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Clustering of interval data based on city-block distances

Clustering of interval data based on city-block distances
Clustering of interval data based on city-block distances

Clustering of interval data based on city–block distances

Renata M.C.R.de Souza *,Francisco de A.T.de Carvalho

Centro de Informatica––CIn/UFPE,Av.Prof Luiz Freire,s/n,Cidade Universitaria,CEP 50.740-540Recife-PE,Brazil

Received 14February 2003;received in revised form 8September 2003

Abstract

The recording of interval data has become a common practice with the recent advances in database technologies.This paper introduces clustering methods for interval data based on the dynamic cluster algorithm.Two methods are considered:one with adaptive distances and the other without.ó2003Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Keywords:Symbolic data analysis;Dynamic cluster algorithm;Interval data;Adaptive distances;L 1distance

1.Introduction

Cluster analysis is an exploratory data analysis tool whose aim is to organize a set of items (usu-ally represented as a vector of quantitative values in a multidimensional space)into clusters such that items within a given cluster have a high degree of similarity,whereas items belonging to di?erent clusters have a high degree of dissimilarity.Cluster analysis techniques can be divided into hierarchi-cal and partitional methods.

Hierarchical methods yields complete hierar-chy,i.e.,a nested sequence of input data partitions (Jain and Dubes,1988;Jain et al.,1999).Hierar-chical methods can be either agglomerative or divisive.Agglomerative methods yield a sequence of nested partitions starting with trivial clustering,

where each item is in a unique cluster,and ending with the trivial clustering,where all items are in the same cluster.A divisive method starts with all items in a single cluster and performs divisions until a stopping criterion is met (usually,until obtaining a partition of singleton clusters).

Partitional methods aim to place a single par-tition of the input data into a ?xed number of clusters.These methods identify the partition that optimizes (usually locally)an adequacy criterion.To improve the quality of the clusters,the algo-rithm is run multiple times with di?erent starting points and the best con?guration obtained from the total number of runs is used as the output clustering.

The dynamic cluster algorithms are iterative two-step relocation algorithms involving the con-struction of the clusters at each iteration and the identi?cation of a suitable representation or pro-totype (means,axes,probability laws,groups of elements,etc.)for each cluster by locally optimiz-ing an adequacy criterion between the clusters and

*Corresponding author.Tel.:+55-81-99423565;fax:+55-81-32718438.

E-mail addresses:rmcrs@cin.ufpe.br (R.M.C.R.de Souza),fatc@cin.ufpe.br (F.de.A.T.de Carvalho).

0167-8655/$-see front matter ó2003Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2003.10.016

Pattern Recognition Letters 25(2004)

353–365

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/593341520.html,/locate/patrec

their corresponding representation(Diday and Simon,1976).They perform an allocation step in order to assign the individuals to the classes according to their proximity to the prototypes. This is followed by a representation step where the prototypes are updated according to the assign-ment of the individuals in the allocation step,until achieving the convergence of the algorithm, when the adequacy criterion reaches a stationary value.

The adaptive dynamic cluster algorithms(Diday and Govaert,1977)also optimize a criterion based on a?tting measure between the clusters and their representation,but at each iteration there is a di?erent distance to the comparison of each cluster with its representation.The idea is to asso-ciate each cluster with a distance which is de?ned according to the intra-class structure of the cluster. The advantage of these adaptive distances is that the clustering algorithm is able to recognize clusters of di?erent shapes and sizes.

Objects to be clustered are usually represented as a vector of quantitative measurements,but due to the recent advances in database technologies it is now common to record interval data,which is why this kind of data has been widely used in real world applications.Table1shows an example of an interval data table,where each cell contains the monthly mean of the minimum and the maximum daily temperatures recorded at60meteorological stations in China(see https://www.wendangku.net/doc/593341520.html,/datasets/ ds578.5/data/).

Symbolic data analysis(SDA)is a new domain in the area of knowledge discovery and data management,related to multivariate analysis, pattern recognition and arti?cial intelligence.It aims to provide suitable methods(clustering,fac-torial techniques,decision tree,etc.)for managing aggregated data described through multi-valued variables,where there are sets of categories, intervals,or weight(probability)distributions in the cells of the data table(for more details about SDA,see www.jsda.unina2.it).In this so-called symbolic data table,the rows are the symbolic objects and the columns are the symbolic variables (Bock and Diday,2000).A symbolic variable is de?ned according to its type of domain.For example,for an object,an interval variable takes an interval of R(the set of real numbers).

