化学专业英语常用词汇
《专业英语》
☆Elements of 1-36
?m]
?Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃)
?{Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)}
?Alcohol 醇
?Aldehyde 醛
?Ketone [‘ki:t?un] 酮
?Carboxylic acid 羧酸
?Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃)
?{benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌)
无机物中关于数字的写法
mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- 一，二，三，四，五，六，七，八，九，十
有机物中关于数字的写法
meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, 甲乙丙丁戊已
hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly- 庚辛壬葵环聚
练习
?甲烷乙炔
?丙酮丁醇
?戊烷己烯
?庚醛辛烷
?2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇
Lithium [‘liθi?m] n.锂
Beryllium [b?’rilj?m] n.铍(Be)
Sodium [‘s?udi?m] n.钠
Potassium [p?’t?si?m] 钾
Rubidium [ru:’bidi?m] 铷
Caesium [‘si:zi?m] 铯
Nucleus[‘nju:kli s] 原子核，是nuclear的复数
Halogen[‘h?l?d??n] 卤素
general chemistry 普通化学
positive[‘p?z?tiv] ion 阳离子
orbital electron 轨道电子
effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷
atomic radius 原子半径，raddi的复数
ionic radius 离子半径
negative ion 阴离子
electron cloud 电子云
单质分子晶体中相邻分子间两个非键合原子核间距离的一半称为范德华半径
metallic [mi’t?lik] character[‘k?rikt?] 金属特性
electropositive [I’lektr?u’p?z?tiv] a.带正电的
Ionization [‘ai?nai’zei??n] energy 电离能
carbon 碳 germanium[d??:’meini?m]
tin [tin] 锡 lead [led] 铅
sodium[‘s?udi?m] 钠 magnesium[m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] 镁silicon [‘silik?n] 硅 chlorine [’kl?:ri:n] 氯nonmetallic [‘n?nmi’t?lik].非金属的，非金属
Electronegativity
Metallic oxide 金属氧化物
Metallic hydroxide [hai’dr?ksaid] 金属氢氧化物
Hydroxyl [hai‘dr?ksil] ions 氢氧根离子
insoluble[in’s?ljubl] 不溶解的
Ionic [ai‘?nik] adj. 离子的
Transition element 过渡元素
Basicity [b?’sisiti] n. 碱性，碱度
Oxyacid [,?ksi’?sid] 含氧酸
Carbonate [‘kɑ:b?neit] 碳酸盐
Nitrate [‘naitreit] 硝酸盐
Sulphate [‘s?lfeit] 硫酸盐 = sulfate
Amphoteric [,?mf?’terik] adj.两性的
Acid [‘?sid] n. adj.
alkali [‘?lk?lai] .
Hydration [hai’drei??n] 水合作用
Hydrolyze [‘haidr?laiz] vi. 水解
Oxysalt [‘?ksis?:lt] 含氧酸盐
Complex 络合物，复合物
句子理解
1) Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, if supplied with
energy: M M+ + e. 金属是电正性的，如果供给能量，有失去电子的趋势。
2) The stronger this tendency, the more electropositive and more metallic an
element is. （元素失电子）趋势越强，其电正性和金属性越强。
3) Thus sodium and magnesium are more metallic than silicon, which in turn, is
more metallic than chlorine. 因此，钠和镁的金属性比硅强，以此类推，硅的金属性比氯强。Which 引导非限定定语从句，修饰Silicon
4) Oxides, which are insoluble in water, are regarded as basic if they react with acids
to form salts. 不溶于水的氧化物，如果和酸能够反应生成盐，则认为是碱性的。
5) Weakly electropositive elements are unaffected by water and are much less
readily attacked by acids. 弱电正性的金属不与水反应，且不易与酸反应
6)
oxysalts. 强电正性的金属盐水解形成含氧酸盐的趋势很小。
It is + adj.+ to：It is advantageous to work at lower temperature
?It is possible to do sth.
?It seems advantageous to do sth.
?It appears useful to do sth.
?It proves correct to do sth.
?It becomes obvious to do sth.
?It is important to do sth.
?It is clear to do sth. （明显的）
?It is apparent to do sth.（显而易见的）
?It is necessary (for us) to know how to convert energy from one form into another.
It is + adj. + that
?It is apparent that the difference between elements is in the structure of their atoms.
?It is important that the polymerization proceeds under nitrogen atmosphere
It is + 过去分词+ that
It is + believed + that
（accepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、known）. It is found that oxygen plays an important role in the reaction
It is + 名词（动名词）+ that
(1) It is worth noting (mentioning) that ……值得一提的是……
. It is worth noting that the polymer is highly soluble inorganic solvents.
