最后一句“Previous studies also found that people with traditionally African-American nam es such as DeShawn and Jamal are more likely to be seen as dangerous and violent by their teachers and are less likely to be hired in jobs.”和第五段最后一句的“Katherines may try hard to be trustworthy and Bonnies may care less about the mistakes they make.”可知，答案为C。

答案：C

7．Which of the following would Yonat Zwebner probably agree with?

A．People's faces become fixed as they grow into adults.

B．The way people are looked at changes their personalities.

C．People could change their personalities by using different names.

D．People should focus on sound and meaning when choosing names.

解析：推理判断题。根据第六段的“In other words，it's not that names change people，but people try to live up to their names.”可推知，人们竭力去使自己的个性和名字相符，故选B。

答案：B

8．What might be the best title for the passage?

A．Names may make looks

B．Names can change people

C．Appearances may affect jobs

D．Appearances can carry cultures

解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段“Can you figure out someone's name just by looking at him or her？”的开篇点题，并结合文章的整体内容可知，本文主要讨论的是名字和面相之间的关系，故选A。

答案：A

Ⅱ.完形填空

Ask someone for their first memory and they will often give some fairly dull possibilities and not be sure which comes first.However，I have no 1 at all about mine. The earliest thing I recall is looking down and seeing flames coming out of my 2 .

It was a Sunday afternoon in July 1981 when I 3 fire. I was in the garden with my dad. It was a sunny day but slightly breezy(有微风的)．I was standing nearby as my dad 4 to light the barbecue. After several failed attempts， 5 he had to use some sort of accelerant (助燃剂)．It caused a small fireball, which was flying towards me 6 the breeze suddenly 7 in my direction. That's where the 8 memory of my burning ankles kicks in. My dad 9 fast. He dashed indoors, grabbed a large blanket and 10 to wrap me in it.

The next thing I remember is sitting on a chest, feeling hot and 11 water over and over again; then being driven to a 12 I underwent lots of skin operations and for weeks I wasn't able to bend my legs, which had to be wrapped in bandages. 13 this period, I don't recall experiencing pain.It was only when I 14 what an exciting summer my sister was having that my situation began to seem 15 .

We've never talked much about the 16 —my dad has never been an especially 17 person.Now that I have kids of my own, I do sometimes wonder what he 18 . I've never felt any 19 at him, and I recognize that but for his swift actions the situation could have been 20 . But I'd certainly never have a barbecue with my kids.

本文是一篇记叙文。“我”回忆了自己人生中与父亲一起经历的难以忘记的事情。

1．A.choice B．idea

C．doubt D．worry

解析：根据空前的“they will often give some fairly dull possibilities and not be sure which comes first”和空后的“The earliest thing I recall”的对比可知，此处表示“我”对于自己的记忆毫不怀疑。

答案：C

2．A.ankles B．blanket

C．sleeves D．belly

解析：根据下文的“That's where the 8 memory of my burning ankles kicks in.”可知，此处应选A。

答案：A

3．A.exchanged B．set

C．held D．caught

解析：那是1981年7月的一个周日的下午，“我”的脚踝处着火了。catch fire“着火”。

答案：D

4．A.tended B．struggled

C．refused D．managed

解析：根据下文的“After several failed attempts”可知，父亲的几次尝试都失败了，所以此处表示父亲需要努力点燃烧烤架。

答案：B

5．A.eventually B．gradually

C．interestingly D．fortunately

解析：根据上文的“After several failed attempts”可知，此处指父亲经过了多次的尝试，最终不得不使用助燃剂。

答案：A

6．A.before B．unless

C．though D．as

解析：因为风向突然改变，火球朝“我”这边飞来。as“因为”，引导原因状语从句。

答案：D

7．A.stopped B．howled

C．changed D．dropped

解析：参见上题解析。stop“停止”；howl“大声叫喊”；change“改变”；drop“落下”。

答案：C

8．A.vivid B．sweet

C．precious D．vague

解析：根据上文的“However，I have no 1 at all about mine.”可知，此处表示“我”着火的脚踝留给了“我”清晰的记忆。

答案：A

9．A.hid B．acted

C．escaped D．approached

解析：根据下文的“He dashed indoors，grabbed a large blanket...”可知，此处指父亲看到这种情景后行动很快。

答案：B

10．A.got away B．broke in

C．stood by D．ran back

解析：根据上文的“He dashed indoors”可知，此处指父亲又从屋内跑回来。

答案：D

11．A.waiting for B．asking for

C．paying for D．searching for

解析：“我”记得的下一件事情是坐在大箱子上，感觉热，然后反复地要水喝。

答案：B

12．A.hospital B．pool

C．cafe D．g ym

解析：根据下文的“I underwent lots of skin operations and for weeks I wasn't able to bend my legs，whic h had to be wrapped in bandages.”可知，此处指“我”被送到医院。

