基于LabVIEW的英文文献

Electric Measurements with LabVIEW

Dambovita

Abstract: The paper presents a data acquisition system which consists in Hall effect sensors, a PCI 6023(National Instruments) data acquisition board, Lab VIEW graphical programming environment and the experimental results achieved by the authors concerning the behavior of ac electrical circuits. The instruments used in the measurement technique were developed as computer data base equipments, using well determined functions (the acquisition of parameters, signal processing/adapting) with the communication possibility on a serial interface or on a parallel port. Today, data acquisition boards are used and can be assembled directly into the computer, having the operation possibility of an oscilloscope. The appearance of the LabVIEW environment was motivated by the research automation activity and by the application development, based on a hierarchical instrument structure, which is composed by the user's interface and the visual programming elements.

Keywords：data acquisition, graphical programming, Hall effect, electric power

1 Introduction

The use of the LabVIEW graphical programming environment ensures the analysis and study of power measurement methods in single-phase and three-phase alternative current circuits [3, 6, 7]. The evolution in both electric measurement technique, in the electronic field and in the area of data acquisition systems, arguments the opportunity and justification of designing new instruments in order to improve the research activity in this area [2, 3].

The modern applied metrology is integrally linked with other fast-growing domains, such as computer technology, data processing and telecommunications. Adaptation of the information systems’ techniques for the needs of measurement sys tems created a new interdisciplinary field dealing with Distributed Measurement-Control Systems (DMCS). Elements of DMCS (nodes) are distributed territorially, connected via wired or wireless network and able to exchange information between each other. Currently the research in the area of DMCS is focused on the applicability issues and adapting of new information and communication technologies for such systems [8]. Nowadays, a very important issue in

DMCS technology ensures the safety of communication. In many cases, the success of often costly experiments or missions and also the biological and economical security depends on the proper functioning of such systems. Due to the still growing integration with telecommunications and general public computer networks, the security of distributed measurement systems has been dramatically reduced. In many DMCS the information security of the network becomes one of the major development problems. Information security issues are also very important (because of the specific openness of such systems, and ease of attack) in the wireless and mobile DMCS systems. Since the nodes of DMCS can be both socalled Measuring Servers, usually based on PCs with huge processor power, as well as mobile wireless sensors powered from battery, the existing disparity of calculation power makes another important issue for the development of common methods, ensuring the safety of DMCS. Therefore there is an urgent need to develop proper methods and tools to ensure the safety and security of these systems [1, 8].

The software plays nowadays a huge role in measurement systems and very often determines their quality. The growing processors’ computing power and memory capacity allows for the development of more complex software. An important issue becomes the creation of new methods and software tools for designing distributed measurement systems, and in particular low-cost and easyto- use libraries and tools for designing software that provides secure exchange of information independently of used information and communication infrastructure.

Existing software design tools dedicated for DMCS, integrated software environments such as LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, HPVEE, enable simple and flexible development process of applications, but among others do not include libraries for secure data exchange. The security problem was only slightly considered which has resulted in the introduction of certain access control mechanisms to certain parts of an application (front panels and their components) based on login and password identification system. But there is no use of cryptographic methods, and the information between nodes is sent explicitly, mostly as a plain text.

Therefore, it seems necessary to develop a complete library of functions, programs and

tools tailored to specific programming environments, which would give the application or system developer the opportunity to design and simulate secure and safe distributed measurement system in an easy and intuitive way. These additives should help to ensure safe transmission of data in any communication infrastructure and the creation of mechanisms for authentication and integrity of both measurement and control data.

In the previous work, the authors have analyzed the LabVIEW environment capabilities for efficient implementation of cryptographic algorithms [1]. The next phase of the work, described in this paper, is to develop new mathematical tool for LabVIEW environment - a Large Number library (also known as Big Integer or arbitrary length integer library). This library allows for the computation on numbers with arbitrary (within the limits of available memory) number of decimal digits, far exceeding the typical representation in computer systems (32 or 64bit). Large numbers are widely used in many popular cryptographic algorithms, including RSA, Rabin or ElGamal public-key encryption systems, used for both, data encryption and the generation of secure digital signatures [2,3]. The LN library in addition to basic arithmetic operation includes operation modulo N in the suitable rings or finite bodies, functions for calculating the opposite element in such algebras and primality test algorithms.