(2) It is no use that
(3) It is a fact that ……事实上
It +不及物动词+ tha
1) It turns out that……（seems、appears）
2) It follows that……由此可见…..
3) It goes without saying that…... 毫无疑问……
. It goes without saying that the material does not have good stability in air.
It +系动词+ that （被动句型，See P29)
?It is considered that ……….
（understood、supposed、suggested 、noticed、preferred ）
?It is generally recognized that ……
?It can be foreseen that ……
?It must be stressed that……
?It has been shown that ……
Vocabulary
‘ɡ?lv?naiz]vt.通电流于；电镀;镀锌于
iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌
rusting [r?sti?] n 生锈
anodic [?’n?dik] adj. 阳极的
Scratch [skr?t?] vt. & vi.擦伤，刮伤
Sacrifice [‘s?krifais] n. vt. & vi.牺牲, 舍身
Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁
Pipeline [’paiplain] n.管道, 管线
hull [h?l] n.船体, 船身
Consolidate [k?n’s?lideit] vt. & vi.(使)巩固; (使)加强;合并，统一
hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢
Copper [‘k?p?] 铜
Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化需掌握的词汇
氧化还原反应
iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌
Forward reaction 正向反应
spontaneous [sp?n’teini?s] reaction自发反应
anodic protection 阳极保护
Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁
Reduction potential 还原电势
Strong oxidizing、reducing agent 强氧化/还原剂
Standard electrode potential 标准电极电势
hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢
Thermodynamic functions 热力学函数
Free energy吉布斯自由能
Copper [‘k?p?] 铜
Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化Self-oxidizing/reducing agent 自氧化（还原）剂
Ferrous 亚铁
Ferric 三价铁
句子理解
1)Oxidation is the removal of electrons from, and reduction is the addition of
electrons to an atom.氧化反应是原子失去电子，而还原反应是原子得到电子。
2)Consider the galvanizing of iron, that is coating from with zinc to prevent rusting.
（关于）铁的电镀，是用锌作镀层来防止铁锈生成。
3)If the galvanized steel （镀锌钢材）is scratched, allowing the air to oxidize some
iron, the Fe2+ produced is immediately reduced to iron by the zinc, and rusting does not occur.如果镀锌钢材被刮伤，部分铁被空气氧化，生成的Fe2+（可以）立即被锌还原成铁，这样避免了锈蚀。
4)This information is consolidated into a single diagram, in which the highest
oxidation state is written at the left, and the lowest state at the right.这一知识（可以）统一为专门的图示，即高氧化态写在左边，低氧化态写在右边。
5)M aterials which are generally accepted as oxidizing agents have E0 values above
+ Volts, those such as Fe3+→Fe2+ of about are stable (equally oxidizing and reducing), and those below volts becoming increasingly reducing.通常作为氧化剂的材料其（还原电势）E0大于，以及那些如Fe3+→Fe2+等于的材料是稳定的（氧化和还原反应趋势相等），而那些还原电势低于的材料还原性增加。
6)Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negative
potential, that is liberates more energy, the spontaneous reaction is……
由于锌的正向反应产生较大的负电势，也即释放较多能量，则自发反应是……
Vocabulary
’tr?uli?m] 石油
Geologic[d?i?’l?d?ik] adj.地质(学)的
Prohibitive[pr?’hibitiv] adj.禁止的，抑制的
Homologous [h?’m?l?ɡ?s]adj.相应的，类似的，同源的
Ingenuity[‘?nd?i’njuiti] n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性
Terminology[‘t?:mi’n?l?d?i] n.术语学
Acquisition [‘?kwi’zi??n]n.获得，获得物
Nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] n.命名法，术语
Systematize[‘sistim?taiz] v. 系统化
Procurement [pr?’kju?ment]n.获得，取得
Lubricant [‘lju:brik?nt]n.润滑剂
Aliphatic [‘?li’f?tik] adj. 脂肪族的
Aromatic [‘?r?u’m?tik] adj. 芳香物族的
benzene[‘benzi:n] n.苯
biological [‘bai?’l?d?ik?l] adj.生物学的
isolation[‘ais?’lei??n] n.隔绝, 孤立, 离析
Elaborate [I’l?b?reit] adj. 精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述v.详细描述
Painstaking [‘peinz’teiki?] n.苦干, 辛苦 adj.辛苦的, 辛勤的, 艰苦的
criteria n.标准
empirical [em’pirik l] adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的, [化]实验式
molecular [m?u’lekjul?] adj.分子的, 由分子组成的
coincide [‘k?uin’said] with vi. 一致, 符合
assignment [?’sainm?nt] n. 分配, 委派, 任务, 作业
unambiguous [,?n?m’biɡju?s] adj.不含糊的, 明确的
Standpoint [‘st?ndp?int] n.立场，观点
需要掌握的词和短语
有机化学
organic compound 有机化合物
homologous series of compounds同系物
aliphatic compounds 脂族化合物
aromatic compounds芳香族化合物
benzene derivative 苯衍生物
empirical formula 实验式，经验式
molecular formula 分子式
structural formula 结构式
molecular weight 分子量
qualitative analysis 定性分析
quantitative analysis定量分析
常用短语
●be formed through
●be derived from
●be described as
●be defined as
●be entitled
●be divided into
●In summary
句子理解
1) Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds.