答案：A

13．A.Thanks to B．But for

C．Throughout D．After

解析：根据上文的“for weeks”可知，此处指在这整个期间。

答案：C

14．A.realized B．imagined

C．predicted D．explained

解析：当“我”意识到“我”的妹妹有一个令人兴奋的夏天的时候，“我”的状况才开始看起来难以忍受。

答案：A

15．A.ridiculous B．acceptable

C．satisfactory D．unbearable

解析：参见上题解析。

答案：D

16．A.illness B．conflict

C．accident D．visit

解析：我们从来不过多地谈论这次事故。illness“疾病”；conflict“冲突”；accident“事故”；visit“参观”。

答案：C

17．A.strict B．open

C．shy D．honest

解析：根据上文的“We've never talked much about the 16 ”可知，此处指父亲不是一个性格特别开朗的人。

答案：B

18．A.gave away B．took over

C．went through D．looked into

解析：“我”有了自己的孩子，有时“我”很想知道父亲当时经历了什么。go through“经历”；give away“泄露，分发，赠送”；take over“接管”；look into“调查”。

答案：C

19．A.sympathy B．anxiet y

C．guilt D．anger

解析：“我”从来不对父亲感到生气。sympathy“同情”；anxiety“忧虑”；guilt“内疚”；anger“怒气”。

答案：D

20．A.worse B．simpler

C．stranger D．clearer

解析：“我”意识到要不是父亲当时快速的行动，情况可能会更加糟糕。worse“更糟的”。

答案：A

Ⅲ.短文改错

Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran bought a real bed. It was for the first time that he had become the proud owner of a bed where had springs (弹簧) and a mattress(床垫). Because the weather is very hot, he carried the bed on to the roof of his house. He slept very good for the first two nights, but on the third night, a storm blew up.A gust of wind swept the bed off the roof but sent it crashing into the courtyard below. The young man did wake up until the bed struck the ground. Although the bed was broken into piece, the man was surprisingly unhurt. When he woke up, he was still on the mattress. Glanced at the bits of wood and metal that lay around him, the man sadly picked up the mattress and carried them into his house. After he had put it on the floor, he quickly went for sleep again.

答案：

Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran bought a real bed. It was

the first time that he had become the proud owner of a bed where which/that

had springs (弹簧) and a mattress(床垫). Because the weather is was very hot, he carried the bed on to the roof of his house. He slept very good well

for the first two nights, but on the third night, a storm blew up.A gust of wind swept the bed off the roof

but and sent it crashing into the courtyard below. The young man did ∧

not wake up until the bed struck the ground. Although the bed was broken into

piece pieces ， the man was surprisingly unhurt. When he woke up, he was still on the mattress. Glanced Glancing

at the bits of wood and metal that lay around him, the man sadly picked up the mattress and carried

them it

into his house. After he had put it on the floor, he quickly went for to sleep again.

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人教版-选修7unit2-robots教案

Unit 2 robots Period 1 warming up and Reading Teaching goals 教学目标 1. Target language语言目标 a. 重点词汇和短语 fiction, cartoon, desire, satisfaction, absent, alarm, alarmed, smooth, embarrass, sympathy, elegant, pile, scan, fingernail, absurd, haircut, accompany, curtain, cushion, carpet, paint, awful，affair, firm, firmly, declare, victory, envy, marriage, test out, ring up, turn around, leave alone b. 重点句型 1. She felt embarrassed and quickly told him to go. 2. Claire thought it was ridiculous to be offered sympathy by a robot. 3. By the amused and surprised look on her face, Claire knew that Gladys thought she was having an affair. 2. Ability goals能力目标: Help students to learn about robots and science fiction. 3. Learning ability goals学能目标： Enable students to realize science fiction reflects scientific thought; a fiction of things-to-come based on things-on-hand. Teaching important points教学重点 Teach students to enjoy science fiction. Enable students to grasp what Tony did to help Claire and how her emotion developed during Tony’s stay at her house. Help students to sum up characteristics of science fiction. Teaching difficult points 教学难点 How Claire’s emotion developed during Tony’s stay at her house. Teaching methods教学方法 Discussing, explaining, reading and practicing Teaching aids教具准备 The multimedia computer Teaching procedures 教学过程 Step I Warming up Present a photo of robot. Then ask students to say something about robot. 1.What is on the blackboard? 2.What is a robot? 3.How does a robot work? (A robot is a machine designed to do jobs that are usually performed by humans. Robots are programmed and controlled by a computer. ) 4. There are many types of robots and they can do different work. Can you name some of them?(Entertainment robots,Industrial robots,Domestic robots) 5. What Science fiction about robots have you ever read?(star war,cJ7，terminator, Transformers） 6.What is science fiction?(The science fiction is defined as a form of modern literature ,which is intended to predict future of human world and inspire human imagination and novelty of scientists.)