SDA has provided suitable tools for clustering symbolic data.Concerning hierarchical methods, an agglomerative approach has been introduced which forms composite symbolic objects using a join operator whenever mutual pairs of symbolic objects are selected for agglomeration based on minimum dissimilarity(Gowda and Diday,1991) or maximum similarity(Gowda and Diday,1992). Ichino and Yaguchi(1994)de?ne generalized Minkowski metrics for mixed feature variables and presents dendrograms obtained from the applica-tion of standard linkage methods for data sets containing numeric and symbolic feature values. Gowda and Ravi(1995a,b)have presented,res-pectively,divisive and agglomerative algorithms for symbolic data based on the combined usage of similarity and dissimilarity measures.These prox-imity(similarity or dissimilarity)measures are de-?ned on the basis of the position,span and content of symbolic objects.Chavent(1998)has proposed a divisive clustering method for symbolic data which simultaneously furnishes a hierarchy of the symbolic data set and a monothetic characteriza-tion of each cluster in the hierarchy.El-Sonbaty and Ismail(1998a)have introduced an on-line agglomerative hierarchical technique based on the concept of a single-linkage method for clustering

Table1

Monthly mean of the minimum and the maximum daily temperatures recorded at60meteorological stations in China

Stations Monthly temperature([min:max]),year1998

January February...November December

AnQing[1.8:7.1][2.1:7.2]...[7.8:17.9][4.3:11.8] .................. ZhiJiang[2.7:8.4][2.7:8.7]...[8.2:20][5.1:13.3] 354R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365

both symbolic and numerical data.Gowda and Ravi(1999a)have presented a hierarchical clus-tering algorithm for symbolic objects based on the gravitational approach,which is inspired on the movement of particles in space due to their mutual gravitational attraction.Gowda and Ravi (1999b)present an ISODATA clustering proce-dure for symbolic objects using distributed genetic algorithms.

SDA has also provided partitioning cluster algorithms for symbolic data:Diday and Brito (1989)used a transfer algorithm to partition a set of symbolic objects into clusters described by weight distribution vectors.El-Sonbaty and Ismail (1998b)have presented a fuzzy k-means algorithm to cluster symbolic data described by di?erent types of symbolic variables.Verde et al.(2001) introduced a dynamic cluster algorithm for sym-bolic data considering context dependent proxi-mity functions where the cluster prototypes are weight distribution vectors.Gordon(2000)pre-sented an iterative relocation algorithm to parti-tion a set of symbolic objects into classes so as to minimize the sum of the description potentials of the classes.Chavent and Lechevallier(2002)pro-posed a dynamic cluster algorithm for interval data where the prototype is de?ned by the opti-mization of a criterion based on the Hausdor?distance.

However,none of the methods for clustering symbolic data presented thus far uses adaptive distances.The main contribution of this paper is to introduce adaptive and non-adaptive partitioning cluster methods for interval data based on city–block distances.Indeed,we present two dynamic cluster methods for partitioning a set of symbolic objects where each object is represented by a vec-tor of intervals.The?rst method uses a suitable extension of the L1Minkowski distance which compares a pair of vector of intervals(Section2). The second method utilizes two adaptive versions of this extended L1distance for interval data (Section3):in the?rst version,the adaptive dis-tance has only a single component,whereas it has two components in the second version.In both methods,the prototype of each cluster is also represented by a vector of intervals,where the bounds of the intervals for a variable are,respec-tively,the median of the set of lower bounds and the median of the set of upper bounds of the intervals of the objects belonging to the cluster for the same variable.In order to show the usefulness of these methods,several symbolic data sets ranging from di?erent degrees of clustering di?-culty(Gowda and Krishna,1978)and a real symbolic data set were considered(Section4). Additionally,a comparative study involving the adaptive method based on the extended single component L1distance and the standard adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm based on L1distance (Diday and Govaert,1977)computed on the cen-ter of the intervals is also presented.The evalua-tion of these clustering results is based on an external validity index(Hubert and Arabie,1985) in the framework of a Monte Carlo experience with100replications of each set.The average external validity index for each method is calcu-lated and compared by using the paired Student?s t-test at the signi?cance level of5%.The con-cluding remarks are given in Section5.

2.The dynamic cluster method

A number of di?erent de?nitions of symbolic objects are available in the literature.Here,we follow those given by Diday(1988),Gowda and Diday(1991)and Bock and Diday(2000):sym-bolic objects are de?ned by a logical conjunction of events linking values and variables in which the variables can take one or more values and all ob-jects need not be de?ned by the same variables.

An event is a value–variable pair that links feature variables and feature values of objects.For example,e??colour?f white;red g is an event that indicates that the variable colour takes either a white or a red value.A symbolic object is a conjunction of events pertaining to a particular object.For example,s??colour?f green;red g ^?height??160;190 is a symbolic object having the following properties:(a)colour is either green or red and(b)height ranges between160and190. Following Bock and Diday(2000),the symbolic object s can be represented by the vector of fea-tures x?ef green;red g;?160;190 T.

R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365355

Here,we are concerned with symbolic objects which are represented by a vector of intervals(we consider a point as an interval with equal lower and upper bounds).Let E?f s1;...;s n g be a set of n symbolic objects described by p interval variables. Each object s iei?1;...;nTis represented as a

vector of intervals x i?ex1

i ;...;x p iT,where x j i?

?a j i;b j i 2I?f?a;b :a;b2R;a6b gej?1;...;pT. According to the standard dynamic cluster algo-rithm,our method searches for a partition P?eC1;...;C KTof E in K classes and a set of class prototypes G?eG1;...;G KTwhich locally mini-mizes an adequacy criterion WeP;GT.

In this paper,the class prototype G k of class C k ek?1;...;KTis also represented as a vector of

intervals g k?eg1

k ;...;g p

k

T,where g j

k

??a j

k

;b j

k

2

I?f?a;b :a;b2R;a6b g,and the partitioning criterion is de?ned as

WeP;GT?

