英美概况况复习题

Chapter 1 Geography and Population

1. Where are the UK and the USA respectively located?

2. What are the similarities and differences in the physiographical features between the UK and the USA?

3. What are the major rivers and mountains in the UK and the USA?

4. What is the possible significance of the geography of the USA to the development of the economy in the country?

5. Which, geography or human beings, is more important in the development of a country? Justify your point of view.

6. Compare the population of the UK with that of the USA. (e.g. composition, distribution, etc.)

7. Compare London with Washington D.C.

8. Who were the natives in the UK and in the USA?

9. What are similarities and differences of concentration of population in the UK and the USA? Chapter 2 History

1. Compare the beginnings of the UK with those of the USA.

2. How did the Normans establish the first House in Britain?

3. Why was it important to discover America?

4. How and why did the Puritans come to North America?

5. How did France, Spain and England divide North America after the discovery of America?

6. What were the conflicts between England and American colonists?

7. What are the contents of the Magna Carta? What is its nature?

8. What is the nature of the Hundred Y ears’ War? What are the consequences?

9. Why could the Industrial Revolution first take place in the UK?

10. How did the Wars of the Roses proceed?

11. What led to the outbreak of the War of American Independence?

12. What is the significance of the American Civil War?

13. What are the causes of the First World War?

14. What roles did the UK and the USA play in the Second World War?

15. Why did the USA experience the six economic crises while the UK did not?

16. What did the UK nationalization mean and why was there nationalization in the UK?

17. Why was the UK no longer a world major power after the Second World War and what did the labour government try to do in order to catch up?

18. What is the real problem of the Northern Ireland and what is your suggestion of solution to the problem?

19. Why does the USA remain an economic power in the world?

20. When and how did the Civil Rights Movement happen in the USA and what is its significance?

21. Why was there a Cold War after the Second World War? What is its consequence? What lesson can we draw from it?Chapter 3 Political Systems

1. What is the political system of the UK? What is the political system of the USA? Compare them.

2. Comment on “She (the Queen) reigns but she does not rule.”

3. Why do we say that “the members of the stronger party in the House of Commons are the

real law-makers”?

4. What is the essence of the political system in both the UK and the USA?

5. How does a bill become an act, or a law in the UK and in the USA?

6. Why do the British value their opposition party?

7. Why do the British exercise the two-party system?

8. Who cannot vote in the British general election and why?

9. What are the serious disadvantages in the British general election? What do you think of them?

10. What are the disadvantages of the primary election in the USA?

11. What is “the winner-take-all” principle?

12. Compare the British party system with the American party system igogo and the principles

Chapter 4 Economy and Foreign Relations

1. What is the difference between the function of nationalization in the UK and the function of government support in the USA?

2. Why couldn’t US economy avoid economic crises?

3. What are the features of the UK economy and the features of the US economy respectively? What is the difference between them?

4. Make a contrast between the agriculture in the UK and that in the USA.

5. Compare the industry in the UK with that in the USA.

6. What are the uses of corn in the US and why do the Americans use corn as forage as well?

7. Why do the Americans have the agricultural belts?

8. What are the characteristics of the British trade?

9. What are the striking contrasts between trade in the UK and that in the USA?

10. What is the function of the UK in the European Union?

11. What is the function of the UK in the NA TO?

12. Comment on the relation between the USA and Russia.

13. Comment on the relation between the USA and the UK.

14. Comment on the relation between the USA and the PRC.

15. Why was there the Cold War?

Chapter 5 Culture

1. What are the problems of the British science?

2. Why did the American science develop so quickly?

3. What are the contributions that the UK has made in science?

4. In what fields does the USA take the lead in modern sciences?

5. What are the three symbols of technology?

6. Compare the elementary education of the UK with that of the USA.

7. Compare the secondary education of the UK with that of the USA.

8. Make a contrast between the higher education in the UK and that of the USA.

9. Make a contrast between the public school in the UK and the private school at the high school level in the USA.

10. What does “middle school” mean to an American?

11. Do you like “tutorial system” in the UK? Why or why not?

12. Compare BBC with NBC.

13. Make a comparison between the broadcasting system in the UK and that in the USA.

14. What are the features of the British press? Why is there no censorship of the British press?

15. Make a contrast between the Reuters and the Associated Press?

16. Why could the USA broadcast and televise the trans-Atlantic news after 1965?

17. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of television. (??? – icywarmtea)

18. Why is cricket regarded as the most English of games?

19. What is the British sportsmanship? How do you like it?

20. Who introduced bowling into the USA? What do you think of it?

21. What are the popular sports in the UK and in the USA? Compare them.

22. What is an anthem? What is the difference between an anthem and a song?

23. How do you like the deleted stanza in God Save the Queen? Why do you think so?

24. What do you think of the rhyming in the national anthem of the USA?

25. Compare the national anthem of the UK with that of the USA.

26. Why do the British use Jack as part of the name of the national flag of the UK?

27. Why do the Americans use stars and stripes as the symbols of the USA?

Chapter 6 Social Life and Religion

1. What are the shared customs in the UK and in the USA?

2. What are the customs which only the USA possesses?

3. What are the customs which only the UK has?

4. How do yerror Royal Traditions?

5. Why do the British people like to talk about the weather?

6. Comment on the “Self-Made” man.

7. What holidays are shared holidays both in the UK and in the USA?

8. What holidays are the holidays that only the UK celebrates?

9. What holidays does the USA celebrate only?

10. Compare the Hyde Park in the UK with the Y ellowstone National Park in the US.

11. What is the feature of Madame Tussaud’s?

12. Why is the New Y ear’s Day celebration different in England and in Scotland?

13. Why is it difficult and elastic to describe the social life in the UK and in the US?

14. What are the five aspects in the explanation of the social life in the UK?

15. What are the five aspects in the explanation of the social life in the USA? How do you like the aspects in terms of the social life in the UK and in the USA respectively?