人教版高中历史选修一知识点归纳

人教版高中历史选修一《历史上重大改革回眸》 第一单元梭伦改革 课标内容要求： （1）了解梭伦改革前雅典的社会状况，认识梭伦改革的必要性。 （2）简述梭伦改革的主要措施，指出改革的基本特点。 （3）分析梭伦改革对雅典民主政治建设的影响。 知识要点： 一、梭伦改革的背景： 1、政治： 雅典城邦国家产生（公元前9～前8世纪）——设立中央议事会和行政机构贵族制国家确立（公元前8～前6世纪）——贵族专权而平民无权 2、经济发展 农工商业以及贸易得到发展 3、阶级变化： 工商业奴隶主形成，公民内部斗争激烈：“山地派”、“平原派”、“海岸派” 4、梭伦当选为首席执政官：雅典贵族与平民长期斗争的结果 二、梭伦改革： 1、内容：“颁布解负令” 确立财产等级制度、恢复公民大会权力、建立“四百人会议” 设立公民陪审法庭、鼓励发展农工商业 2、特点：奠定民主政治基础、促进工商业发展 三、梭伦改革的评价 1、历史意义：改革为雅典的民主政治奠定基础 克里斯梯尼改革促进雅典民主政治的形成 伯利克里改革使雅典民主政治得以最终确立 2、历史局限：贵族在国家政权中占据绝对优势，下层平民未享有充分的权利氏族制度残余及贵族拥有世袭占有土地的特权 贵族和平民的矛盾未得以从根本上解决，社会政局动荡不安 第二单元商鞅变法 课标内容要求： （1）知道春秋战国时期各国改革的基本史实，认识春秋战国时期的时代特征。 （2）了解商鞅变法的具体措施和内容，认识其特点。 （3）探讨商鞅变法的历史作用。 知识要点： 一、背景：春秋战国时期的社会大变革 1、根本原因：社会生产力的发展——铁器、牛耕的使用 2、经济基础：生产关系的变化——私田增多出现新的封建剥削方式井田制瓦解封建土地私有制确立 3、阶级基础：阶级关系的变化——新的阶级形成新兴地主阶级要求变革 4、社会条件：春秋战国时期的战争频繁、思想繁荣、各国竞相改革变法 齐国管仲改革、鲁国“初税亩”、魏国李悝变法、楚国吴起变法 二、商鞅变法内容： 1、以农求富的经济改革：废井田、开阡陌；重农抑商、奖励耕织；统一度量衡

高中历史选修一知识点总结

历史上重大改革回眸》 历史上重大改革的规律性总结 改革指对旧有的生产关系、上层建筑作局部或根本性的调整变动。改革是社会发展的强大动力。 1．改革的分类 从改革的程度看，一种是在不触动根本制度的前提下，进行局部的调整；一种是对旧的生产关系和上层建筑进行彻底的改革，导致社会制度发生根本性变化。 从改革的性质看，有奴隶制度的改革、封建主义的改革、资本主义的改革和社会主义的改革。从改革的内容看，有政治改革、经济改革、军事改革和文化改革。 2．改革的实质 改革是统治者对生产关系所进行的调整。它与社会革命不同，并不否定现存制度，而是对现存制度加以改良，使之尽量适应不断变化的时代。 3．改革的原因（背景）及相应目的 总的来讲，古代重要政治改革的发生都是由于旧的生产关系或上层建筑不适应新的生产力或经济基础的发展的需要。 具体来讲，这些原因大体可以表述为： ①旧的生产关系阻碍了社会生产力的发展； ②顺应历史发展潮流或社会发展趋势； ③统治阶级面临严重的统治危机，为抑制土地兼并，缓和阶级矛盾，增加财政收入，实现富国强兵； ④旧制度、习俗、思想文化阻碍社会的发展 ⑤民族危机严重 4．改革成败原因的分析及认识 （1）决定改革成败的几个要素 ①是否顺应历史发展的趋势，与时俱进，因时改革，是改革成功的根本原因。 ②看力量对比是否有利于改革，要从改革的阻力和支持改革的力量两方面去分析，改革的阻力可以从内外两方面，政治、经济、文化等多角度去分析。 ③改革必然会损害部分人的利益，必然会遇到阻力，不会一帆风顺，这就要求改革者要有远见卓识和坚定的政治魄力。 ④改革的措施是否符合当时的实际，是否行之有效。 ⑤当时的内外环境是否有利于改革的开展和执行。 判断改革成功与否的标准主要是改革的目的与改革本身所达到的目标之间的一致性，即改革是否达到了预期目标。 （2）成功的改革 外国：梭伦改革、宗教改革、农奴制改革、明治维新、罗斯福新政 中国：齐国管仲改革、鲁国“初税亩”、商鞅变法、孝文帝改革、改革开放 思考：为什么说这些改革成功了？ 外国： 梭伦改革为雅典城邦的振兴与富强开辟了道路，大大促进了农业和工商业的发展，奠定了城邦民主政治的基础。