一旦了解了某一特定类或族中典型化合物的结构关系，则可以推断这一族中任一化合物的
结构特点，（包括）那些（即使）未知化合物的结构特点。
2) Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists.
Study 此处为研究Phase 方面
3) This science of nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds to be studied.
这种命名法在有机化学的发展过程中受到相当重视，它将构成研究每一同系物时要考虑的
第二个重要主题
4) A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement [pr?’kju?ment] .
与各种同系物相关的第三个主题是（如何）制取（该类物质）。
5)
more often used, however, to mean the chemical process of changing or converting an available compound into the desired compound, either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant.
合成一词是指由较小的单元构筑某种分子。然而更常用的是指在实验室或生产规模的，由已知物质转化成所要求的某种物质的化学过程。
6) In order that the above conversion of one compound to another may be accomplished, the chemical properties of each compound must be understood.
为使上述转化（由一种物质转化成另一种物质）
7) Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not be a known compound.
再者，如果不是（因为）已经明确同系物的化学性质，使得预测同系物中任一物质、甚至未知物的化学性质成为可能（这一事实），则不可能有解决该问题的方法。
8) Isolation procedures are usually followed by the application of certain criteria of purity to the compound isolated.
分离过程中通常将特定的纯度标准应用于分离出的化合物。
9) The chemist must establish that the isolation procedure has resulted in the elimination of essentially all of the “foreign”molecules from the compound, and that he is dealing with a single molecular species. 化学家必须确定分离过程使大部分异质分子从该化合物中去除，而研究的只是单一分子组成的物质。
10) Extensive chemical and physical methods for establishing the order in which atoms are linked together have been worked out.
已采取大量的物理、化学方法来确定（分子中）原子之间的连接方式。
Vocabulary
‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Alkanes [’?lkein] n. 链烷,烷烃
Flora [‘fl?:r?] n.(某地区或某时期的)植物群
Fauna [‘f?:n?] n. 动物群,动物区系,动物志
Phyla [‘fail?] n. (生物分类学上的)门,语群(比语系关系松散的一种语言)(phylum的复数)
Assimilation [?,simi’lei??n]n.(被)吸收或同化的过程
Segment [‘seɡm?nt] n. 部分, 片段
paraffin[‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃
divergent [dai’v?:d??nt] adj. 有分歧的; 叉开的
novice[‘n?vis] n. 新手, 初学者
Exasperate[iɡ’zɑ:sp?reit] vt. 激怒, 触怒
charm[t?ɑ:m] n. 魅力, 吸引力魔力, 咒语 vt. 使高兴, 使着迷; 吸引
entrench[in’trent?]vt.牢固地确立…
Suffix [‘s?fiks] n. 后缀, 词尾 vt. 加后缀
Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
adj. 模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的
Prefix [‘pri:fiks] n. 前缀 vt. 在…前加上
Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基
应掌握的词汇和术语
链烷,烷烃
alkene[‘?lki:n] n. 烯烃,链烯
Alkyne[‘?lkain] n.炔
Hybridize [‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基
Saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃
Homologous series同系物
Side chains 侧链，支链
句子理解
1)The classification of compounds into families, in which the members possess
similar structures and similar chemical properties, provides one of the important generalizing principles of organic chemistry.
(有机)化合物分成族的分类方法为有机化学提供了一个重要的普遍法则，(每一族)的所有成员具有相似的结构和化学性质。
2)The first of these families (classes) to be discussed is called the alkanes or
paraffin hydrocarbons, the term paraffin having been chosen because of the general chemical inertness of these compounds (Latin, parum affinis, “slight
affinity”).
praffin [‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃 inertness 惰性
affinis [?‘finis]近缘的 affinity [?’finiti] 密切关系, 亲合力
3)Similarly, the members of any particular class of organic compounds do not show
identical physical or chemical behavior, although, in general, the similarities are striking.
