中国现当代文学史复习(重要流派群体、重要作者作品)名词解释、简答概要

中国现当代文学史复习

一．重要群体流派

1.左翼作家联盟

Ⅰ概述：1930年成立于上海，并不是一个纯文学流派，是文学与政治兼有的社团。由此造成的革命现实主义小说，从幼嫩到相对成熟，形成很大的影

响。

Ⅱ影响：①左联的成立推进了革命文学运动的迅猛发展。

②在白色恐怖的艰难环境下粉碎了国民党的文化“围剿”，促进了马克

思主义文艺理论的翻译介绍和文艺大众化运动的开展。

③创作了不少优秀的革命文学作品，成为国民党统治区一面鲜艳的战斗

红旗，对中国革命和新文学做出了重大贡献。

Ⅲ特色：张天翼犀利明快的讽刺，艾芜、萧红的浪漫抒情精神对现实主义的多方渗透，都显示了当时的小说观念和体式的多样进步。

Ⅳ代表：ⅰ准备期：蒋光慈《冲出云围的月亮》《咆哮了的土地》

ⅱ“左联”五烈士：柔石《二月》《为奴隶的母亲》、胡也频《到莫斯科

去》《光明在我们的面前》

ⅲ革命女作家：丁玲《梦珂》《莎菲女士的日记》

ⅳ讽刺小说家：张天翼《华威先生》《包氏父子》

ⅴ后期：叶紫《丰收》、艾芜《人生哲学的一课》《山峡中》

ⅵ东北作家群：萧红、萧军、端木蕻良、骆宾基、舒群、罗烽、白朗、

李辉英

2.社会剖析小说

是以茅盾为首的一类小说，包括沙汀、吴组缃、叶紫等的左翼小说，其特点是：用二元对立的因果关系来表现复杂的社会斗争的。在创作时运用一定的社会科学思维对社会生活进行理性分析，来开拓形象思维的深广度。主题清晰，戏剧性冲突集中撼人，细节刻画人物雕镂性强，但情节结构呈封闭型，是左翼文学内部的主流小说体式。

3.东北作家群

Ⅰ概述：形成于30年代中期，作品充溢着深沉的力，从东北流亡到上海、北平等地的一些青年作者，是在左翼文学运动推动下共同自发地开始文学创

作的群体。

Ⅱ特点：①反映了东北广袤的黑土、铁蹄下的不屈人民。

②表达对敌伪的仇恨，对故乡的眷恋，对早日光复国土的愿望，开了抗

日文学的先声。

③以现实主义为基本倾向，以一种浓郁的眷恋乡土的爱国主义情绪、粗

犷的地方风格。

Ⅲ代表：萧红《生死场》，萧军《八月的乡村》、端木蕻良《鹚鹭湖的忧郁》、骆宾基《边陲线上》

4.京派文学

Ⅰ概述：30年代以北京为中心的小说流派，它的基础是文学研究会未曾南下的分子。其作者当时在京津两地进行文学活动，作品较多地在京津刊物上

发表。林徽因、朱光潜组织的2个京派文学沙龙，把北大、清华、燕京

几个大学的作者松散地组合起来，具有“学院派”的眼光。几代的京派

文人活跃于《现代评论》、《水星》、《骆驼草》、《大公报·文艺副刊》、

《文艺杂志》这些报刊上。

Ⅱ代表：沈从文（“京派第一人”）、废名、芦焚、林徽因、萧干、朱光潜

Ⅲ主张：①关注人生；②与政治斗争保持距离；③反对文学的商业化、世俗化。Ⅳ特点：①创作题材是乡村中国；

②统一的审美感情是诚实、从容、宽厚的，追求人文理想，和谐生命；

③多数是现实主义手法，也发展了抒情小说和讽刺小说，使小说散文化、

诗化。

Ⅴ贡献：为现代小说提供了比较成熟的抒情体和讽刺体样式。

5.海派文学

Ⅰ概述：中国现代消费文化环境的形成，集中表现在30年代的上海。最初的具

临床诊断学名词解释和问答题(归纳版)