人教版高中英语选修七 Unit2 Robots-词汇篇(教师版)-教育文档

第3讲Robots 词汇篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.熟练掌握重点单词及其用法； 2.能够熟练运用重点短语和句型。 一. 重点词汇 1. desire n. 渴望vt. 想要 [重点用法] desire sth. 渴望得到某物 desire to do sth. 希望/渴望做某事 desire that sb.(should) do 要求…… have a desire for sth./to do sth. 渴望得到某物/希望做某事 at one’s desire照某人的希望 [典例] 1)We all desire happiness and health. 我们都希望幸福健康。 2)Everyone has a desire for success, but no everyone desire to get rich. 每个人都渴望成功，但并非人人都渴望金钱。 3) He desires you to go to see him at once. 他要求你马上去见他。 =he desires that you should go to see him at once. 2. alarm n.警报vt.使```惊恐 [重点用法] give /raise the alarm发警报 ring the alarm敲警钟 sound the alarm发警报; 吹警报号 take (the) alarm at对...感到吃惊; 因...而惊恐 be alarmed at ... 被...吓一跳 [典例] 1) We were much alarmed by the fire in the forest. 森林失火使我们大为惊慌。 2) As soon as he saw the smoke, he sounded the alarm. 看见火灾爆发，他鸣响了警报。 3. Sympathy n.同情 [重点用法] feel /have sympathy for 同情某人 in sympathy with 同情; 赞成; 和......一致 out of sympathy with 对...不同情; 不赞成; 对......没有同感, 和......不一致 win sympathy of 博得......的同情

高中英语选修6作业

Unit 1 P4 Answer key for Exercise 1 1 superb 2 aim 3 ridiculous 4 faith 5 evident 6 conventional 7 gallery 8 abstract 9 technique Answer key for Exercise 2 Possess, a great deal, By coincidence, adopt, attempted, On the other hand, predict P5 Answer key for Exercise 1 If you were an artist, what kind of pictures would you paint? What would you rather do - paint pictures, make sculptures or design buildings? If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see … Answer key for Exercise 2 1 W 2 F 3 W 4 F 5 If he had right to choose his holiday, he would go to Mexico. 6 If I were not allergic to shellfish, I would enjoy eating them. 7 If the marble statue were not too big for her garden, the housewife would buy it. 8 If we knew more about the disease, we would be able to treat the patients very effectively. Answer key for Exercise 3 1 David is not a sculptor. If he were, he would make a sculpture for the exhibition. 2 Sally is not an aggressive woman. If she were, she would be a more successful businesswoman. 3 If Sam were here, he would be so excited about meeting a famous scholar in the flesh. 4 If I could paint, I would paint you an abstract painting in the style of Matisse. 5 Mr Ling isn’t here. If he were, he would help you with your geometry. 6 It’s Miss Liang’s birthday today. I wish I could take her out to a superb restaurant for dinner. 7 We don’t know her address. If we knew it, we would send her a big bunch of flowers. 8 People say that the art exhibition is worth seeing. I wish I could go with you but I’m too busy these days. 9 If Masaccio were alive, he would be amazed at how artists paint today. 10 If Peter would come to our school, he could go to our art classes. P42 Answer key for Exercise 1 1 exhibit (v.) – exhibition (n.) 2 impress (v.) – impression (n.) possess (v.) – possession (n.) 3 civilize (v.) – civilization (n.) realize (v.) – realization (n.) 4 profession (n.) – professional (adj.) convention (n.) – conventional (adj.) 5 prefer (v.) – preference (n.) differ (v.) – difference (n.) 6 evident (adj.) – evidence (n.) permanent (adj.) – permanence (n.) 7 fragrant (adj.) – fragrance (n.) distant (adj.) – distance (n.) 8 controversy (n.) – controversial (adj.) industry (n.) – industrial (adj.) Answer key for Exercise 2 café, district, avenue, shadow, typical, bunch, painting, fragrant, signature, reputation Answer key for Exercise 3 1. 虽然我不是现代艺术方面的学者，但是去看展览的主意对我很有吸引力。 Although I’m not a scholar in contemporary art, the idea of going to the exhibition appeals to me. 2. 你知道几何学在传统的西方艺术中曾被用来勾画绘画作品吗？