类似地，尽管任何一族有机化合物的成员其物理化学性质不完全一致，但通常它们的相似性是惊人的。
4)By means of : 用，以，依靠
To weld (焊接) metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 利用电流产生的热可以焊接金属。
5)by all means的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”。
例：You must bring him here by all means．
This project must be realized by all means．
by all means亦可用于回答，表示有礼貌的同意，作“好的”、“当然可以”。
May I have one？—Yes，by all means．我可以拿一个吗？——当然可以。
6)By no means的意思是“决不”，相当于not at all.
She is by no means bright．她一点儿也不聪明。
I will by no means consent．我决不同意。
请注意下列三点：
●by all means和by no means的 means永远用
复数形式。
●by all means与by all manner of means通用；
by no means 可与 by no manner of means换
用，但后者只作特别强调，不如前者普遍。
●by any means的意思是“总之”；
by some means （or other）的意思是“用某
种方式（或方法）”。
7)Locate the longest continuous chain of atoms in the formula for the compound. 找出化合物分子式中最长链的原子
8)Name the compound as a derivative of the hydrocarbon, which corresponds to this
longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
derivative [di’riv?tiv] adj.引出的 n.派生物, 派生词
命名该化合物为与最长链碳原子数相符的烃衍生物。
9)Locate all side chains by number so that the sum of number has the lowest possible
value.用数字确定所有支链位置，使（支链位置的）数字尽可能有最小值。
10)Name all side chains as prefixes by dropping “ane” from the name of the
hydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms as the side chain, and adding “yl”. 把所有支链作为前缀，通过将具有相同碳原子数烃的名字中的-ane去掉后加上-yl来命名该支链。Example: 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
生词和词组
me ein] n. [化]甲烷, 沼气
Bond angles 键角
parent 父母，根源
fades into 减弱
brethren[‘breer?n] n 弟兄们, 同胞.
Primeval [prai’mi:v?l] adj. 原始的
broth [br?(:) ?] n. 肉汤
M orphine [m?:fi:n] n. 吗啡
peptide [‘peptaid] n. 缩氨酸
symmetrical [si’metrik?l] adj. 对称的, 均匀的
tetrahedral [‘tetr?’hedr?l] adv. 有四面的, 四面体的
depict [di’pikt] vt.描述, 描写
Symmetry [‘simitri] n. 对称, 匀称
Representation [‘reprizen’tei??n] n. 表示法, 表现, 陈述, 请求, 扮演, 画像, 继承, 代表
Fashion [‘f???n] n. 样子, 方式, 流行,vt. 形成, 造, 作, 把...塑造成, 使适应, 使适合, 改变
ideality [‘aidi’?liti] n. 理想
ethane [‘e?ein] n. [化]乙烷
Conformational Isomerism 构象异构化
[‘k?nf?:`mei??n?l] adj. [化]构象的
Isomerism [ai’s?m?rizm] n. 异性
three-quarters view 侧视
head-on view 正视
eclipse [I’klips] n. 食, 日蚀, 月蚀, 蒙蔽, 衰落
vt. 引起日蚀, 引起月蚀, 超越, 使黯然失色
stagger [‘st?g?] v. 摇晃, 交错, 摇摆 adj. 交错的
Isomer [‘ais?um?] n. 异构体
subtle [‘s?tl] adj. 狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的
twisting [‘twisti?] 扭曲
Conformers 顺式异构体
Rotamers 旋转异构体
eclipsed conformation 重叠构象
staggered conformation 交叉构象
intuitively 直觉得
interference [’int?‘fi?r?ns] n. 冲突, 干涉
Intramolecular [’intr?m?‘lekjul?] 作用[存在、发生]于分子内的
nonbonded interference 非成键干扰
nonbonded strain 非成键张力
ordinary room temperature 普通室温
interconversion互换现象
conformations构型
interconversion of the conformations 构型互换
需要掌握的词和词组
Methane 甲烷
bond angles键角
molecular formula 分子式
sp3-hybridized carbon atom
symmetrical molecule 对称的分子
tetrahedral symmetry 四面体对称
Ethane乙烷
three-dimensional molecule三维分子
molecular weight 分子量
Isomers 异构体
absolute zero 绝度零度
ordinary room temperatue 普通室温
thermal energy 热能
句子理解
1)It is the smallest stable organic molecule, and its size fades into insignificance
when compared with some of its larger brethren.