16. Why is the rate of divorce in the US high? Can you make some comments on this issue?

17. How do you treat the gap between the poor and the rich?

18. What are the main features of the British worship?

19. Can you make a contrast between the features of American worship and those of British worship?

20. What is the British worship in general?

21. What is the American worship? Is there any similarity or difference between the British worship and the American worship?

22. Can you say something about the problems of religion in the USA?

how many metropolitan areas does England have? 英国有几个主要城市？A: seven. 七个2、what is the backbone of England? 英国的“脊柱“是什么？A: the pennines.奔宁山脉(位于英国北部) 3、from what languages is english derived? A:english is mainly derived the anglo-saxon and norman-french languages. A.英语主要起源于盎格鲁撒克逊语及法国诺而曼语。4、what have the scottish people been famous for? A:the scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans,colorful plaid kilts,and skill as fierce warriors.（A苏格兰人主要因团结的部落，花翘的苏格兰方格呢短裙及足智多谋的勇士而闻名。 5.why was the Roman impact upon the britons surprisingly limited? A:because the romans always treated the britons as a subject people of slave class and they never intermarried with the native britons. 为什么罗马对不列颠人的影响极其有限? 答:因为罗马人把不列颠人作为奴隶阶级的属民来对待,他们也从来不与本地不列颠人通婚. 6.what was the result of the Synod of Whitby in yorkshire in 664? A:the result of the synod of whitby was that the roman missinaries gained the upper hand over the Celtic missionaries. 在约克郡的威特郡会议的结果是什么? 答:结果是罗马传道士比凯尔特传道士占了上风. 7.what was harold doing when he was informed of the invasion of northumbria by tostig and harold hardrada? was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from normandy. 当得知托斯蒂格和挪威国王哈罗得.哈德拉达要进攻诺森比利亚时，哈罗得在做什么？答：他正在南部准备抵抗诺曼底人的进攻。8.where did harold defeat tostig and hardrada? A:at stanford bridge. 哈罗得在哪里击败了他们？答：斯坦福桥。7.what did william do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north? built a string of defense castles to ensure his military control of the whole coutry. 威廉平定了撒克逊人的起义在做什么？答：他建造了一串防卫城堡来确保的他军事控制整个国家。8.why did william I give his barons large estates in England? A:because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. 为什么威廉给他的贵族很多财产? 答:因为他想换取服役和收租. 9.what was the peculiar feature of the federal system of England? A:all landowers,big or small,took the oath of allegiance for the land they held ,not only to their immdiate lord ,but also to the king. 英国封建制度特有的特点是什么? 答:所有的土地拥有者,或大或小,都要对他们手中的土地,不仅要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠与国王. 10.why did william I have the domesday book compiled? A:william I had the domesday book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land ,his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes. 为什么威廉要编写末日审判书？答：因为他想有一个可靠的记录，关于所有的土地、佃户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税。11.what was william I's policy towards the church? wanted to keep it completely under his control,but at the same time to uphold its power. 威廉对教会的政策是什么? 答:他想完全控制它的同时,赞成它拥有权利. 12.why did Henry II make Thomas Becket archbishop of Canterbury? thought that thomas becket would assist him in carrying out legal reforms. 为什么亨利二世要使托马斯成为坎特伯雷大主教? 答:亨利认为他会帮助他施行法律改革. 13.what brought henry II make into collision with thomas becket,the Archibishop of canterbury? A:the exeptional privilieges enjoyed by the clergy brought henry II into collision with thomas becket. 什么使亨利和贝克特产生冲突？答：神职人员特有的权利。

14.what are the two aspects of the norman legacy that contributed to great domestic unrest in england in 12th and 13th centuries? A:one was england's possession of territory in France.the other was norman adherence to roman Catholicism. 在12和13世纪，诺曼遗产给英格兰国内带来的很大动乱的两方面原因是什么？答：一个是英国在法国占有土地；二是诺曼对天主教的忠诚。15.what was the impact of the wars of the roses on feudalism in england? A:the wars of the roses dealt a death blow to feudalism in england. 玫瑰战争对英国封建制度的影响是什么?

答:它致命的打击了英国的封建制度. 16.how did Elizebeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds? A:she tried to avoid troubling parliament by making strict economies at court. 伊力莎白在钱的问题上怎样试图避免与一会产生麻烦? 答:她用力行节约的方法.