高中历史选修一知识点总结

高中历史选修一知识点总结 《历史上重大改革回眸》 历史上重大改革的规律性总结 改革指对旧有的生产关系、上层建筑作局部或根本性的调整变动。改革是社会发展的强大动力。 改革的分类 从改革的程度看，一种是在不触动根本制度的前提下，进行局部的调整；一种是对旧的生产关系和上层建筑进行彻底的改革，导致社会制度发生根本性变化。 从改革的性质看，有奴隶制度的改革、封建主义的改革、资本主义的改革和社会主义的改革。 从改革的内容看，有政治改革、经济改革、军事改革和文化改革。 改革的实质 改革是统治者对生产关系所进行的调整。它与社会革命不同，并不否定现存制度，而是对现存制度加以改良，使之尽量适应不断变化的时代。 改革的原因（背景）及相应目的 总的来讲，古代重要政治改革的发生都是由于旧的生产关系或上层建筑不适应新的生产力或经济基础的发展的需要。 具体来讲，这些原因大体可以表述为： ①旧的生产关系阻碍了社会生产力的发展； ②顺应历史发展潮流或社会发展趋势； ③统治阶级面临严重的统治危机，为抑制土地兼并，缓和阶级矛盾，增加财政收入，实现富国强兵； ④旧制度、习俗、思想文化阻碍社会的发展 ⑤民族危机严重 4．改革成败原因的分析及认识 决定改革成败的几个要素 ①是否顺应历史发展的趋势，与时俱进，因时改革，是改革成功的根本原因。 ②看力量对比是否有利于改革，要从改革的阻力和支持改革的力量两方面去分析，改革的阻力可以从内外两方面，政治、经济、文化等多角度去分析。 ③改革必然会损害部分人的利益，必然会遇到阻力，不会一帆风顺，这就要求改革者要有远见卓识和坚定的政治魄力。 ④改革的措施是否符合当时的实际，是否行之有效。 ⑤当时的内外环境是否有利于改革的开展和执行。 判断改革成功与否的标准主要是改革的目的与改革本身所达到的目标之间的一致性，即改革是否达到了预期目标。 成功的改革 外国：梭伦改革、宗教改革、农奴制改革、明治维新、罗斯福新政 中国：齐国管仲改革、鲁国“初税亩”、商鞅变法、孝文帝改革、改革开放 思考：为什么说这些改革成功了？ 外国： 梭伦改革为雅典城邦的振兴与富强开辟了道路，大大促进了农业和工商业的发展，奠定了城邦民主政治的基础。

选修一必背知识点

选修1 1、在果酒、果醋的制作过程中，所用的主要菌种分别是：酵母菌、醋酸菌。 2、在果酒、果醋、的制作过程中，它们所需的温度分别是18-25℃、30~35℃ 3、酵母菌是高中阶段的明星生物，必修一：关于真核生物原核生物的问题，酵母菌是单细胞真核生物；关于酶本质的探索中，酶的本质是蛋白质或RNA；在探究酵母菌的呼吸方式中，酵母菌异化作用的方式是兼性厌氧菌。 必修三：培养液中酵母菌的计数可以采用抽样检测的方法，用固体培养基培养的酵母菌可用活菌计数法（菌落）计数。 选修一：利用酵母菌制作果酒的反应式是： Ｃ ６Ｈ １２ Ｏ ６ →２Ｃ ２ Ｈ ５ ＯＨ（酒精）＋２ＣＯ ２ ，固定酵母细胞的方式是包埋 法。 4、微生物培养基因为加琼脂而分为固体培养基和液体培养基等。 5、培养基的化学成分包括水、无机盐、碳源、氮源四类营养成分。 6、无菌技术包括：（1）对实验操作空间、操作者的衣着和手进行清洁和消毒；（2）将培养器皿、接种用具和培养基等器具进行灭菌； （3）为避免周围微生物污染，实验操作应在酒精灯火焰附近旁进行；