它是最小的稳定的有机分子，与其他较大的同系物比较，它的大小显得重要。
fade into 变暗淡，渐渐退去
2)On the basis of abundant experimental evidence, methane is now recognized to be
a symmetrical [si’metrik?l] molecule in which the four hydrogens are attached
to the central carbon by tetrahedrally [‘tetr?’hedr?li] directed bonds of equal length.以大量的实验证据为基础，现在认为甲烷是对称分子，其中四个氢原子以相等的长度按照四面体定向连接在中心碳原子上。
3)The hydrogens are said to be equivalent, for each one is related to the remainder
of the molecule in precisely the same fashion.这些氢原子是等价的，因为分子中的每一个氢原子都精确地按照同样的方式与其余原子相联系。
be said to be 被说成是 have to be said 不得不说
4)Two of the bonds in the molecule have slightly more p character than a sp3 hybrid
orbital provides, and two of the bonds have slightly less.分子中的两个键比sp3杂化轨道提供的键具有稍强的P轨道特性，而另外两个键则有稍弱的P轨道特性。
5)Fortunately, the departure from strict tetrahedral geometry is usually no more than a few degrees in most compounds containing sp3-type-hybridized carbon atoms.幸运地是，在大多数包含sp3杂化碳原子的化合物中，偏离严格意义的四面体几何结构通常不过几度。
not less……than＝不如……不（指不如 less 后形容词的反面）
no less……than＝和……一样（肯定两者）
例：You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。
You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。
You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细（你比他粗心）。
You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细（你不如他粗心）。
You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。
6)Consequently, the general statements containing the structure and chemistry of these compounds need not be significantly modified by these small departures from ideality.
因此，在一般的论述这些化合物的结构和化学（性质）时无需特意修正这种小偏差。
7)The two-carbon called ethane has the molecular formula C2H6 and contains two sp3-hybridized carbons.
含有两个C（的烷烃）称为乙烷，它的分子式为C2H6，含有两个sp3杂化碳原子。
8)Let us, for the moment, concentrate our attention on just one of the possibilities,
specifically the one shown in Fig. 1, in which the hydrogen of CH3 groups as close to each other as possible. 现在，让我们注意其中一种可能的情况，特别是图1中的那种，甲基中的氢原子都是尽可能地互相靠近。
9)This structure can be represented [?repri?zentid] by a “three-quarters view”
or by a “head-on view”, in which the viewer looks directly down the axis of the carbon-carbon bond (often referred to Newman projection).这种结构可以由3/4视图或正视图来表示，正视图是指观察者直接沿着碳-碳键轴观察（通常指纽曼投影图）10)Quite clearly, the hydrogens on the “front” CH3 group are directly in front of
the hygrogens on the “back” CH3 group, eclipsing them.
很清楚，前面甲基中的碳原子直接位于后面甲基中碳原子的前面，遮住了它们。
11)A more subtle kind of isomerism is illustrated by the eclipsed and staggered forms of ethane.一种更微妙的异构现象是乙烷（表现出）的重叠构象和交叉构象。
12)They are said to be conformational isomers (also called conformers or rotamers);
any particular twist form is called conformation. 它们被称为构象异构体（也叫顺式异构或旋转异构）；任何特定的扭曲形式都称为构象。
13)The idea that the staggered conformation is at a lower energy level than the eclipsed conformation is intuitively appealing, for the greater distance between the hydrogens in the staggered conformation produces less interference between the hydrogens than in the eclipsed conformation. 交叉构象比重叠构象能量低这一观点是直观的，因为交叉构象中原子之间的较大距离产生的干扰比重叠构象的干扰小。
主语idea，系词is 表语 appealing令人感兴趣的
that 从句做后置定语修饰idea
For引导原因状语从句
原因状语从句中the great distance 做主语
Produces做谓语
14)Intramolecular encounter of this sort is often called “nonbonded” interference,