第三章 三、名词解释 1、问诊：是医师通过对患者或有关人员的系统询问而获取病史资料的过程，又称为病史采集。 2、主诉：为患者感受最主要的痛苦或最明显的症状或体征，也就是本次就诊最主要的原因 3、现病史：是病史的主体部分，它记述患者患病后的全过程，即发生、发展、演变和诊治经过。 四、简答题 1、问诊包括哪些容： 问诊包括一般项目、主诉、现病史、既往史、系统回顾、个人史、婚姻史、月经史、家族史。 2、试述问诊的基本方法和注意事项： ⑴．从礼节性的交谈开始。 ⑵．问诊一般由主诉开始，逐步深入进行有目的、有层次、有顺序的询问。 ⑶．避免暗示性提问和逼问。 ⑷．避免重复提问。 ⑸．避免使用有特定意义的医学术语。 ⑹．注意及时核实患者述中不确切或有疑问的情况。 第二篇体格检查 第一章基本检查法 三、名词解释 1、视诊：是以视觉来观察患者全身或局部表现的诊断方法。 2、触诊：是应用触觉来判断某一器官特征的一种诊法。 3、叩诊:是用手指来叩击身体表面某部表面使之震动而产生音响，经传导至其下的组织器官，然后反射回来，被检查者的触觉和听觉所接收，根据振动和音响的特点可判断被检查部位的脏器有无异常。 4、听诊：是以听觉听取发自机体各部的声音并判断其正常与否的一种诊断技术。 5、嗅诊：是以嗅觉来判断发自患者的异常气味与疾病之间关系的方法。 6、清音：是音响较强，振动持续时间较长的音响。是正常肺部的叩诊音。揭示肺组织的弹性，含气量，致密度正常。 7、过清音：是介于鼓音与清音之间的一种音响、音调较清音低，音响较清音强，极易听及。 8、鼓音：其音响较清音强，振动持续时间亦较长，在叩击含有大量气体的空腔器官时出现。 四、简答题 1、简述触诊的正确方法及临床意义。 触诊分浅部触诊法和深部触诊法，浅部触诊法适用于体表浅在病变、关节、软组织以及浅部的动脉、静脉、神经、阴囊和精索等。深部触诊法用于诊察腹脏器大小和腹部异常包块等病变。

古典文献学复习题及答案(名词解释和问答)

古典文献学复习参考题 （仅为名词、问答两种，不含填空、断句标点、文献翻译等） 第一章文献与文献学 文献：原指典籍与贤者，后专指具有历史价值的文物资料。今为记录有知识的一切载体的统称，即用文字、图像、符号、声频、视频等手段记录人类知识的各种载体。 第二章古典文献的载体 甲骨文：甲，龟甲；骨，兽骨。是我国迄今发现最早的古典文献与系统文字。因其最初出土于殷墟，又称“殷墟书契”或“殷墟卜辞”。其内容为殷商时代王室占卜的相关记事。由金石收藏家王懿荣偶然发现，后刘鹗选择其收集甲骨中字迹完好者印成《铁云藏龟》，成为第一部著录甲骨文的专书。 甲骨四堂：罗振玉、王国维、董作宾、郭沫若四位研究甲骨文学者的合称。罗号雪堂，王号观堂，董字彦堂，郭笔名鼎堂，王子展教授评价早期甲骨学家时提出“甲骨四堂，郭董罗王”，后为学界广泛接受。 金石：金，指青铜器。铸于青铜器上的文字即金文，与石刻文字合称金石文字。金文，又称铭文、铭辞、钟鼎文。石刻文字极为丰富，主要分为三种：碣、碑、摩崖。金石研究至宋代形成专门之学“金石学”。有吕大临《考古图》，欧阳修《集古录》，赵明诚《金石录》等。 熹平石经：著名石刻文字。汉灵帝熹平四年（175）蔡邕受命用隶书把《周易》、《尚书》等七部经书写在石版上，立于首都太学门外，作为经书的标准本颁行天下。史称熹平石经、一字石经。 正始石经：曹魏正始年间用古文、篆书、隶书三种字体，刻了《尚书》、《春秋》两部书，称为正始石经，又称三体石经。 简牍：竹简木牍合称简牍，古代的一种文献载体。将竹剖开单支竹片为“简”，连缀后为“策（册）”，多以帛或丝连缀。简牍出现于殷商，主要使用于战国至汉、晋时期。东晋以后，基本为纸张取代。 汗青：制作竹简的工艺。竹简剖开成片后，为防蛀和便于书写，需用火烤干其水分，谓之“杀青”，亦称“汗青” 孔壁书：西汉景帝末年拆毁孔子旧宅发现的一批逃避秦火的古文经典竹简书。包括《尚书》、《礼记》、《论语》和《孝经》等，史称“孔壁书”。 汲冢书：西晋太康年间，河南汲郡人不准盗掘战国魏襄王墓，得竹书数十车，凡书75篇，10万余言。史称“汲冢书”。后整理得《竹书纪年》、《穆天子传》等。 第三章古典文献的积聚与散佚 汲古阁：明末常熟人毛晋私家藏书阁，藏书达48000册，多宋元善本。毛氏既藏书又刻书，汲古阁刻书为古今私家刻书之冠，刻有《十七史》、《十三经》、《六十种曲》等。

美国文学名词解释

1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.