7、制备牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基的步骤：计算→称量→溶化（调PH）→灭菌→倒平板) 8、常见的4种消毒方法：煮沸消毒法、巴氏消毒法、紫外线消毒法、酒精进行消毒） 9、常见的3种灭菌方法：（灼烧灭菌法、干热灭菌法、高压蒸汽灭菌法） 10、高压蒸汽灭菌法要求气压升至（100）kPa，温度为（121）℃，并维持（15～30）min才能达到灭菌的要求。 11、微生物接种的最常用方法是平板划线法和稀释涂布平板法。 12、在微生物培养中，培养基有“三倒”，具体是倒放、倒拿、倒培养。 13、平板划线法接种微生物过程中最后的灼烧接种环的目的是防止细菌污染环境和操作者；稀释涂布平板接种微生物过程中移液管吹吸三次的目的是：使菌种均匀混合。 14、实验室中微生物的筛选原理：当培养基中唯一氮源为尿素时，就可以分离出分解尿素的细菌。培养基中唯一碳源为纤维素时，可以分离出分解纤维素的微生物； 15、微生物计数常有两种方法：活菌计数法和显微镜直接计数。活菌计数法一般选择菌落数在30-300的平板进行计数，在同一稀释度下，至少对3个平板进行重复计数，然后求出平均值。

新课标 人教版Unit 2 Robots高二英语选修7

Unit 2 Robots Ｉ．单元教学目标 II．目标语言

III．教材分析与教材重组 1.教材分析 本单元以机器人和科幻小说为话题，介绍了20世纪世界知名的科幻小说家Isaac Asimov写于1951的Satisfaction Guaranteed 和作者的生平。通过本单元的教学，旨在让学生了解科幻小说最大的特征在于，它赋予了“幻想”依靠科技在未来得以实现的极大可能，甚至有些“科学幻想”在多年以后，的确在科学上成为了现实。如Isaac Asimov1951年描述的机器人的部分功能已经被应用于现实生活和工作中。在教学中，要鼓励学生敢于幻想，大胆创新，发挥自己丰富的想象力和创作力，写

出独具特色的科幻文章。 1.1 WARMING UP介绍了什么是机器人，和不同种类及不同形状的机器人。 1.2 PRE-READING 通过讨论机器人是否像人类一样有自己的思维，是否有感情引出 Isaac Asimov的科幻小说Satisfaction Guaranteed。为本单元的READING 做好了铺垫。 1.3 READING课文是Isaac Asimov写于1951的科幻小说Satisfaction Guaranteed。文中描述的机器人Tony是一个除去面无表情外，身材高大，相貌英俊，聪明机智的完美男人。仅三周的时间就使女主人坠入爱河。 1.4 COMPREHENDING共有2部分，第一部分是关于课文内容的5个问答题，旨在考 察学生对课文的理解。第二部分要求学生比较机器人Tony在physical, mental, emotional 三方面与人的异同。与PRE-READING 部分的问题相呼应。 1.5 LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE 分为两部分，Discovering useful words and expressions是本单元词汇练习题；Discovering useful structures是本单元语法练习题，通过本单元的学习，要求学生熟练掌握不定式的被动语态。1.6 USING LANGUAGE分为两部分，Listening ,discussing and writing部分内容 是Molly 和Kate 讨论Satisfaction Guaranteed的对话录音，要求学生根据对话内容学会运用表达自己观点的常用句型。这部分教学内容还要求学生以机器人为话题，充分发挥自己的想象力，谈论机器人做家务的利与弊。并且要求自己动手设计机器人，附上文字说明。Reading and discussing 部分的内容是科幻小说家Isaac Asimov的生平介绍。文章后附有练习题。第一题要求学生根据时间线，了解在作者生命中发生的重要事件。第二、三题要求学生讨论Isaac Asimov的“机器人三定律”。 2. 教材重组 2.1 将WARMING UP 、PRE-READINGR、READING与COMPREHENDING放在一起上一节 阅读课。 2.2 把LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE 和WORKBOOK 的Using words and expressions 及Using structures整合在一起上一节词汇语法。