indicating that the interacting groups ., the hydrogens in the case of ethane) are not directly bonded: the strain arising from this encounter is called
“nonbonded strain”.这种分子内的相互作用通常被称为非成键干扰，表明相互作用的基团不是直接成键的：由这种（分子内的）相互作用引起的应力称为非键合应力。
15)The staggered conformation, lower in energy, will always be more heavily populated than the eclipsed conformation, but the lifetime of any particular molecule in any particular conformation will be short (<10-6 sec). 交叉构象，（由于）能量较低，将总是比重叠构象更占优势，但是任何构象的寿命都很短（小于10-6秒）。
生词：
’m?likju:l] 高分子
polymer [‘p?lim?] 聚合物(体)
molecular [m?u’lekjul?] adj.分子的
dimer [‘daim?] n.二聚物
trimer [‘traim?] 三聚体，三聚物
tetramer [‘tetr?m?] n.四聚物
synthetic [sin’θetik] adj. 合成的, 人造的
ellulose [‘seljul?us] n.纤维素
Protein [‘pr?uti:n] n. 蛋白质
hypothesis [hai’p?θisis]n.假说, 假设, 前提
Laureate [‘l?:riit] n.资金[荣誉]获得者
Fiber [‘faib?] 纤维
Fabric [‘f?brik] 织物, 布
Vulcanization [v?lk?nai’zei??n] n(橡胶)硫化
Merit [‘merit]n.长处, 优点
Polysaccharide [p?li’s?k?raid]n.多醣,聚糖, solubility [,s?lju’biliti] 可溶解性;
Fusibility 可熔性
Graphite [‘ɡr?fait] n. 石墨
Configuration [k?n,fiɡju’rei??n] n.形状, 外貌
Asymmetric [?si’metrik]adj.不均匀,不对称的
Enantiomer [I’n?nti?um?]n.对映(结构)体
Isotactic [,ais?u’t?ktik]adj.全规的,全同立构的
Syndiotactic [,sindi?u’t?ktik]adj.间规(立构)的
Atactic [?’t?ktik]adj.不规则的,不合语法的
Steric [,sti?rik,,sterik] n.(原子)空间(排列)的
Amorphous [?’m?:f?s] adj.无固定形状的,非结晶的
应掌握的词汇和术语
’m?likju:l] n.高分子
natural polymers 天然聚合物
Plastic [‘plɑ:stik] 塑料; Rubber [‘r?b?] n.(合成)橡胶
synthetic fiber人造纤维 Cellulose [‘seljul?us]纤维素
protein [‘pr?uti:n] n. 蛋白质 Fiber [‘faib?] 纤维
Molecular weight 分子量 Addition polymer 加聚物
Condensation polymer 缩聚物
Chain reaction 连锁反应
需掌握的词汇
’l?riti] n. 摩尔浓度
Normality [n?:’m?liti] n. 当量浓度
Equivalent weight n.当量
Mole 摩尔
Molar concentration 摩尔浓度
Millimole 毫摩尔
Milliliter 毫升
Sodium chloride 氯化钠
Standard solution 标准溶液
Primary standard 基准物
Sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠
Sodium carbonate 碳酸钠
Hydrochloric acid 盐酸
生词
’ses?bl] adj. 容易取得的, 容易达到的
Spectrum [‘spektr?m] n. 光谱, 来自拉丁语原意：外貌，像，牛顿1671年专用来指光谱。
Spectra是spectrum的复数
类似：
Datum 数据，资料；data 是datum的复数
Erratum 印刷或书写的错误，勘误表，errata (Pl.)
memorandum 备忘录 memoranda (Pl.)
Miscellaneous method [‘misi’leinj?s] 其它方法
Polarimetry [‘p?ul?’rimitri] n.偏振法,旋光测定
需掌握的词汇：
化学动力学
Thermodynamic [,θ?:m?udai’n?mik] equillibrium
热力学平衡
Pressure 压力
As a function of 作为…的函数
nitrogen(V) oxides五氧化二磷
Gas phase 气相
Spectroscopy [spek’tr?sk?pi] n. 光谱学,波谱学
Bromine [‘br?umi:n] n. 溴
HBr = hydrogen bromide
Electrochemical method 电化学方法
Conductivity 电导率
Electrode 电极
Titration [tai’trei??n] 滴定
M ass spectrometry [spek‘tr?mitri] 质谱
Gas chromatography [‘kr?um?’t?ɡr?fi] 气相色谱分析
M agnetic resonance [‘rez?n?ns] 磁共振
N M R = nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振
Analytical techniques 分析技术
Real time analysis 实时分析
Quenching method 骤（停）熄法
Flow method 流动法
The rates of chemical reactions 化学反应速率
Catalyst 催化剂
Mechanisms of reactions 反应机理
elementary reaction 基元反应，单元反应
Reactive collision活性碰撞
Reactive encounter 活性碰撞
Stoichiometry [,st?iki’?mitri] n. 化学计算(法);化学计量学
Overall reaction 总包反应
Rate law 速率定律
Rate constant / rate coefficient 速率常数
The rate law of the reaction 反应速率定律
The order of a reaction 反应级数
The overall order of a reaction反应总级数
Nitrogen (II) oxide NO2
Logarithm [‘l?ɡ?riθm] n. 对数
数学表达式
5乘3等于15。 Five times three is fifteen./ 5 multiplied by 3 is 15.
2的6次方是64. The six power of two is 64./ 64 is two to the power of six.