名词解释和问答题1

名词解释和问答题1

四名词解释： 1.原语：它是由若干条机器指令所构成，用以完成特定功能的一段程序，为保证其操作的正确性，它应当是原子操作，即原语是一个不可分割的操作。 2.设备独立性：指用户设备独立于所使用的具体物理设备。即在用户程序中要执行I/O操作时，只需用逻辑设备名提出I/O请求，而不必局限于某特定的物理设备。 3.文件的逻辑结构：又称为文件逻辑组织，是指从用户观点看到的文件组织形式。它可分为两类：记录式文件结构，由若干相关的记录构成；流式文件结构，由字符流构成。 4.树形结构目录：利用树形结构的形式，描述各目录之间的关系。上级目录与相邻下级目录的关系是1对n。树形结构目录能够较好地满足用户和系统的要求。 5.操作系统：操作系统是控制和管理计算机硬件和软件资源，合理地组织计算机的工作流程，以及方便用户的程序的集合。其主要功能是实现处理机管理、内存管理、I/O设备管理、文件管理和用户接口。 6.位示图：它是利用一个向量来描述自由块使用情况的一张表。表中的每个元素表示一个盘块的使用情况，0表示该块为空闲块，1表示已分配。 7.置换策略：虚拟式存储管理中的一种策略。用于确定应选择内存中的哪一页(段) 换出到磁盘对换区，以便腾出内存。通常采用的置换算法都是基于把那些在最近的将来，最少可能被访问的页(段)从内存换出到盘上。 8.用户接口：操作系统提供给用户和编程人员的界面和接口。包括程序接口、命令行方式和图形用户界面。 9.死锁：指多个进程因竞争资源二造成的一种僵局，若无外力的作用，这些进程将永远不能再向前推进。 10.文件系统:OS中负责管理和存取文件信息的软件机构。负责文件的建立，撤消，存入，续写，修 改和复制，还负责完成对文件的按名存取和进行存取控制。 11.进程:进程是程序在一个数据集合上的运行过程，是系统进行资源分配和调度的一个独立的基本 单位。 12.wait(s)原语 wait(s) ：Begin Lock out interrupts; s = s – 1; If s < 0 then Begin Status(q) = blocked; Insert(WL, q); Unlock interrupts; Scheduler;

中国古代文学史名词解释复习题

中国古代文学史名词解释复习题（附答案） □ 百家争鸣 百家争鸣是指战国时期，知识分子不同学派的涌现及各流派争芳斗艳的局面。战国时期，多政治中心并存的现实，各阶级阶层之间的斗争复杂而激烈。代表各阶级、各阶层、各派政治力量的学者及思想家都企图按照本阶级、本阶层、本集团的立场要求，对宇宙、对社会、对万事万物作出解释或提出主张。著书立说，广收门徒。高谈阔论。他们都思想积极，勇于建功立业，而且敢想敢说，从不隐瞒自己的观点，互相辩难。于是出现了历史上百家争鸣的局面。 □ 《逍遥游》 《逍遥游》出自《庄子》内篇。逍遥游是庄子追求的人生最高境界。在《庄子》作品《逍遥游》中，对其有所描述。逍遥游即所谓“乘天地之气，御六气之辨，无所待而游无穷的人”的绝对自由的境界。庄子的逍遥游，只是心灵的遨游，带有某种神秘色彩，但又并非随心所欲的主观冥想。这篇文章想象丰富，带有很多寓言故事，有浓厚的浪漫色彩。 □ 《九歌》 《九歌》是屈原在楚国民间祭神乐歌的基础上加工创作而成的祭歌，总共包括《东皇太一》、《云中君》、《湘君》、《湘夫人》、《大司命》、《少司命》、《东君》、《河伯》、《山鬼》、《国殇》、