17.what questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private? A:these questions were her religion,her marriage,her foreign policy,the succession to the throne,and her finance. 伊力莎白一世的五个私人问题？答：她的宗教、婚姻、外交、王位继承、财政。18.how did Elizabeth I manage to maintain a friendly relationship with france? A:through her marriage alliances which were never materialized. 伊力莎白一世怎样维持与法国的关系？答：她通过从未具体化的联姻。19.what did the destruction of the Spanish Armada show? A:it showed england's superiority as a naval power.海军力量。20.what was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot?火药阴谋案。A:the result has been an annual celebration on November 5,when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged. 每年11月5日举行庆祝仪式，点燃火堆焚烧盖伊的模拟像并燃放烟火。21.what was Puritanism noted for? A:it was noted for simple dress,high moral standards and very egalitarian attitudes. 清教徒主义以什么而著名？答：是以简单的穿戴，高的道德标准和平等主义态度而著名。22.what is a constitutional monarchy? A:it is one whose power is limited by parliament. 什么是君主立宪制？是权利由议会控制的制度。23.what did the whigs stand for in the early 19th century? A：they stood for a reduction in crown patronage,sympathy towards nonconformists and care for the interests of bankers and merchants. 削弱王权、同情异教徒、关心银行家和商人的利益。24.why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? A:changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time. 因为村庄和农业是那时英国的脊梁骨。25.what did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th century? A:they wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field”system by larger,economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. 他们想用规模更大的、经济效益更好的分界田地制代替那种小规模的开放田地制度。

26.what was the result of the general strike of 1926? A：the strike failed.the miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before.yet,outside the mining district,the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes. 大罢工失败，使矿工们被迫回到工作地，时间更长、收入更低，但是矿区外的罢工好象改进了工人与中产阶级的关系。27.why did Edward VIII abdicate in 1936 after a reign of 10 months? A：because he wanted to marry with Wallis simpson,a twice-divorced American.

28.why was Mrs Thatcher removed from office in 1990? A:it was because of her oppsosition to European Union and her imposition of an extremely unpopular flat-rate “poll tax”in place of property taxes to pay for local government service. 因为他反对欧洲统一，以及用极不受欢迎的人头税代替财产税来支付当地的政府部门。29.what are the economic problems Britain is now faced with? A:unemployment,low rate of industries growth and a rising inflation rate. 失业，低的工业增长率，上升的通货膨胀率。30.why were early factories located near the coal fields? A:Because coal powered the steam engines that moved the machinery. 因为煤可以产生水蒸汽发动机器。31.where are oil and natural gas found in Britain? A:Under the north sea. 在英国哪里发现了石油和天然气？32.why is it that Britain imports more clothing than it exports? A:because many countries with low labour costs can produce clothing more cheaply than the british can. 其他国家用价格低的劳动力，就可以生产出比英国便宜的服装。33.what is the country of kent in southeastern England famous for? A：it is famous for its beautiful blossoms of its apple and cherry orchards in springtime. 以春天美丽的苹果花和果园而著名。34.what are

britain’s most important exports? A：aerospace equipment,chemicals and foods,beverages饮料,machinery,motor vehicles,petroleum,and scientific and medical equipment. 航天设备,化学品，食物，饮料，机器，电动交通工具，石油和科学、医疗设备等。35.where does the Queen’s expenditure支出arising from public duties come from? A:come from the civil list and government service. 来自王室费用和政府部门。36.what does the term “parliament”originally mean?议会最初的意思是指？A:it means a meeting for a parley or discussion. 会谈或讨论的会议。37.what is the main function of the house of lords? 上议院A:the main function of the house of lord is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making. 用议员丰富的经验帮助立法程序。38.what is the speaker’s task in the house of commons? 众议院is task is to preside over the house and enforce the rules of order. 发言人的职责是主持议会和实施程序规则。39.what are the three island areas where single-tier authorities were introduced in Scotland? A:they are the Orkneys,the Shetlands and the Western isles. 这道题的问题有点搞不懂，谁能补充下？他们是奥克尼郡、设特兰群岛、西岛40.How do local authorities in great Britain raise revenue?国家收入A: they raise revenue through the council tax.议会税。41.what are the two main branches of the law in Britain? A:they are criminal law and civil law. 刑法和民法。42.how many types of criminal courts are there in Scotland? A:there are three types to criminal courts in Scotland.they are the high court of justiciary,the sheriff court,and the district court. 高级法庭，郡法庭和区法庭。43.what is the difference between solemn procedure and summary procedure? 庄重程序和简易程序的不同点是？A：in solemn procedure,a defendant is tried审问by a judge sitting with a jury.in summary procedure,the judge sits without a jury. 庄重程序审问时有一个陪审团，而简易程序没有。44.what are the three divisions of the high court? A：they are the family division,the chancery division,娃哈哈官法庭and the queen bench’s division. 45.what are the chief aims of the penal system? A：the chief aims are to deter the potential law-breaker,and to reform the convicted offenders. 阻止潜在的违法者，和改造已判决的违法者。46.what courses(or schemes) and services are provided in all prisons? A:training courses,educational schemes,medical services and welfare services are provided in all prisons.提供培训课程，教育方案，医疗服务和福利。47.what are services for elderly people aimed at? A:services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible.帮助他们尽可能在家里生活。48.what is the aim of the social security system?(考过) A：it is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.保障有财政需要的人们的基本生活水平。

49.who founded the salvation army in the east of London in 1865? A：william booth,a great follower of john Wesley,卫斯里的伟大追随者founded the salvation Army. 50.where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations? A:they go to oxford street,regent street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decoration. 牛津街、摄政街和皮卡迪利街去看圣诞节的装饰。

51.how many kinds of state secondary school are there in great Britain? A:three,grammar school,comprehensive school,and second modern school. 52.when was the open university founded?when did it begin its first courses? A:it was founded in 1969,and it began its first courses in 1970. 53.why is the open university so named? A:because it is “open” to all to become students.