高中英语选修6全册课时作业及章节检测含解析答案

高中英语选修6全册课时作业及单 元检测 目录 Unit 1 Period One Warming Up & Reading课时作业 Unit 1 Period Two Language Points课时作业 Unit 1 Period 3 Using Language课时作业 Unit 1 Period Four Grammar & Writing课时作业 Unit 1 Art单元检测 Unit 2 Period One Warming Up & Reading课时作业 Unit 2 Period Two Language Points课时作业 Unit 2 Period 3 Using Language课时作业 Unit 2 Period Four Grammar & Writing课时作业 Unit 2 Poems单元检测 Unit 3 Period One Warming Up & Reading课时作业 Unit 3 Period Two Language Points课时作业 Unit 3 Period 3 Using Language课时作业 Unit 3 Period Four Grammar & Writing课时作业 Unit 3 A healthy life单元检测 Unit 4 Period One Warming Up & Reading课时作业 Unit 4 Period Two Language Points课时作业 Unit 4 Period 3 Using Language课时作业 Unit 4 Period Four Grammar & Writing课时作业 Unit 4 Global warming单元检测 Unit 5 Period One Warming Up & Reading课时作业 Unit 5 Period Two Language Points课时作业 Unit 5 Period 3 Using Language课时作业 Unit 5 Period Four Grammar & Writing课时作业 Unit 5 The power of nature单元检测

物理选修1-1+知识点小结

知识点小结 一、物理学史及物理学家 1、电闪雷鸣是自然界常见的现象，古人认为那是“天神之火”，是天神对罪恶的惩罚，直到1752年，伟大的科学家富兰克林冒着生命危险在美国费城进行了著名的风筝实验，把天电引了下来，发现天电和摩擦产生的电是一样的，才使人类摆脱了对雷电现象的迷信。 2、伏打于1800年春发明了能够提供持续电流的“电堆”——最早的直流电源。他的发明为科学家们由静电转入电流的研究创造了条件，揭开了电力应用的新篇章。 3、以美国发明家爱迪生和英国化学家斯旺为代表的一批发明家，发明和改进了电灯，改变了人类日出而作、日没而息的生活习惯。 4、1820年，丹麦物理学家奥斯特用实验展示了电与磁的联系，说明了电与磁之间存在着相互作用，这对电与磁研究的深入发展具有划时代的意义，也预示了电力应用的可能性。 5、英国物理学家法拉第经过10年的艰苦探索，终于在1831年发现了电磁感应现象，进一步揭示了电现象与磁现象之间的密切联系，奏响了电气化时代的序曲。 6、英国物理学家麦克斯韦建立完整的电磁场理论并预言电磁波的存在，他的理论，足以与牛顿力学理论相媲美，是物理学发展史上的一个里程碑式的贡献。 7、德国物理学家赫兹用实验证实了电磁波的存在，为无线电技术的发展开拓了道路，被誉为无线电通信的先驱。后人为了纪念他，用他的名字命名了频率的单位。 二、基本原理及实际应用 1、避雷针利用_尖端放电_原理来避雷：带电云层靠近建筑物时，避雷针上产生的感应电荷会通过针尖放电，逐渐中和云中的电荷，使建筑物免遭雷击。 2、各种各样的电热器如电饭锅、电热水器、电熨斗、电热毯等都是利用电流的热效应_来工作的。 3、在磁场中，通电导线要受到安培力的作用，我们使用的电动机就是利用这个原理来工作的。