保险专业英语例句与词汇
Insurance English A.常用句子 1、I’m looking for insurance from your company. 我是到贵公司来投保的。 2、Mr. Zhang met Mr. William in the office of the People’ Insurance Company of China.张先生在中国人民保险公司的办公室接待了威廉先生。 3、After loading the goods on board the ship, I go to the insurance company to have them insured. 装船后，我到保险公司去投保。 4、When should I go and have the tea insured? 我什么时候将这批茶叶投保？ 5、All center. Let’s leave insurance now. 好吧，保险问题就谈到这里。 6、I have come to explain that unfortunate affair about the insurance. 我是来解释这件保险的不幸事件的。 7、I must say that you’ve corrected my ideas about the insurance. 我该说你们已经纠正了我对保险的看法。 8、This information office provides clients with information on cargo insurance. 这个问讯处为顾客提供大量关于货物投保方面的信息。 9、The underwriters are responsible for the claim as far as it is within the scope of cover. 只要是在保险责任范围内，保险公司就应负责赔偿。 10、The loss in question was beyond the coverage granted by us. 损失不包括在我方承保的范围内。 11、The extent of insurance is stipulated in the basic policy form and in the various risk clause. 保险的范围写在基本保险单和各种险别的条款里。 12、Please fill in the application form. 请填写一下投保单。 13、What risks is the People’s Insurance Company of China able to cover? 中国人民保险公司承保的险别有哪些？ 14、What risks should be covered?
初中数学专业英语词汇打印版
初中数学英语词汇 一般词汇: 加数addend 平均数average 计算calculation 运算operation 证明prove 假设hypothesis, hypotheses(pl. 命题proposition 算术arithmetic 图表chart 位移displacement 展开expand 展开式expand form 简化simplify 求值evaluate 乘multiply 因式分解factor 代数词汇: 加plus(prep., add(v., addition(n. 被加数augend, summand 加数addend 和sum 减minus(prep., subtract(v., subtraction(n. 被减数minuend 减数subtrahend 差remainder 积product 乘times(prep., multiply(v., multiplication(n. 乘数multiplicator 被乘数multiplicand, faciend 除divided by(prep., divide(v., division(n. 被除数dividend 除数divisor 商quotient 大于is greater than 等于equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 小于is lesser than 大于等于is equal or greater than 小于等于is equal or lesser than 运算符operator 自然数natural number 整数integer 指数exponent 小数decimal 小数点decimal point 正positive 负negative 零null, zero, nought, nil 代数algebra 单项式monomial 公式formula, formulae(pl. 多项式polynomial, multinomial 等式,方程式equation 代数方程algebraic equations 不等式inequation 一次方程simple equation 二次方程quadratic equation 乘方power 三次方程cubic equation 四次方程quartic equation 二次方,平方square 三次方,立方cube 四次方the power of four, the fourth power n次方the power of n, the nth power 开方evolution, extraction 二次方根,平方根square root 三次方根,立方根cube root 四次方根the root of four, the fourth root n次方根the root of n, the nth root 几何词汇: 几何geometry 角angle 角度degree 弧度radian 锐角acute angle 直角right angle 钝角obtuse angle 平角straight angle 底base 边side 高height 三角形triangle 锐角三角形acute triangle 直角边leg 斜边hypotenuse 勾股定理Pythagorean theorem 钝角三角形obtuse triangle 不等边三角形scalene triangle 等腰三角形isosceles triangle 等边三角形equilateral triangle 四边形quadrilateral 平行四边形parallelogram 矩形rectangle
化学专业英语翻译1
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
保险专业英语常用词汇
保险英语，保险词汇共享： acceptance policy 英文翻译：核保政策accounting period 英文翻译：结算期aggregate limit 英文翻译：累积限额aggregated loss 英文翻译：累积损失antiselection 英文翻译：逆选择 ART (Alternative Risk Transfer)英文翻译：新型风险转移 balance 所欠款项 barrages 堰坝 captive pools 自保组合 catastrophe risk 巨灾风险 ceiding company 分出公司 cession limit 分保限额 claim-prone 容易出险 claims assistance 理赔协助 clean cut 结清方式 coinsurance 共保 commencement and termination 起讫cover 承保 cover 责任额 deposit premium 预付保费 destroyed 毁坏 earth caves 土坏房屋 EPA event limit 事件限额 ex gratia payments 通融赔款 excess loss 超额赔款 exclusion 除外责任 exposed areas 风险承受区域 facultative reinsurance 临时分保fault zone 断层区 finite risk 有限制的风险 flash floods 骤发洪水 flooding