54.how much money is spent on press advertising every year in great Britain? 新闻广告上的花费A:about ￡5,100 million. 55.how are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed? A:they are financed from the sale of television licences. 通过出售电视许可证来筹集资金。56.how are independent channels ITV and C4 funded?(考过) A：they are funded entirely by advertising. 独立电视台通过广告筹集资金。57.what is a “copyright”library?版权图书馆A：it is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the united

kingdom.它被给予有权免费得到任何一本在联合王国内出版的书。

进入爱尔兰：58.why is Ireland also called the emerald isle? A:rolling farmlands and pastures cover the central part of the island and they remain green all year round. 为什么爱尔兰被称为绿岛？环绕着爱尔兰中部的农场和草原，全年都保持着绿色。59.why has Ireland been geographically compared to a basin? A:because the central part of the island is lowland and it has mountains around it near the coast. 爱尔兰中部是低地，周围都是山。60.when and how did the partition分割of Ireland occur? A:it occurred in 1921 under the anglo irish treaty. 61.when was the downing street(唐宁街) declaration issued? A:in December 1993. 62.what does the irish parliament consist of? A: the house of representatives(dail eireann)and the senate(seanad) 爱尔兰议会包括参议院和众议院。63.what does fianna fail共和党（第一大党）mean in irish? A:it mean “soldiers of destiny”in irish. 64.what does fine gael统一党（第二大党）mean in irish? A:it means irish tribe or united ireland. 65.why is irish farming a mixed economy? A:most of the irish farmers have a small piece of arable land and a considerable area of pasture and meadow. 农民大多数都拥有一块耕地和大面积的草原和牧场。66.why does Ireland have a chronic延续很长的imbalance of trade? A：ireland depends on imported oil and it has a high import bill. 要进口石油，有一个高的进口帐单。

美国部分：67.what is the continental divide,or great divide? A:It is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the pacific ocean,from those that flow into流入the atlantic ocean.

68.what states are in new England? A：marine ,rhode island,Massachusetts,Connecticut,new Hampshire,V ermont. 69.apart from new york city,what other large cities are located in the middle atlantic region? A:Philadelphia,pittsburgh,buffalo,and Newark. 70.what is the Midwest famous for? A:famous for its large stretches of fertile soil. 71.What states make up 组成the pacific coast region? A:The region known as the pacific coast includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon and nearly all of California. 72.what is the reason for the growth of population in florida? A:Warm climate,convenience in doing business with and traveling to central and south America.

73.what are some of the consequences of the outflow流出of city residents to the suburbs? A:rising unemployment rate,the increase of the number of poor people,the worsening of city living condition and the fall of government revenues.政府税收的下降。74.why do many Puerto Ricans go to the united states? A：They are drawn to the united states by better job opportunities. 75.what was the fate of Japanese-american in wwII? A:The Japanese-americans were taken to relocation centers in isolated parts of the western mountain and plains states and staved behind barbed wires.有刺的金属丝。76.can you give an example to show the awakening 苏醒of American Indians? A:many Indians are taking legal steps to demand compensation for land and resources grabbed from them illegally. 采取措施来恢复过去白人非法夺走的土地和资源。77.what is one of the explanations of how the early Indians came to the Americans? A:one of the explanations is the Indians crossed from asia of the landbridge that connected Siberia and Alaska. 78.how did the Plymouth settlers manage to survive? A:The neighboring Indians came to teach them how to grow corn and they succeeded in having a good harvest. 79.what was the chief weakness of the articled of confederation?(考过)邦联条例A:it was the document failed to set up a government that could function. 80.what was the significance of the adoption of the bill of rights人权法? A:The adoption of the bill of rights in addition to the constitution completed the foundation of the American constitutional system. 它重要性在于，对宪法的建立和完成。81.why did American territorial expansion threaten british interest? A:because some Americans wanted to take advantage of the war in Europe to expand into Canada.this ran counter to british interest. 82.what w as the

compromise of 1850? A:the compromise of 1850 was an arrangement which kept a balance between free and slave states in senate. 83.how did the government help in the development of American economy? A:the government carried out the policy of trade protectionism. 贸易保护政策84.what were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century? A:large corporation,urbanization and new technology were the three features.

85.what was the basic demand of the progressive movement? A:It was government regulation of economic and social conditions. 86.why did the united states pursue a policy of pro-ally partiality in the early part of wwI? A:because of ethnic ties,cultural tradition,social background,economic interests and successful british propaganda. 87.what were the immediate causes that led the united states into the war? A:The immediate causes were germany’s unlimited submarine warfare and germany’s attempt to get mexico into the war against the united states. 88.what government policies in the 1920s helped big businesses? A: the polices of tariff protection,a favorable tax rates and little government restrictions contributed to high profits of big businesses. 89.how did many Americans view their country after wwI? A：they believed that American political,economic and social insititutions were the best in the world. 90.what were some of the personal characteristics of F.D.R that helped him in doing his work as president? had a sure sense of what was practical or possible,a strong sense of timing and was a great communicator. 有自信感和务实精神。91.what were the two guiding principles underlying American diplomatic activities in wwII?所有外交活动后的两个主导原则？A：the first was to win the war;the second was to bring the soviet union into a postwar world order under american leadership. 按美国利益建立战后世界格局。92.what was the basic reason for the postponement of the opening of the second front?开辟第二战场。A：it was a reflection of the desire of not letting the soviet union expand into eastern and central Europe too quickly. 阻止苏联快速扩张欧洲中东部。93.what was the postwar strategy of the united states? A:it was amerian ledership of the world and open market for American goods and capital. 美国领导世界,打开美国商品市场. 94.what was the theory put forward by the soviet union in around 1946? A:there could be no long-term peaceful co-existence between socialism and capitalism. 在社会主义和资本主义不能长期和平的存在. 95.what was the immediate cause of the berlin crisis in 1948? A:the soviet union cut off the western routes to west berlin.