□ 楚歌体 楚歌是中国古代流行于楚地的一种民歌，一般句式长短不齐，中间、句尾带“兮”字，用于歌唱，比较悲凉。战国后期，屈原在“楚歌”基础上，创作出“楚辞”这一文体。西汉项羽、刘邦等人亦用楚歌进行创作，创作出《垓下歌》、《大风歌》等作品，刘彻也有《秋风辞》、《瓠子歌》。东汉用“楚歌”创作的文人有张衡的《四愁诗》和梁鸿的《五噫歌》。 □ 骚体赋 骚体赋是汉赋中的一类，它是从楚辞中发展而成的，形式上属于骚体，所以称为骚体赋。骚体赋的大都是抒发“怀才不遇”的不平，抒发一种“不得帮闲的牢骚”。首倡者是汉初的贾谊，代表作是《吊屈原赋》、《服鸟赋》等。 □ 散体大赋 散体大赋是汉代辞赋的代表，它师承屈原、宋玉及《诗经》的“雅颂”与战国时期的纵横游说之风。它的内容多属为统治者扬威颂圣，思想倾向比较空泛，艺术形式过于简单僵化。散体大赋普遍采用主客问答的形式，作品篇幅巨大，文字排铺堆砌，对事物进行铺陈描写。从形式上来说，它更像散文，直接继承了先秦散文。散体大赋的代表作有枚乘《七发》，司马相如《子虚赋》，《上林赋》，扬雄《长杨赋》、《羽猎赋》，班固《两都赋》，张衡《两京赋》等。

美国文学名词解释

Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.

生理学名词解释及问答题

1.兴奋性：机体或组织对刺激发生反应受到刺激时产生动作电位的能力或特性，称为兴奋性。 2.阈强度：在刺激的持续时间以及刺激强度对时间的变化率不变的情况下，刚能引起细胞兴奋或产生动作电位的最小刺激强度，称为阈强度。 3.正反馈:从受控部分发出的信息不是制约控制部分的活动，而是反过来促进与加强控制部分的活动，称为正反馈。 4.体液:人体内的液体总称为体液，在成人，体液约占体重的60%，由细胞内液、细胞外液(组织液.血浆.淋巴液等)组成。 5.负反馈（negative feedback）：负反馈是指受控部分发出的信息反过来减弱控制部分活动的调节方式。 6.内环境:内环境是指体内细胞直接生存的环境，即细胞外液. 7.反馈（feedback）:由受控部分发出的信息反过来影响控制部分的活动过程，称为反馈。 1.阈电位：在一段膜上能够诱发去极化和Na+通道开放之间出现再生性循环的膜内去极化的临界值，称为阈电位；是用膜本身去极化的临界值来描述动作电位产生条件的一个重要概念。 2.等长收缩：肌肉收缩时只有张力的增加而无长度的缩短，称为等长收缩。 3.前负荷(preload):肌肉收缩前所承受的负荷,称为前负荷，它决定收缩前的初长度。 4.终板电位:（在乙酰胆碱作用下，终板膜静息电位绝对值减小，这一去极化的电位变化，称为终板电位) 当ACh分子通过接头间隙到达终板膜表面时，立即与终板膜上的N2型乙酰胆碱受体结合，使通道开放，允许Na+、K+等通过，以Na+的内流为主，引起终板膜静息电位减小，向零值靠近，产生终板膜的去极化，这一电位变化称为终板电位。 5.去极化(depolarization):当静息时膜内外电位差的数值向膜内负值减小的方向变化时，称为膜的去极化或除极化。（静息电位的减少称为去极化） 6.复极化（repolarization ）：细胞先发生去极化，然后再向正常安静时膜内所处的负值恢复，称复极化。（细胞膜去极化后再向静息电位方向的恢复，称为复极化） 7.峰电位（spike potential）:在神经纤维上，其主要部分一般在0.5~2.0ms内完成，（因此，动作电位的曲线呈尖峰状）表现为一次短促而尖锐的脉冲样变化，（故）称为峰电位。 8.电化学驱动力：离子跨膜扩散的驱动力有两个：浓度差和电位差。两个驱动力的代数和称为电化学驱动力。 9.原发性主动转运：原发性主动转运是指离子泵利用分解ATP产生的能量将离子逆浓度梯度和（或）电位梯度进行跨膜转运的过程。 10.微终板电位：在静息状态下，接头前膜也会发生约每秒钟1次的乙酰胆碱（ACH）量子的自发释放，并引起终板膜电位的微小变化。这种由一个ACH量子引起的终板膜电位变化称为微终板电位。 11.运动单位(motor unit)：一个脊髓α-运动神经元或脑干运动神经元和受其支配的全部肌纤维所组成的肌肉收缩的最基本的单位称为运动单位。 1.晶体渗透压（crystal osmotic pressure）：(血浆)晶体渗透压指血浆中的晶体物质（主要是NaCl）形成的渗透压。 2.血沉（erythrocyte sedimentation rate）：红细胞沉降率是指将血液加抗凝剂混匀，静置于一分血计中，红细胞在一小时末下降的距离（mm），简称血沉。 1.血-脑屏障:指血液和脑组织之间的屏障，可限制物质在血液和脑组织之间的自由交换（故对保持脑组织周围稳定的化学环境和防止血液中有害物质进入脑内有重要意义）其形态学基础可能是毛细血管的内皮、基膜和星状胶质细胞的血管周足等结构。 2.正常起搏点（normal pacemaker):P细胞为窦房结中的起搏细胞，是一种特殊分化的心肌细胞，具有很高的自动节律性，是控制心脏兴奋活动的正常起搏点。