选修一知识点总结

专题一 课题一 果酒和果醋的制作 1、发酵：通过微生物技术的培养来生产大量代谢产物的过程。 2、有氧发酵：醋酸发酵 ·无氧发酵：酒精发酵 乳酸发酵 3、酵母菌是异养兼性厌氧菌型微生物真菌 4、在有氧条件下，酵母菌进行有氧呼吸，大量繁殖 C 6H 12O 6＋6O 2＋6H 2O →6CO 2＋12H 2O+能量 5、在无氧条件下，酵母菌能进行酒精发酵。 C 6H 12O 6→2C 2H 5OH ＋2CO 2+能量 6、20℃左右最适宜酵母菌繁殖 酒精发酵时一般将温度控制在18℃-25℃ 7、在葡萄酒自然发酵的过程中,起主要作用的是附着在葡萄皮表面的野生型酵母菌.在发酵过程中,随着酒精浓度的提高,红葡萄皮的色素也进入发酵液,使葡萄酒呈现深红色.在缺氧呈酸性的发酵液中，酵母菌可以生长繁殖，而绝大多数其他微生物都因无法适应这一环境而受到制约。 8、醋酸菌是单细胞细菌(原核生物),代谢类型是异养需氧型, 生殖方式为二分裂 9、当氧气、糖源都充足时，醋酸菌将葡萄汁中的糖分解成醋酸；当缺少糖源时，醋酸菌将乙醇变为乙醛，再将乙醛变为醋酸。 C 2H 5OH ＋O 2→CH 3COOH ＋H 2O+能量 10、控制发酵条件：①醋酸菌对氧气的含量特别敏感，当进行深层发酵时，即使只是短时间中断通入氧气，也会引起醋酸菌死亡。②醋酸菌最适生长温度为30℃-35℃，控制好发酵温度，使发酵时间缩短，又减少杂菌污染的机会。 11、实验流程：挑选葡萄→冲洗→榨汁→酒精发酵→果酒（→醋酸发酵→果醋）{先冲洗在去梗} 12、酒精检验：果汁发酵后是否有酒精产生，可以用重铬酸钾来检验。在酸性条件下，重铬酸钾与酒精反应呈现灰绿色。 13、充气口是在醋酸发酵时连接充气泵进行充气用的；排气口是在酒精发酵 时用来排出二氧化碳的；出料口是用来取样的。排气口要通过一个长而弯曲 的胶管与瓶身相连接，其目的是防止空气中微生物的污染。开口向下的目的 是有利于二氧化碳的排出。使用该装置制酒时，应该关闭充气口；制醋时， 应该充气口连接气泵，输入氧气。 专题二 课题一 微生物的实验室培养 1、培养基：人们按照微生物对营养物质的不同需求，配制出供其生长繁殖的营养基质。 ⑴培养基按照物理性质可分为液体培养基 半固体培养基和固体培养基。在液体培养基中加入凝固剂琼脂后，制成琼脂固体培养基。 微生物在固体培养基表面生长，可以形成肉眼可见的菌落。根据菌落的特征可以判断是哪一种菌。 ⑵按照培养基的用途，可将培养基分为选择培养基和鉴定培养基。选择培养基是指在培养基中加入某种化学物质，以抑制不需要的微生物生长，促进所需要的微生物的生长。鉴别培养基是根据微生物的特点，在培养基中加入某种指示剂或化学药品配制而成的，用以鉴别不同类别的微生物。 ⑶培养基的化学成分包括：水 、 无机盐 、 碳源 、 氮源 、（生长因子）等。 2、无菌技术：获得纯净培养物的关键是防止外来杂菌的入侵，要注意以下几个方面： ①对实验操作的空间、操作者的衣着和手，进行清洁和消毒。 ②将用于微生物培养的器皿、接种用具和培养基等器具进行灭菌。 ③为避免周围环境中微生物的污染，实验操作应在酒精灯火焰附近进行。 ④实验操作时应避免已经灭菌处理的材料用具与周围的物品相接触。 3、消毒与灭菌的区别 酶 酶 酶

人教版高中英语选修六(广东卷)课时作业6

课时作业(六)Using Language Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．It is ________(违法的)to drive after drinking. 2．Some women are too ________(尴尬的)to consult their doctor about the problem. 3．Some strange customs have ________(幸存)from earlier times. 4．He achieved his aim more by luck than ________(判断)． 5．Their decision was based on ignorance and ________(偏见)． 6．The young lady ________(感染)the children with her enthusiasm for music. 7．The child is still ________(笨拙的)with his chopsticks. 8．He ________(冒险)his life to save his daughter from the fire. 9．Do not share ________(针头)with other people. 10．Take the ________(药丸)three times a day. Ⅱ.阅读理解 A Mickey Mouse wants to help kids kick the junk food habit.The Walt Disney Company announced that it plans to advertise only healthier foods to kids. By 2015，all food and drink products that are advertised on its TV channels，radio stations and websites will have to meet the company's nutrition standard for limiting calories and reducing fat，sodium and sugar.Many foods，such as fruit drinks，candy and snack cakes，won't meet the standard. First Lady Michelle Obama called it a“game changer”．“Disney is doing what no major media company has ever done before in the U．S.－and what I hope every company will do in the future.” “This is a landmark(里程碑)，because a major media company is taking responsibility for what food they advertise to children.”says Margo Wootan，director of nutrition policy for the Center for Science in the Public Interest.“This should be a real wake－up call to Nickelodeon(an American children's channel)and the Cartoon Network to do the same.”