96.what dicision did president Truman make to deal with the berlin crisis? decided to mobilize 集合all possible American cargo planes to airlift空运supplies into west berlin. 97.what effect did the berlin blockade have on the people in west berlin and western occupied zones? A：it pushed the people in west berlin and western occupied zones further to the side of the united states because they were grateful for American airlifts. 98.what measure did the united states take in the Cuban crisis missile crisis? A: the united states introduced动用海军a naval blockade around cuba and demanded the dismantlement and withdrawal拆除和撤回of the missiles from cuba.

99.what is the significance of the shanghai communiqué?上海公报A: the key thing is American commitment to a one china police.约束一个中国政策100.what is the importance of the civil rights act of 1964?民权法A：It outlawed racial discrimination in housing and employment. 101.what is the port huron statement about?休伦港宣言A:the port huron statement was the platform of the students for a democratic society(SDS)美国争取社会民主组织which condemned racism,poverty amidst plenty,big corporations and the cold war. 他们严厉谴责种族主义、大公司、贫困和冷战。102.what are the factors that have helped build the united states into the economic giant it is today? A:The united states has one of the world’s most varied populations and the vast space and resources of the land,the ideals of freedom and economic opportunity,and hard

work by the people. 103.what are major natural resources in the united states? A:fertile soil,forests,water,and minerals . 104.what are some of the leading farm products in the united states? A:corn,wheat,soybeans,beef cattle,milk,cotton,chickens and eggs and hogs.猪105.what has helped make US farms the most efficient in the world? A:the use of modern farm machinery and agricultural methods has helped make US farms the most efficient in the world. 106.what areas have long been major US centers of manufacturing? A:the Midwest and northeast.中西部和东北部107.what are the problems the us eonomy has faced from time to time? A:they are recessions,depressions and inflation. 衰退,萧条和通货膨胀. 108.why is the poverty rate higher in the united states than in several other industrialized nations,including Canada,Australia,and germany? A:because they have more generous social programs for the poor and a higher minimum wage 最低工资than the united states. 有更慷慨的对于穷人的社会计划和更高一些的最低工资水平. 109.what role has the constitution played?宪法扮演的角色? A:the constitution has been the basis for the evolution of governmental institutions and for political stability,economic growth and social progress in the united states. 引导政治制度的发展,并为政治稳定\经济发展\社会进步奠定了基础. 110.what were the weakness of the articles of confederation? 联邦法律条款有何不足？A:there was no national executive to enforce the laws and there was no national court system and congress had no power to tax,nor to regulate trade between states. 没有全国执法机构来执法，没有全国法律体系，国会无权征税，也无权调控各州之间的贸易。111.what mechanism机制did the writers of the constitution introduce to provide safeguards? A:they introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances. 分权和制衡原则。112.how is the American president elected? A：the voters vote for the electors竞选人and the electors vote for the president.but as soon as the votes of the voters are counted,the number of electors for each candidate is known and who has won the election is known. 113.according to the constitution,what judicial power does the president have?

has the power to give reprieves and pardons in federal criminal cases. 对联邦的刑事案发布缓刑令和赦免令。 114.how are the two chambers of congress made up? A：the senate is composed of two members from each state, with a total number of 100 while membership in the house of representatives is based on population.currently the house has 435 members. 115.what are the two special powers of the senate? A:one is to confirm presidential appointments 任命and the other is to ratify treaties by a two-thirds vote. 116.what is the composition of the federal court system? A：a supreme court,11 courts of appeals,上诉法院91 district courts(including one for the district of Columbia and one for puero rico) and three courts of special jurisdiction.特殊审判权法。 117.what is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?削弱政党的因素。 A：the near destruction of the patronage system and the wide use of direct primaries in the selection of delegates to the party national conventions. 援助制度的摧毁和广泛采用直接初选公职候选人。 118.why is it that responsibility for education falls of the state? A:because it is laid down in the tenth amendment to the constitution. 由宪法第十个修正案规定

90.what were some of the personal characteristics of F.D.R that helped him in doing his work as president? he had a sure sense of what was practical or possible,a strong sense of timing and was a great communicator. 有自信感和务实精神。 96.what

dicision did president Truman make to deal with the berlin crisis? he decided to mobilize集合 all possible American cargo planes to airlift空运 supplies into west berlin. 113.according to the constitution,what judicial power does the president have? he has the power to give reprieves and pardons in federal criminal cases. 对联邦的刑事案发布缓刑令和赦免令。