名词解释题库及答案

1.《诗经》 《诗经》是中国古代诗歌的开端，也是最早的一部诗歌总集。反映了西周初期到春秋中叶约五百年间的社会面貌。《诗经》最初只称为“诗”或“诗三百”，到西汉时，被尊为儒家经典，才称为《诗经》。全篇按《风》、《雅》、《颂》三类编辑。内容丰富，反映了劳动与爱情、战争与徭役、压迫与反抗、风俗与婚姻、祭祖与宴会，甚至天象、地貌、动物、植物等方方面面，是周代社会生活的一面镜子。对后世影响深远。 2.《楚辞》 楚辞是屈原创作的一种新诗体，也是中国文学史上第一部浪漫主义诗歌总集。“楚辞”的名称，西汉初期已有之，至刘向乃编辑成集。原收战国楚人屈原、宋玉等人辞赋共十六篇。后增入《九思》，成十七篇。全书以屈原作品为主，其余各篇也是承袭屈赋的形式。以其运用楚地的文学样式、方言声韵和风土物产等，具有浓厚的地方色彩，故名《楚辞》，对后世诗歌产生深远影响。 3.古文运动 古文运动是指唐代中期以及宋朝提倡古文、反对骈文为特点的文体改革运动。因涉及文学的思想内容，所以兼有思想运动和社会运动的性质。“古文”这一概念由韩愈最先提出。他把六朝以来讲求声律及辞藻、排偶的骈文视为俗下文字，认为自己的散文继承了两汉文章的传统，所以称“古文”。韩愈提倡古文，目的在于恢复古代的儒学道统，将改革文风与复兴儒学变为相辅相成的运动。在提倡古文时，进一步强调要以文明道。除唐代的韩愈、柳宗元外，宋代的欧阳修、王安石、曾巩、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙等人也是其中的代表。 4.《红楼梦》 中国古典四大名著之首，清代作家曹雪芹创作的章回体长篇小说，共一百二十回，是一部具有世界影响力的人情小说作品，举世公认的中国古典小说巅峰之作，中国封建社会的百科全书，传统文化的集大成者。小说以贾、史、王、薛四大家族的兴衰为背景，贾宝玉、林黛玉、薛宝钗的爱情婚姻故事为主线，通过家族悲剧、女儿悲剧及主人公的人生悲剧，揭示出封建末世的危机。《红楼梦》对宫廷官场的黑暗、封建贵族的腐朽等社会现实及道德观念都进行了深刻的批判，具有极其深远的影响。 5.《呐喊》 鲁迅的第一部小说集，1923年8月首次出版。收1918年4月至1922年10月期间的作品共14篇。包括《狂人日记》、《孔乙己》、《故乡》、《阿Q正传》等著名作品。《呐喊》显示了鲁迅对传统文学和外来文艺的有机结合，成功地塑造了一系列典型形象，具有独特的民族风格和民族特色，代表了鲁迅文学创作的最高成就。它的出版，改变了文学革命初期仅有理论建树而创作不丰的局面，

美国文学名词解释

American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough. American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for t he behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school. The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American

美国文学名词解释复习

1.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra P ound and Amy Lowell. 2.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor 3.Psychological Realism: James’s realism is characterized by his psychological a pproach to his subject matter. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner l ife of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature wor ks will render the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-mo ment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in h is experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness prov es to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the comin g generations. James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century " stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism. 4.International theme:Henry James’s fame generally rests on his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a large international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.The treatment of the international theme is characterized by the richness of syntax and characterization and the originality in point of view, symbolism, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhyme. James is now more mature as an artist, more at home in the craft of fiction. 5. Modernism：It was a complex and diverse （复杂多样的）international movement in all the creative arts （创造性艺术），originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出现）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面），such as symbolism，surrealism （超现实主义），cubism （立体主义），expressionism，futurism （未来主义），ect