X K

k?1X

i2C k

dex i;g kTe1T

where dex i;g kTis a dissimilarity measure between an object s i2C k and the class prototype G k of C k.

2.1.A city–block distance function between two vectors of intervals

Many proximity indices have been introduced in the literature for interval data(as well as for other types of symbolic data).Gowda and Diday (1991,1992)introduced,respectively,dissimilarity and similarity functions with position,span and content components.The position component indicates the relative positions of two feature val-ues on real line.The span component indicates the relative sizes of the feature values without referring to their common aspects.The content component is a measure of the common aspects between two feature values.Ichino and Yaguchi (1994)presented the generalized Minkowski met-rics for mixed feature variables.Similarity and dissimilarity measures between symbolic data constrained by dependency rules between feature values can be found in(de Carvalho,1994;de Carvalho and Souza,1998).Gowda and Ravi (1995a,b)introduced other similarity(sin compo-nents)and dissimilarity(cos components)func-tions with position,span and content components. Chavent and Lechevallier(2002)used Hausdor?distance to compare interval data.

The aim of this paper is to extend the dynamic cluster algorithm based on adaptive and non-adaptive L1metrics(Diday and Govaert,1997), conceived for standard quantitative data,for symbolic interval data.The dynamic cluster algo-rithms are iterative two-step relocation algorithms involving the identi?cation of a prototype for each cluster during each iteration.The identi?cation of the cluster prototype depends exclusively on the properties of the distance function which measures the proximity between the cluster and the proto-type.This iterative optimization problem is easily solved in this paper by considering a distance function which is a suitable extension of the L1 metric to interval data.

Let x i?ex1

i

;...;x p iTand g k?eg1

k

;...;g p

k

Tbe, respectively,the representation of an object s i2C k and the representation of a class prototype G k of C k.We de?ne the dissimilarity between the two vectors of intervals x i and g k as

dex i;g kT?

X p

j?1

/ex j i;g j

k

Te2T

where/ex j i;g j

k

T?j a j iàa j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

j is the sum of the di?erences between the lower bounds and the upper bounds of the intervals x j i??a j i;b j i and

g j

k

??a j

k

;b j

k

.This corresponds to represent an interval?a;b as a pointea;bT2R2,where the lower bounds of the intervals are represented in the x-axis,and the upper bounds in the y-axis,and then compute the L1distance between the points

ea j i;b j iTandea j i;b j

i

T.Therefore the distance function in Eq.(2)is a suitable extension of the L1metric to interval data.

2.2.The optimized class prototypes

The problem is to?nd the class prototype G k of the class C k which minimizes an adequacy criterion measuring the dissimilarity between G k and C k. Therefore,we search for the vector of intervals

g k?eg1

k

;...;g p

k

T?e?a1

k

;b1

k

;...;?a p

k

;b p

k

Twhich mini-mizes the following adequacy criterion:

356R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365

Deg kT?

X

i2C k dex i;g kT?

X

i2C k

X p

j?1

/ex j i;g j

k

T

?

X p

j?1X

i2C k

/ex j i;g j

k

Te3T

The criterion D being additive,the problem be-

comes to?nd for j?1;...;p,the interval g j

k ?

?a j

k ;b j

k

which minimizes

X i2C k /ex j i;g j

k

T?

X

i2C k

ej a j iàa j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

jTe4T

This yields two known minimization problems in

L1norm:?nd a j

k 2R and b j

k

2R which minimize,

respectively,

X i2C k j a j iàa j

k

j and

X

i2C k

j b j iàb j

k

je5T

Proposition2.1.a j

k is the median of the set

f a j i;i2C k g,the set of lower bounds of the intervals

x j i??a j i;b j i ;i2C k,and b j

k is the median of the set

f b j i;i2C k g,the set of upper bounds of the intervals x j i??a j i;b j i ;i2C k.

The proof of the Proposition2.1can be found in(Govaert,1975).

2.3.The dynamic cluster algorithm

As in the standard dynamic cluster algorithm, our method searches for the partition P?eC1;...;

C KTof E in K classes and the set of class prototypes G?eG1;...;G KTwhich locally minimizes the fol-lowing adequacy criterion:

WeP;GT?

X K

k?1X

i2C k

dex i;g kT

?

X K

k?1X

i2C k

X p

j?1

ej a j iàa j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

jTe6T

Like the standard dynamic cluster algorithm,this method performs an allocation step in order to assign the individuals to the classes according to their proximity to the class prototypes.This is followed by a representation step where the class prototypes are updated according to the assign-ment of the individuals in the allocation step, until achieving the convergence of the algorithm when the adequacy criterion reaches a stationary value.

Schema of the dynamic cluster algorithm

(1)Initialization

Choose a partition f C1;...;C k g of E randomly

or choose k distinct objects g1;...;g K belong-ing to E and assign each object i to the closest prototype y k?ek??arg min k?1;...;K

P p

j?1

ej a j ià

a j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

jTTto construct the initial parti-tion f C1;...;C k g.

(2)Representation step

For k?1to K compute the prototype g k?

eg1

k

;...;g p

k

Twith g j

k

??a j

k

;b j

k

,where a j

k

is the

median of f a j i;i2C k g and b j

k

is the median of f b j i;i2C k g.