2. Power Measurement in Single-Phase AC Circuits

The instantaneous power [1,2,3,4] to an electric dipole is defined as the product of the instantaneous values of the voltage (u) to the terminal of the dipole and the current (i) that flows through the dipole:

P=ui (1)

The instantaneous power can be classified into input and output power, depending on the association of the voltage (u) and the current (i), which respects the rule of receivers and generators. In a sine-wave steady-state with the T period, the active power (P) can be defined as the average value of the instantaneous power, considering a natural number of periods:

For a single-phase circuit which functions under a sine-wave permanent rate, in which the voltage and current have the following expressions:

it results:

- the active power: P = UI cos?

- the reactive power: Q = UI sin?(5)

- the apparent power: S = UI

The complex apparent power (S) is defined into the simplified complex representation as the product between the complex voltage (U) and the conjugate complex current (I*):

The real part of the complex power (S) is the active power (P), the imaginary part is the reactive power (Q), the module is the apparent power (S) and the argument is equal to the phase displacement (?) of the circuit:

For a single-phase circuit which does not function in sine-wave rate [4] and has the terminal voltage u(t):

there can be defined:

the active power:

the reactive power:

the apparent power:

S=UI (11)

By taking into account the relations ab ove, we can notice that S 2≠P 2+Q 2 and therefore the notion of deforming power can be introduced:

The application below (fig. 1) which is realized by using the LabVIEW graphical programming environment, basing on the presented theoretical considerations [2,5,6,7], allows the graphical display of the time variation of the voltage, the current, the instantaneous and active power. Control elements are used in order to modify the voltage and the charge impedance parameters, and also other elements are used for indicating the voltage, the current, the power factor, the active, reactive and apparent power (in order to obtain an accurate view of the current, it is possible to multiply the amplitude 1, 10, 20, 50 or 100 times).

Fig.1. Single-Phase AC Circuits Operation and Power Measurement – simulation

2.2 Signal Conditioning

The acquisition data board is a complex system which allows parameter measurement and monitoring from a technological process, using transducers which can transform studied physical measures into electrical voltage [1,3,4,6,7]. For single-phase ac circuits, it is necessary to obtain signals with voltage-range amplitude, to be applied at the input of the board. For phase/line voltages, resistive voltage dividers (do not ensure galvanic isolation) or voltage measurement transformers (ensure galvanic separation) can be used. Shunts

(current-voltage converter) or current measurement transformers can be used for currents. The use of both voltage dividers and shunts must be done by taking into account the current through the voltage divider, the voltage drop on the shunt, the power dissipation, parasite resistances, self-heating effects, dynamic effects.

Fig.2. Data acquisition system

Fig.3. Experimental results

The use of voltage-current meas urement transformers ensures the energetic system’s galvanic isolation of the measuring system, but it introduces ratio and angle errors and realizes an inadequate perturbation transfer. The adopted solution was to use current and voltage transducers based on the Hall effect. The block diagram of the acquisition system is presented in fig.2 and fig.3 presents the experimental results.

Remark: The voltage values and the parameters of the consumers in fig. 3a, were introduced into the application realized for simulation (fig.1).

3. Power Measurement in Three-Phase AC Circuits

For a random receiver (Z), consisting in linear impedances, forming a system with n nodes which is alimented through a circuit with n conductors [1], the total complex apparent power (S) transmitted to the receiver is:

By expressing the potentials of the nodes using the potential differences reported to a point N having a random potential, the expression (3.1) becomes:

(14)

The definitions of active and reactive power give the following results:

The total active power P (respectively the reactive power – Q) consumed by a random receiver with n phases and alimented through a line of n conductors, is equal to the sum of n active single-phase powers (or reactive single-phase powers) which are given by the Ik line currents, with the UkN voltages between the n conductors and the N point. The alternative three-phase circuits have the following voltage system:

If the voltage system supplies a three-phase balanced receiver, the current system will be:

If the phase impedances are different, the receiver is not balanced and the absorbed currents from the source can be calculated with methods that are related to star connected three-phase balanced receivers, it results:

), the voltage value will be: Regarding the impedance value of the neutral conductor (Z

Fig.4. Data Acquisition System – block diagram

The block diagram of the data acquisition system is presented in fig.4. The measuring methods for active/reactive power in three-phase ac circuits, depend on the type of the consumer and the number of conductors in the electric energy supply system.