119.why are there many varitations in the education system of the 50 states? A：because each state is expected to develop policies for the education within its boundary. 120.who is the chief executive officer under the local board of education? A:the superintendent of schools.学校主管 121.what are the three types of high schools? A：they are comprehensive,academic,vocational and technical schools. 122.why does the number of graduate school enrollment keep climbing? A:because an advanced degree is viewed as a major way to move ahead in the career. 123.what are the fields favored by postgraduates? A:those fields that would not only make students easily employed but would provide them with rewarding jobs. 领域使学生容易就业和找到收入不错的工作。 124.what is the guiding principle of community college? A:it is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must mean equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual difference. 社区学校的指导原则是，人人可以享受高等教育和必须为实现自我以及承认个性提供平等机会的思想。 125.what are the two focuses of the reform in the 1980s? A:they are the raising of the standards of teaching and learning and the restructuring of the schools. 两个重点：一个是教和学的水准的提高；第二个是学校的重组。 126.what is emerson’s view of man and nature? he holds that man’s relationship with nature should not be confined to making use of nature. 两者的关系不是局限在利用自然. 127.why did hawthorne attack transcendentalism? A:because it glorified absolute individualism without any regard for social impact. 它不顾社会影响、推荐绝对个人主义。 128.what does mark twain want to put across使接受 in the adventures of huckleberry finn? he wants to show the basic goodness and wisdom of ordinary people. 展现了普通人的根本美德和才智。129.What does “leaf of grass”stand for? A:it stands for all ordinary things and common people. 130.what were two guides for Dickinson in her serch for faith? A：they were the bible and the philosophy of emerson. 圣经和爱默森的人生哲学。 131.what contrast did dreiser make in sister carrie? he made sharp contrast of wealth and poverty in Chicago and new york. 132.why did congress vote to set a day in honor of martin luther king? A:because he was respected and loved by the Americas,black and white,for his leadership of the civil rights movement. 133.why do children eat cherry pies on washi ngton’s birthday? A:because they are familiar with the story of Washington and the cherry tree and they eat cherry pie to remember him as an honest man. 134.what are the two symbols frequently associated with easter? A:they are the egg and the hare (or the bunny))野兔 135.what did a group of women in the south do on may 30,1868? A:they were awarded the prize for their collection of money for UNICEF to help children in develping coutries. 136.Why was the unknown soldier buried at Arlington in 1921 awarded the two medals? A:the honors were not for one but for all who had given their lives in the war. 137.what is the typical food for thanksgiving dinner? A:the typical food is roast turkey,pumpkin pie and cranberry sauce. 美国部分就到这里了!

加拿大部分 1.who founded the first permanent settlements at quebec and montreal in 1608? A:Samuel de champlain did. 2. what happened to the French colony after the seven years’ war? A:after seven years’ war the French were forced to give up every inch of land in north America and the whole of Canada came under the british rule.

3.who were the first british settlers in Canada? A:they were the refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the war of American indepenence.

4.what happened to lower Canada and upper Canada under the act of union in 1840? A: under the act of union in 1840, lower Canada and upper Canada were united to form the province of Canada which has two sections:Canada west and Canada east.

5.what was the most important event that took place in Canada under sir john macdonald? A:in 1869,under sir macdonald,Canada bought from the Hudson bay company the vast middle west from which the province of Manitoba and other prairie provinces and northern territories were formed. 从哈德逊公司购买了广阔的中西部地区和北部辖区。

6.when and how did Canada become a sovereign nation? A：by the statute of Westminster in 1931.Canada become a sovereign nation. 通过威斯敏斯特条例

7.what are the most important natural resources in Canada? A：they are water and water power,fish,forests,and furs.皮毛

8.why is the Canadian shield so important to canada’s economy? A: a great belt of forest land stretches across the Canadian shield,which provides raw materials for canada’s lumbering and paper products industry. 巨大的森林带从大西洋到大草原横跨加拿大地盾。为伐木也和纸张工业提供原材料

9.what does NAFTA stand for? A:it stands for north American free trade agreement. 10.why did American start to get involved in Canadian manufacturing in the late 19th century? A:amercan-owned firms built branch plants to serve the Canadian market and thereby avoid the tariffs involved in exporting their products to Canada. 11.what economic problems does Canada have today? A:they are unemployment,a negative balance of payment,a fiscal deficit,and slow growth in some regions in Canada.负的收支平衡、财政赤字 12.what is the difference between territories and provinces? A:territories have less autonomy 自治权from the federal government than provinces have. 13.what are the two main political parties in Canada? A:The liberal party and the progressive conservative party.自由党和进步保守党 14.who was rene levesque? he was a popular Quebec politician who created a movement dedicated to giving Quebec full sovereignty，together with an association with the rest of Canada. 15.what does “sovereignty-association”mean?主权联合组织A：means giving Quebec full sovereignty，together with an association with the rest of Canada. 16.why has canada’s population grown quickly since world war II ended in 1945? A:it was due to heavy immigration and a relatively high birth rate.移民和高出生率。 17.who are the native peoples of Canada A：they are American Indians and inuit. 18.what elements of canada’s character have contributed to the formation of Canadian culture? A:The bilingual,multicultural and north American elements.双语言、多文化和北美因素。

以上是一句话问答。以下是美国精讲系列： chapter 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）

2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 4。The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。 5。The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）6。The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river" 密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。 7。The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials. 俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。 8。On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ,which rises in Canada. 太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。 9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States. 格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河（本细节考选择和简答可能性大） 10。the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。