(3)Allocation step

test0

for?i?1to n do

de?ne the cluster C k?such that

ek??arg min k?1;...;K

P p

j?1

ej a j iàa j

k

jt

j b j iàb j

k

jTT

if i2C k and k??k

test1

C k?C k?[i

C k C k n i

(4)Stopping criterion

If test?0then STOP,else go to(2).

3.The adaptive dynamic cluster method

According to the standard dynamic cluster algorithm with adaptive distances,at each itera-tion there is a di?erent distance associated with each cluster,i.e.,the distance is not determined once and for all,furthermore is di?erent from one class to another.

Our method looks for a partition P?eC1;...;

C KTof E in K classes,its corresponding set of K class prototypes G?eG1;...;G KTand set of K di?erent distances D?ed1;...;d KTassociated with the clusters such that an adequacy criterion WeP;GTthat measures the?tting between the

R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365357

clusters and their representation is locally mini-mized.

Again,the class prototypes G k of class C k,k?1;...;K,is represented by a vector of intervals

g k?eg1

k ;...;g p

k

T,where g j

k

??a j

k

;b j

k

2I?f?a;b j a;

b2R;a6b g,and the partitioning criterion is now de?ned as

WeP;GT?

X K

k?1X

i2C k

d kex i;g kTe7T

where d kex i;g kTis an adaptive dissimilarity mea-sure between an object s i2C k and the class pro-totype G k of C k.

3.1.Adaptive distance measures between two vectors of intervals

In this subsection,we introduce two adaptive versions of the city–block distance between two vectors of intervals given in Eq.(2).Again,let

x i?ex1

i ;...;x p iTand g k?eg1

k

;...;g p

k

Tbe,respec-

tively,the representation of an object s i2C k and the representation of a class prototype G k of C k.

3.1.1.One-component adaptive city–block distance

This adaptive distance d k is de?ned according to the structure of a cluster C k and is described

by a vector of coe?cients k k?ek1

k ;...;k p

k

T.We

de?ne the one-component adaptive city–block dis-tance between the two vectors of intervals x i and g k as

d kex i;g kT?

X p

j?1k j

k

/ex j i;g j

k

T

?

X p

j?1k j

k

ej a j iàa j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

jTe8T

3.1.2.Two-component adaptive city–block distance

This adaptive distance d k is also de?ned ac-cording to the structure of a cluster C k and is de-

scribed by the vectors of coe?cients k kL?ek1

kL ;...;

k p kL Tand k kU?ek1

kU

;...;k p

kU

T.We de?ne the two-

component adaptive city–block distance between the two vectors of intervals x i and g k as d kex i;g kT?

X p

j?1

ek j

kL

j a j iàa j

k

jtk j

kU

j b j iàb j

k

jTe9T

The main di?erence between these two adaptive versions of the city–block distance is that the two-component version manages the interval lower and upper bounds independently,whereas the one-component version does not.

3.2.The optimizing problem

The optimizing problem is stated as follows:?nd the class prototype G k of the class C k and the adaptive city–block distance d k associated to C k which minimizes an adequacy criterion measuring the dissimilarity between this class prototype G k and the class C k according to d k.

3.2.1.One-component adaptive city–block distance

For a?xed one-component adaptive city–block distance d k,we search for the vector of inter-

vals g k?eg1

k

;...;g p

k

T?e?a1

k

;b1

k

;...;?a p

k

;b p

k

Twhich minimizes the following adequacy criterion:

D1eg k;k kT?

X

i2C k

d kex i;g kT

?

X p

j?1

k j

k

X

i2C k

j a j iàa j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

je10T

The criterion D1being additive,the problem be-

comes to?nd for j?1;...;p,the interval g j

k

?

?a j

k

;b j

k

which minimizes

P

i2C k

j a j iàa j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

j. The solution,as we know from Section 2.2,is respectively,the median of f a j i;i2C k g,the lower bounds of the intervals x j i??a j i;b j i ;i2C k,and the median of f b j i;i2C k g,the upper bounds of the intervals x j i??a j i;b j i ;i2C k.

For a?xed class prototype G k,represented by the vector of intervals g k,we search for k k?

ek1

k

;...;k p

k

Twhich minimizes the adequacy crite-rion D1eg k;k kTgiven by Eq.(10).According to the standard adaptive method(Diday and Govaert,

1977),we look for the coe?cient k j

k

ej?1;...;pTthat satis?es the following restrictions:

(1)k j

k

>0

(2)

Q p

j?1

k j

k

?1

358R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365

Proposition3.1.The coefficient k j

k which satisfies

the restrictions(1)and(2)and minimizes the crite-rion D1eg k;k kTgiven by the Eq.(10)is

k j k ?

Q p

h?1

P

i2C k

j a h

i

àa h

k

jtj b h

i

àb h

k

j

h i1p

P

i2C k

j a j iàa j

k

jtj b j iàb j

k

j

e11TThe proof of the Proposition3.1is obtained by

the Lagrange multipliers method and can be found in(Govaert,1975).