For three-phase circuits with neutral conductor (n=4), the generalized theorem becomes:

The total active power in this case can be measured by using the 4 wattmeter method (if a random value is given to the potential of the N point) or using the 3 wattmeter method (if the potential of the N point is equal to the one of the neutral conductor).

Fig.5. Data Acquisition System –experimental results

4 Conclusion

The implementation of the applications (simulating and data acquisition) into the LabVIEW graphical programming environment has been realized basing on theoretical aspects and experimental determinations in the laboratory, using accurate devices. These applications can be used both for studying the measurement methods of power (student/personnel training because of the ability of modifying the parameters of the circuits and of the effect display) and for performing high accuracy measurements.

The use of the presented signal conditioning system enlarges the data acquisition abilities

in the electric system, in order to study the operation of electric machines, converters, transient rates. The flexibility of the instrument is given by the possibility of including other operations in the measurement process (analysis, operation automation, access to the data basis, sending data on the Internet, etc.).

References

[1] Dogaru-Ulieru,V. – Electrical and Electronic Measurements, Ed. Printech, Bucharest, 2005

[2] Dogaru-Ulieru,V., s.a.- LabVIEW Application in Electrical Measurements, Ed.CONPHYS, Rm. Valcea, 2002

[3] Ertrugul, N. – LabVIEW for Electric Circuits, Machines, Drives, and Laboratories, Pretince Hall PTR, NJ, 2002

[4] Golovanov, C., s.a – Measurements Modern Issues in Electroenergetics, Ed. Tehnica, Bucharest, 2002

[5] Maier, V.,s.a–LabVIEW in Quality of Electric Energy, Ed. Albastra, Cluj-Napoca, 2000

[6] ***National Instruments, LabVIEW – User Manual, LabVIEW – Data Acquisition Basics Manual, Academic Resources 2004

[7] *** https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5c3274340.html,,*** https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5c3274340.html,

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长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试

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20 century British history. (20 Century Br Hist) AACN clinical issues. (AACN Clin Issues) AANA journal. (AANA J) AAPS pharmSci [electronic resource]. (AAPS PharmSci) ACP journal club. (ACP J Club) AIDS (London, England) (AIDS) AIDS alert. (Aids Alert) AIDS care. (AIDS Care) AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education. (AIDS Educ Prev) AIDS patient care and STDs. (AIDS Patient Care STDS) AIDS research and human retroviruses. (AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses) AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety. (AIHAJ) AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology. (AJNR Am J Neuroradiol) AJS; American journal of sociology. (AJS) ANS. Advances in nursing science. (ANS Adv Nurs Sci) ANZ journal of surgery. (ANZ J Surg) APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. (APMIS) ASHA. (ASHA) Abdominal imaging. (Abdom Imaging) Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. (Acad Emerg Med) Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. (Acad Med) Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management. (Acad Manage J) Academy of management review. Academy of Management. (Acad Manage Rev) Accident and emergency nursing. (Accid Emerg Nurs) Accident; analysis and prevention. (Accid Anal Prev) Accounts of chemical research. (Acc Chem Res) Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. (Acta Anaesthesiol Scand) Acta anatomica. (Acta Anat (Basel)) Acta astronautica. (Acta Astronaut) Acta biotheoretica. (Acta Biotheor) Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography. (Acta Crystallogr A) Acta crystallographica. Section B, Structural science. (Acta Crystallogr B) Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications. (Acta Crystallogr C) Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography. (Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr) Acta dermato-venereologica. (Acta Derm Venereol) Acta diabetologica. (Acta Diabetol) Acta haematologica. (Acta Haematol)