11。美国气候概述 1) A humid continental climate(湿润的大陆性气候） is found in the north-eastern part of the country. 2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候---东南部） 3）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性气候--太平洋西北岸） 4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部） has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm,dry summers and moist winters. 12。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States.Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexick ,and the Great Lakes. 影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。 13。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。 14。New English is made up of six states of the Northeast .Becaust of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most inportant farm activity,New English is also well-known for its position in education,Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale,Harvard,thd Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located

here. 新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。 15。New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees,which came to stand for alll American.新英格兰人最初曾被称作“美国佬：这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。（选择） 16。The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。 17。The soil is rich,the rain usually pientiful and the growing season long,These factors make the Midwest America's most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and the nation's leading center of heavy industry. 中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。 18。Chicago,the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industral and commercial center of the area.芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。 19。Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world.Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United states.底特律被称作“汽车之都，奥马哈被称作农业之都。 20。Dry farming ,irrigation farming,and the cattle and sheep herding are the main cativities of the Great Plains of the American West. 旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。

11。美国气候概述 1) A humid continental climate(湿润的大陆性气候） is found in the north-eastern part of the country. 2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候---东南部） 3）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性气候--太平洋西北岸） 4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部） has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm,dry summers and moist winters. 12。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States.Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexick ,and the Great Lakes. 影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。 13。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。 14。New English is made up of six states of the Northeast .Becaust of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most inportant farm activity,New English is also well-known for its position in education,Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale,Harvard,thd Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here. 新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。 15。New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees,which came to stand for alll American.新英格兰人最初曾被称作“美国佬：这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。（选择） 16。The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。 17。The soil is rich,the rain usually pientiful and the growing season long,These factors make the Midwest America's most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and the nation's leading center of heavy industry. 中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。 18。Chicago,the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industral and commercial center of the area.芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。 19。Detroit is known as

the automobile capital of the world.Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United states.底特律被称作“汽车之都，奥马哈被称作农业之都。20。Dry farming ,irrigation farming,and the cattle and sheep herding are the main cativities of the Great Plains of the American West. 旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。

21。Colorado has been called the steel city of the west ,Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.科罗拉多市被称作“西部钢城”，丹佛市是大平原地区最大的城市。 22。the largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau. 美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。 23。Mmauna Loa,the world's largest volcano,is located on Haiwaii and erupts from time to time,Suger cane and pineapples anr Haiwaii's main crops.Tourism is Haiwaii's most important industry.莫纳洛阿火山是世界最大和活火山，甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。 24。Honolulu is the capital of Haiwaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska. 火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府。 chapter 14(14章）population.Race and Ethnic groups 必背细节 1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。 2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。 3。Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。 4。Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands. 美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。 6。The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。 7.One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity,a better climate of other goals.有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。8。美国的四次大规模的人口流动：流动方向the Frist1865-1880east coast ------west the Second 1980-1920rural areas ------cities the Third1920----1960the south/black people ----other areas the fourth1960-now Northeast /Central-N----the West/the South 9。A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。 10。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12。1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。

11。three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States.They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波

多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。（一句话回答） 12。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor maket is their low education.Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。 13。The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States,The largest group of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans.Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-American:eduction ,hardwork,and family. 美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。（一句话回答） 14。Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。还有几个必背解释，1。WAPs 2001已考，估计不会再考，即上述第十二条。 2。The Hispanics 讲西班牙语的（人或民族） The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person of Latin-American origin who live in the United States.Now there are three major Hispantic groups which have grest influence on the U.S.They are Mexico-American of Chicano ,Pueto Ricans and Cuban-American Chapter15 1.The "first American "were the Indians.The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginaia,in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British eastablished 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。 2。[U]In 1620,201 of Pilgrimw sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.1620年，有201名英国清教徒乘坐一名为”五月花号“的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。 3。From 1630 to 1643,some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. 从1630-1643年，约有200艘船把2万英国人抵马萨者萨弯殖民地。 4。The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.They were :representative from of goverment,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。 5。In September 1744,the Frist Continental Congress was held ih Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.1744年9月，第一届大陆仁义在费城如开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。

6。The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke. 《独立宣言》是由托马斯。杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。洛克。 7。On the Christmas Day of 1776,the Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton,New Jersey.Not long afterwards ,the Americans troops deteated the British at Saratoga in Northern New York.This was a great turning point of the War of Independence,leading dirtctly to an alliance between the U.S and France. 1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史

称“萨拉托加大捷”这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。 8。In September ,1783,the Treaty of Paris was signed,Britain recognized the indeperdance of the U.S.1783年9月簦订《巴黎和约》，英正式承认美国独立。 9。The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory. <联邦文集》被认为是对美国宪法最好的解释，也是美国最重要的政治理论著作之一。 10。The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution,which was called the Bill of Rights,adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals'rights. 成为宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为《人权法案》。 11.The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781.It has two serious weaknesses:1>there was no national executive of law-enforcing branch;2>Congress has no power to raise taxes. 1781年美国各州批准了被称为《联邦条款》的文件，它有两缺陷：一是没有执行或执法机构二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。 12。The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812,the last war fought between these two countries.英美最后一次交火是1812的英美战争。 13。During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence,the Americans forced England to give up the Old Northwest and they forced Spain to open the Mississippi river.Their crossing of the Mississippi helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.In 1853,in the Gadaden Purchase another 30000 spuare miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S. 在独战后十三的印第安战争中，美国人适使英国放弃了旧西北地区，使西班牙开放密西西比河，促使拿破伦把路易斯字那志给美国，在1853年的加兹登购买中，另外的3万平方米的墨西哥土地也为美国领土。 14。The twp famous leaders of black movement in the U.S in the 1830s were Garrison and Frederick Douglass.在19世纪30年代两位著名的黑人领袖为加里森和道格拉斯 15。The Union army under the command of Ulysses s.Grant deteated the Confedetate army at Gettysburg,Pensylvania,this victory was the turning point of the Civil War.北方联军在尤利西斯。格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，葛底斯堡大捷是美国内战的转折点。 16。Tn the Civil war,Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》 17。On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg.He ended his speech with these memorable words:"That government of the people ,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth. 1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。 18。A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate.All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Consititutional Convention. 1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使《联邦条款》能够满足需要。