3.2.2.Two-component adaptive city–block distance

For a?xed two-component adaptive city–block distance d k,we now search for the vector of

intervals g k?eg1

k ;...;g p

k

T?e?a1

k

;b1

k

;...;?a p

k

;b p

k

T

which minimizes the following adequacy criterion: D2eg k;k kL;k kUT?

X

i2C k

d kex i;g kT

?

X p

j?1k j

kL

X

i2C k

j a j iàa j

k

j

t

X p

j?1k j

kU

X

i2C k

j b j iàb j

k

je12T

The criterion D2being additive,the problem be-

comes to?nd for j?1;...;p,the interval g j

k ?

?a j

k ;b j

k

which minimizes

P

i2C k

j a j iàa j

k

j and

P

i2C k j b j iàb j

k

j.The solution,as we know from

Section2.2,is respectively,the median of f a j i;i2 C k g,the lower bounds of the intervals x j i??a j i;b j i ; i2C k,and the median of f b j i;i2C k g,the upper bounds of the intervals x j i??a j i;b j i ;i2C k.

Again,for a?xed class prototype G k,repre-sented by the vector of intervals g k,we search for

k kL?ek1

kL ;...;k p

kL

Tand k kU?ek1

kU

;...;k p

kU

Twhich

minimize the adequacy criterion D2eg k;k kL;k kUT

given by Eq.(12).The coe?cients k j

kL and k j

kU

which satisfy the restrictions(1)and(2)and min-imize the criterion D2eg k;k kL;k kUTgiven by the Eq.

(12)are also obtained by the Lagrange multipliers method.These are

k j kL ?

Q p

h?1

P

i2C k

j a h

i

àa h

k

j

h i1p

P

i2C k

j a j iàa j

k

j

;

k j iU ?

Q p

h?1

P

i2C k

j b h

i

àb h

k

j

h i1p

P

i2C k

j b j iàb j

k

j

e13T

3.3.The adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm

As in the standard adaptive dynamic cluster

algorithm,our method searches for the partition

P?eC1;...;C KTof E in K classes,its corre-

sponding set of K class prototypes G?eG1;...;

G KTand set of K di?erent adaptive distan-

ces D?ed1;...;d KTassociated with the clusters

which locally minimize the following adequacy

criterion:

WeP;GT?

X K

k?1

X

i2C k

d kex i;g kT:e14T

Like the standard adaptive dynamic cluster

algorithm,this method performs an allocation step

in order to assign the individuals to the classes

according to their proximity to the class proto-

types,followed by a representation step where the

class prototypes and the adaptive distances are

updated according to the assignment of the indi-

viduals in the allocation step,until achieving the

convergence of the algorithm when the adequacy

criterion reaches a stationary value.

The initialization,the allocation step and the

stopping criterion are nearly the same in the

adaptive and non-adaptive dynamic cluster algo-

rithm.The main di?erence between these algo-

rithms occurs in the representation step.Indeed,

in this step the coe?cients associated to the

(one-component or two-component)adaptive

city–block distances are also updated.

4.Experimental results

To show the usefulness of these methods,

experiments with two arti?cial interval data sets,

of di?erent degrees of clustering di?culty(clusters

of di?erent shapes and sizes,linearly non-separa-

ble clusters,etc.),and with a?sh interval data set

are considered in this section.A comparison

involving the adaptive method based on the

extended single component L1distance and the

standard adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm

based on L1distance computed on the center of the

intervals is also presented.

R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365359

4.1.Arti?cial symbolic data sets

Initially,we considered two standard quantita-tive data sets in R2.Each data set has350points scattered among three clusters of unequal sizes and shapes:two clusters with ellipsis shapes and sizes150and one cluster with a spherical shape and size50.The data points of each cluster in each data set were drawn according to a bi-variate normal distribution of independent components with the following mean vector and covariance matrix:

l?

l1

l2

and R11?

r2

1

0r2

2

Data set1shows well-separated clusters(Fig.

1).

The data points of each cluster in this data set were drawn according to the following para-meters:

(a)Class1:l1?28,l2?22,r2

1?100and r2

2

?9.

(b)Class2:l1?60,l2?30,r2

1?9and r2

2

?144.

(c)Class3:l1?45,l2?38,r2

1?9and r2

2

?9.

Data set2shows overlapping clusters(Fig.2).

The data points of each cluster in this data set were drawn according to the following para-meters:(a)Class1:l1?45,l2?22,r2

1

?100and r2

2

?9.

(b)Class2:l1?60,l2?30,r2

1

?9and r2

2

?144.

(c)Class3:l1?52,l2?38,r2

1

?9and r2

2

?9.

Each data pointez1;z2Tin Figs.1and2is a seed of a vector of intervals(rectangle):e?z1àc1=2; z1tc1=2 ;?z2àc2=2;z2tc2=2 T.These parame-ters c1;c2are randomly selected from the same prede?ned interval.The intervals considered in this paper are?1;8 ,?1;16 ,?1;24 ,?1;32 ,and ?1;40 .

The evaluation of these clustering methods was performed in the framework of a Monte Carlo experience:100replications are considered for each interval data set,as well as for each prede-?ned interval.The average of the corrected Rand (CR)index(Hubert and Arabie,1985)among these100replications is calculated.In each repli-cation a clustering method is run(until the con-vergence to a stationary value of the adequacy criterion W)50times and the best result,according to the criterion W,is selected.

The CR index assesses the degree of agreement (similarity)between an a priori partition(in our case,the partition de?ned by the seed points)and a partition furnished by the clustering algorithm.We used the CR index because it is not sensitive to the number of classes in the partitions or to the dis-tributions of the items in the clusters.

If U?f u1;...;u r;...;u R g is the partition given by the clustering solution,and V?f v1;...;v c;...; v C g is the partition de?ned by the a priori classi-?cation,the CR index is de?ned as

360R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365

where n ij represents the number of objects that are in clusters u i and v i;n i:indicates the number of objects in cluster u i;n:j indicates the number of objects in cluster v j;and n is the total number of objects.

CR can take values in the interval?à1;1 ,where the value1indicates a perfect agreement between the partitions,whereas values near0(or negatives) correspond to cluster agreements found by chance.

Table2shows the values of the average CR index according to the di?erent methods and seed data sets.Adaptive methods1and2means, respectively,adaptive method with one component and two components.

It can be seen from this table that the average CR indices for the adaptive methods are greater than those for the non-adaptive method in all sit-uations.

The comparison between the proposed cluster-ing methods is achieved by the paired Student?s t-test at a signi?cance level of5%.Table3shows the suitable(null and alternative)hypothesis and the observed values of the statistic tests following a Student?s t distribution with99degrees of free-dom.

In this table,l1,l2and l are,respectively,the average of the CR index for adaptive methods1 and2and for the non-adaptive method.From these results we can accept the hypothesis that the average performance(measured by the CR index) of the adaptive methods is superior to the non-adaptive method and that the average performance

CR?

P R

i?1

P C

j?1

n ij

2

à

n

2

à1P

R

i?1

n i:

2

P

C

j?1

n:j

2

1

2

X R

i?1

n i:

2

t

X C

j?1

n:j

2

"#

à

n

2

à1X R

i?1

n i:

2

X C

j?1

n:j

2

e15T

Table2

Average CR index according to the methods and seed data sets

Prede?ned intervals

nterval data set1

I nterval data set2

Adaptive

method1

Adaptive

method2

Non-adaptive

method

Adaptive

method1

Adaptive

method2

Non-adaptive

method

?1;8 0.9330.9390.6800.4640.4640.382?1;16 0.9340.9320.6510.4260.4250.366?1;24 0.9870.8840.6300.3990.3990.360?1;32 0.7640.7660.6200.3850.3850.359?1;40 0.6830.6910.61

90.3680.3670.354

Table3

Statistics of paired Student?s t-tests

Prede?ned intervals H0:l

1

?l2

H1:l1?l2H0:l

1

6l H1:l1>l

I nterval data set1

I nterval data set2I nterval data set1

I nterval data set2

?1;8 2.03)1.1420.4516.82

?1;16 0.36 1.0926.6819.12

?1;24 0.190.3027.9316.97

?1;32 )0.18)0.0613.3211.99

?1;40 )0.770.99 6.99 4.69

R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365361

of adaptive method1is as good as that of adaptive method2,for these data sets.

4.2.The standard adaptive method based on L1 distance computed on the center of the intervals The aim of this subsection is to perform a comparison between the adaptive method based on the extended single component L1distance (adaptive method1)and the standard adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm based on L1distance (Diday and Govaert,1977)computed on the cen-ter of the intervals(standard adaptive method). Indeed,an interval?a;b can be represented by its centereatbT=2and a pair of intervals can be compared according to the L1distance computed on their centers in the framework of the standard adaptive method.

To achieve this comparison,we perform two Monte Carlo experiences.The?rst one is orga-nized as follows:we once again consider the data sets1and2from Section4.1.Each data point ez1;z2Tfrom these data sets is a seed of a vector of intervals(rectangle):e?z1àc1=2;z1tc1=2 ;?z2àc2=2;z2tc2=2 Tand c1and c2are randomly se-lected among the following prede?ned interval of real values:(?1;8 ,?1;16 ,?1;24 ,?1;32 ,?1;40 ). Notice that the coordinates z1and z2of the seed data pointez1;z2Tare,respectively,the center of the intervals?z1àc1=2;z1tc1=2 and?z2àc2= 2;z2tc2=2 .

Table4shows the values of the average CR index according to adaptive method1and the standard adaptive method.This table presents also the suitable(null and alternative)hypothesis of the statistic tests where l I and l S are,respectively,the average of the CR index for adaptive method1 and for the standard adaptive method.The obser-ved values of the statistic test showed by Table4 support the hypothesis that the average perfor-mance(measured by the CR index)of the stand-ard adaptive method is superior to the adaptive method 1.Indeed,Table4shows that(a)the average CR index for the standard adaptive method is in the most part of the cases superior to the CR index for adaptive method1and(b)the average CR index for the standard adaptive method practically does not change when the range of the prede?ned intervals increases while it goes down for adaptive method1.This result can be explained by the fact that the class structure of the data points(i.e.,points within a given cluster should have a high degree of similarity,while points belonging to di?erent clusters should have a high degree of dissimilarity)belonging to the data sets1and2is preserved during the100replications accomplished in the framework of the Monte Carlo experience.This is not the case for the rect-angles drawn from these data points because the parameters c1and c2are di?erent from one point to another.So,for this particular Monte Carlo experience,it is expected the better performance of the standard adaptive method compared with that of adaptive method1.