另外有几个名词解释和问答题也要记得：包括：Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件 the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 the Emancipation of Proclamation 解放奴隶宣言 4.the Red scare(红色恐惧) Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of

mass attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S. 5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党 The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks ,but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc. 6.the New Deal(罗斯福新政) it was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social s ecurity systems. The New Deal helped to “save American democracy” and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.

7.Isolationism(孤立主义) it was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia. Chapter 16 American History (2)(1900-1945)必背细节 1． In 1880,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.1880年美国钢产`量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。2． Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20 th century.大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。 3． In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk,North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and flew a successful plane. 1903年，莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦。E。库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。

4． At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S.was impartial neither in action, nor in thought.It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。5． The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessnes s.许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标的时期。6． The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920S and 1930S.股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。 7． The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures was to save American democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美国民主“及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。 8． In the early 1930S,the American foreign policy was isolationism, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。 9． During the WWII, the postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the American’s desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion.二战期间，美国延缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩张的可能性 10． American diplomacy in WWII was largely diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet Union.There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities:1>to win the war;2>to establish t postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二战期间，美国的外交政策大体上是针对英国的前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导原则是：羸

得战争，按美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。 11． The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet Union and Britain met three times during the WWII.1>The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943.At the conference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May ,1944,which was codenamed Overlord.2>The second conference was held in Yalta in February,1945,it decided on the setting-up of a world organization: the United Nation .3>The third conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta.二战期间，英，美，苏三中领导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在1943年11月在德黑兰会议，该会义决定进行代号为“霸王行动”的军事行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联合国组织，第三次是在1945年7。8月间在柏林城外举行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了雅尔雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。必背解释 1． The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者) The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society. 2.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism） it was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,social and economic reforms. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/506640386.html,issez faire(放任主义) it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property Chapter 17 American History(III)in post-W.W.II Era(1945-1980S)必背细节 1. On Feb 22,1946,George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S.policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。2．The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。3．In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S.decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. This later came to be called the Marshall plan.为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作“马歇尔计划。” 4．The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949,marked the beginning of U.S.efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.美国于1949年4月4日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其盟国周围建立军事同盟。5．When the Korean War broke out in June,1950,Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。6．The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.1955年的蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动由小马丁。路德。金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运动的全国领导人。7．Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic boom.The cornerstones were the automobile,housing,and defense industries.自1945年以来，美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。8．Between 1946 and 1961,more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S,making the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.从1946年

到1961年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。9．When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of American is Kennedy,the president of Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。10．Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲领，提出把战略改为战争越南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。11．In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to get China’s help for its withdrawal from south V ietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.20世纪60年代末70年代初，美国改善对华关系的有两上：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。12．In February 1972,President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanhai Communique.This visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松与毛泽东东会晤，双方签署了《上海联合公报》。13．From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979年，影响中美关系的主要问题还是台湾问题。14．Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier. Johnson also started a War on Poverty.肯尼迪执政时启动了“新边疆号召”，约翰逊做总统时发动了反贫困大战。15．The two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S.in the 60s were Martin Luther King,who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement,and Malcolm X,who advocated violence in self defense,and attempted to separate themselves from whith society.60年代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆。X。16．Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so in American history.水门事件使尼克松成为美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。17．From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from”stagflation”,that is ,the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.从70年代中期开始，美国开始遭受“经济滞胀”即经济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。有几个名词解释我就不一一列出了，只把题目列出，你们翻到书本记忆吧。1．The Truman Doctrime杜鲁门主义2．The Marshal Plan(马歇尔计划) 3．McCarthyism（麦卡锡主义）4．Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动）5．The New Frontier（新边疆号召）6．The Counterculture （反文化运动）7．Watergate Scandal（水门事件）2001年全国统考第52题已考8．The little Rock Incident（小石城事件）

Chapter 18 the Economy 美国经济 1． The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the world.It is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。 2． Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil refining,farm products,telecommunications,and computers.现在美国的晶体管，炼油，农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲市场分额的一半多。 3． The U.S has less than 6% of the world’s populatinon.Yet it products about 25% of the total world output.美国拥有不到6%世界人口，却生产出占世界总产量的25%的产品。(2001,23题已考） 4． The U.S has a free-marked economy with a dominant private sector.The privately owned and operated businesses, including farms,produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services. Of course,the government has always been an important element American economy.美国经济是以私营为主的自由市场经济。(2002,44) 5． In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy. But the American economy was

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