To preserve the class structure of the rectangles drawn from the data points,we perform a second Monte Carlo experience,which is organized in the following way:for each class in data sets1and2, we randomly select a pair of parameters c1and c2 from the prede?ned intervals.It is this same pair of parameters which is used to construct rectan-gles from all the data set points belonging to a class.This is the main di?erence regarding the

Table4

Results of the?rst Monte Carlo experience

Prede?ned intervals

nterval data set1

I nterval data set2

Standard

method

Adaptive

method1

H0:l

I

6l

S

H1:l I>l S

Standard

method

Adaptive

method1

H0:l

I

6l

S

H1:l I>l S

?1;8 0.9290.933 1.670.5030.464)7.22?1;16 0.9310.9340.740.5070.426)9.47?1;24 0.9370.887)5.720.5140.399)12.43?1;32 0.9360.764)16.170.4930.385)11.97?1;40 0.9350.683)32.650.5050.368)14.25 362R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365

?rst Monte Carlo experience,where for a?xed class each data point had its own pair of para-meters c1and c2.In this way,the class structure of the clusters of rectangles(rectangles within a given cluster should have a high degree of simi-larity,while rectangles belonging to di?erent clus-ters should have a high degree of dissimilarity)is now better preserved during the100replications accomplished in the framework of this second Monte Carlo experience.

Table5shows the values of the average CR index and the suitable(null and alternative) hypothesis of the statistic test for this new Monte Carlo experience.The observed values of the statistic test displayed in Table5support the hypothesis that the average performance(mea-sured by the CR index)of adaptive method1is now superior to the standard adaptive method. Indeed,Table5shows that(a)the average CR index for adaptive method1is always superior to the CR index for the standard adaptive method and(b)the average CR index for the standard adaptive method practically does not change at all when the range of the prede?ned intervals in-creases,whereas while it increases for adaptive method1.

4.3.The?sh data set

Several studies realized in French Guyana have pointed out abnormal levels of mercury contami-nation in some Amerindian populations.This con-tamination is connected to their high consumption of contaminated freshwater?sh(Bobou and Ribeyre,1998).In order to get a better knowledge of this phenomenon,a data set has been collected by researchers from LEESA(Laboratoire d?Ecophys-iologie et d?Ecotoxicologie des Syst e mes Aqua-tiques)laboratory.This data set concerns12?sh species,each specie being described by13interval

Table5

Results of the second Monte Carlo experience

Prede?ned intervals

nterval data set1

I nterval data set2

Standard

method

Adaptive

method1

H0:l

I

6l

S

H1:l I>l S

Standard

method

Adaptive

method1

H0:l

I

6l

S

H1:l I>l S

?1;8 0.9310.9413.950.4990.5031

.34

?1;16 0.9360.944 2.530.5120.569 6.12

?1;24 0.9350.953 5.910.5110.64310.03

?1;32 0.9290.9618.570.5040.7301

3.50

?1;40 0.9360.9719.500.4910.7831

8.07

Table6

Fish data set described by13interval symbolic variables

Individuals/labels Interval variables

Length Weight...Intestin/muscle Stomach/muscle Ageneiosusbrevi?li:1[1.8:7.1][2.1:7.2]...[7.8:17.9][4.3:11.8] Cynodongibbus:1[1

9:32][77:359]...[0:0.5][0.2:1.24] Hopliasa€?mara:1[25.5:63][340:5500]...[0.11:0.49][0.09:0.4] Potamotrygonhy:1[20.5:45][400:6250]...[0:1.25][0:0.5] Leporinusfasciatus:3[18.8:25][125:273]...[0:0][0.12:0.17] Leporinusfrederici:3[23:24.5][290:350]...[0.18:0.24][0.13:0.58] Dorasmicropoeus:2[19.2:31][128:505]...[0:1.48][0:0.79] Platydorascostatus:2[13.7:25][60:413]...[0.3:1.45][0:0.61] Pseudoancistrus:2[13:20.5][55:210]...[0:2.31][0.49:1.36] Semaprochilodusvari:2[22:28][330:700]...[0.4:1.68][0:1.25] Acnodonoligacanthus:4[10:16.2][34.9:154.7]...[0:2.16][0.23:5.97] Myleusrubripinis:4[2.7:8.4][2.7:8.7]...[8.2:20][5.1:13.3] R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365363

variables and1categorical variable.These species are grouped in four a priori clusters of unequal sizes according to the categorical variable:two clusters (carnivorous and detritivorous)of4sizes and two clusters of2sizes(omnivorous and herbivorous). Table6shows part of the?sh data set.

Table7shows the clusters(individual labels) given by the a priori partition,according to the categorical variable,and obtained by adaptive methods1and2and the non-adaptive method. The table also shows the clusters obtained by the standard adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm with L1distance computed on the center of the intervals.

The CR indices obtained from the results shown in the Table7are,respectively,0.301,0.209and 0.016for adaptive methods1,2and for the non-adaptive method.This index is0.208for the standard adaptive method.In conclusion,for this data set,the performance of the adaptive methods is superior to the non-adaptive method and adaptive method1outperforms the standard adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm with L1dis-tance computed on the center of the intervals.It is also noteworthy that,for this data set,the per-formance of adaptive method1is clearly superior to that of adaptive method2.This was not the case for the arti?cial data sets described in Section4.1.

5.Concluding remarks

In this paper,clustering methods for interval data are proposed.These methods are an exten-sion of the standard dynamic cluster method.Two methods are considered:one with adaptive distan-ces and the other without.These methods locally optimize an adequacy criterion which measures the ?tting between classes and their representatives (prototypes).In both methods,the prototype of each class is represented by a vector of intervals, where the bounds of these intervals for a variable are,respectively,the median of the set of lower bounds and the median of the set of upper bounds of the intervals of the objects belonging to the class for the same variable.Adaptive and non-adaptive city–block distances were introduced between an object and a class prototype,each represented by a vector of intervals.A one-component and a two-component version of the adaptive city–block distance were also introduced.The algorithms converge to a stationary value of the optimized criterion as a result of the best?tting between the type of representation of the clusters and the properties of the distance functions.The experi-ments carried out with a?sh interval data set and two arti?cial interval data sets with di?erent degrees of clustering di?culty(clusters of di?erent shapes and sizes,linearly non-separable clusters,etc.) showed the usefulness of these clustering methods. Additionally,a comparative study involving the adaptive method based on a one-component city–block distance and the standard adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm based on L1distance(Diday and Govaert,1977)computed on the center of the intervals is also presented.The accuracy of the re-sults furnished by these clustering methods are as-sessed by an external index(Rand corrected)in the framework of a Monte Carlo experience.Statistic tests support the evidence that the adaptive meth-ods outperform the non-adaptive method and that the adaptive method based on a one-component city–block distance is superior to the standard adaptive dynamic cluster algorithm based on L1 metric computed on the center of the intervals. Concerning the?sh interval data set,the adaptive methods also outperform the non-adaptive ones

Table7

Clustering results for?sh data set

Cluster1Cluster2Cluster3Cluster4 A priori partition123478910561112 Adaptive method141

01

23567891112 Adaptive method2210578691112134 Non-adaptive method569111211023748 Standard adaptive method239111214785610 364R.M.C.R.de Souza,F.de.A.T.de Carvalho/Pattern Recognition Letters25(2004)353–365

and the accuracy of the adaptive method using the absolute distance with one component is superior to that which uses two components. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank CNPq(Brazi-lian Agency)for its?nancial support. References

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免费澳洲、英国、新西兰留学咨询与办理 官网:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/593341520.html, 英国文科类专业申请的情况 随着2019年英国申请季的开始,选专业又成为我们面临的重大事情。今天我们主要帮助学生梳理一下英国文科类专业申请的情况。 英国文科类的专业主要包括:教育学、政治学、社会学和人类学、传媒等。教育学 顾名思义就是研究当老师的学问。英国大学教育学专业分支丰富,不仅有倾向于教学的分支,例如倾向于教学方法的分支, 主要培养教学这个方向。还有倾向于管理的分支。例如教育领导管理的分支。主要培养学校的行政管理人员。所以如果想去大学当辅导员的学生,可以考虑这个专业分支哦。 政治学

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简表填写要求 一、简表内容将输入计算机,必须认真填写,采用国家公布的标准简化汉 字。简表中学科(专业)代码按GB/T13745-92“学科分类与代码”表填写。 二、部分栏目填写要求: 项目名称——应确切反映研究内容,最多不超过25个汉字(包括标点符号)。 学科名称——申请项目所属的第二级或三级学科。 申请金额——以万元为单位,用阿拉伯数字表示,注意小数点。 起止年月——起始时间从申请的次年元月算起。 项目组其他主要成员——指在项目组内对学术思想、技术路线的制定理论分析及对项目的完成起主要作用的人员。

一、项目信息简表

二、选题:本课题国内外研究现状述评;选题的意义。 三、内容:本课题研究的基本思路和方法;主要观点。 四、预期价值:本课题理论创新程度或实际应用价值。 五、研究基础:课题负责人已有相关成果;主要参考文献。 六、完成项目的条件和保证:包括申请者和项目组主要成员业务简历、项目申请人和主要成员承担过的科研课题以及发表的论文;科研成果的社会评价;完成本课题的研究能力和时间保证;资料设备;科研手段。 (请分5部分逐项填写)。

七、经费预算

六、项目负责人承诺 我确认本申请书及附件内容真实、准确。如果获得资助,我将严格按照学校有关项目管理办法的规定,认真履行项目负责人职责,积极组织开展研究工作,合理安排研究经费,按时报送有关材料并接受检查。若申请书失实或在项目执行过程中违反有关科研项目管理办法规定,本人将承担全部责任。 负责人签字: 年月日 七、所在学院意见 负责人签字:学院盖章: 年月日 八、科技处审核 已经按照项目申报要求对项目申请人的资格及项目申请书内容进行了审核。项目如获资助,科技处将根据项目申请书内容,落实项目研究所需经费及其它条件;以保证项目按时顺利完成。 科技处盖章 年月日

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文科生申请日本留学的条件.doc

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