of rivers 洪水泛滥 frame structure 框架结构 full coverage 全额承保 full insurance value 足额保险价值 full liability 全部责任 Geophysics Institute 地球物理研究所GNPI 总净保费收入 hailstorm 雹暴 heavy damage 严重破坏4保险英语词汇翻译 险种及险别 险种 health insurance 疾病保险，健康保险 sickness insurance 疾病保险 insurance during a period of illness 疾病保险insurance for medical care 医疗保险 "major medical" insurance policy 巨额医药费保险 life insurance 人寿保险 endowment insurance 养老保险 insurance on last survivor 长寿保险 social insurance 社会保险 personal property insurance 个人财产保险 insurance of contents 家庭财产保险 险别 Free from Particular Average（F.P.A.）平安险 With Particular Average （W.P.A.）水渍险 All Risks 一切险 risk of breakage 破碎险 risk of clashing 碰损险 risk of rust 生锈险 risk of hook damage 钩损险 risk of contamination (tainting) 污染险 insurance against total loss only (TLO) 全损险 risk of deterioration 变质险 risk of packing breakage 包装破裂险 risk of inherent vice 内在缺陷险 risk of normal loss (natural loss) 途耗或自然损耗险risk of spontaneous combustion 自然险 risk of contingent import duty 进口关税险 insurance against war risk 战争险 Air Transportation Cargo War Risk 航空运输战争险overland Transportation Insurance War Risk 陆上运输战争险 insurance against strike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC) 罢工，暴动，民变险 insurance against extraneous risks, insurance against additional risks 附加险 risk of theft, pilferage and nondelivery (TPND) 盗窃提货不着险 risk of fresh and/of rain water damage(wetting) 淡水雨淋险 risk of leakage 渗漏险 risk of shortage in weight/quantity 短量险
数学专业英语常用词汇
2.有关集合数学专业英语词汇 代数部分 union并集? propersubset真子集?1.有关数*算 solutionset解集?? add，plus加? 3.有关代数式、方程和不等式subtract减? difference差?? algebraicterm代数项?multiply,times乘? liketerms,similarterms同类项?product积? numericalcoefficient数字系数?divide除? literalcoefficient字母系数??divisible可被整除的? inequality不等式?dividedevenly被整除? triangleinequality三角不等式??dividend被除数，红利? range值域??divisor因子，除数? originalequation原方程?quotient商? equivalentequation同解方程，等价方程?remainder余数?? linearequation线性方程(e.g.5?x?+6=22)?factorial阶乘? power乘方? 4.有关分数和小数radicalsign,rootsign根号? roundto四舍五入? properfraction真分数?tothenearest四舍五入 improperfraction假分数?
mixednumber带分数?cuberoot立方根?? vulgarfraction，commonfraction普通分数?commonlogarithm常用对数? simplefraction简分数?digit数字? complexfraction繁分数??constant常数? numerator分子?variable变量?? denominator分母?inversefunction反函数? (least)commondenominator（最小）公分complementaryfunction余函数? 母?linear一次的，线性的? quarter四分之一?factorization因式分解? decimalfraction纯小数?absolutevalue绝对值，e.g.｜-32｜=32? infinitedecimal无穷小数roundoff四舍五入? recurringdecimal循环小数? tenthsunit十分位??6.有关数论 5.基本数学概念naturalnumber自然数? positivenumber正数? arithmeticmean算术平均值?negativenumber负数? weightedaverage加权平均值?oddinteger,oddnumber奇数? geometricmean几何平均数?eveninteger,evennumber偶数? exponent指数，幂?integer,wholenumber整数? base乘幂的底数,底边?positivewholenumber正整数? cube立方数，立方体?negativewholenumber负整数?? squareroot平方根?consecutivenumber连续整数?
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
保险专业英语常用词汇
保险专业英语常用词汇
保险英语，保险词汇共享： acceptance policy 英文翻译：核保政策accounting period 英文翻译：结算期aggregate limit 英文翻译：累积限额aggregated loss 英文翻译：累积损失antiselection 英文翻译：逆选择 ART (Alternative Risk Transfer)英文翻译：新型风险转移 balance 所欠款项 barrages 堰坝 captive pools 自保组合 catastrophe risk 巨灾风险 ceiding company 分出公司 cession limit 分保限额 claim-prone 容易出险 claims assistance 理赔协助 clean cut 结清方式 coinsurance 共保 commencement and termination 起讫cover 承保 cover 责任额 deposit premium 预付保费 destroyed 毁坏 earth caves 土坏房屋 EPA event limit 事件限额 ex gratia payments 通融赔款 excess loss 超额赔款 exclusion 除外责任 exposed areas 风险承受区域facultative reinsurance 临时分保fault zone 断层区 finite risk 有限制的风险 flash floods 骤发洪水 flooding of rivers 洪水泛滥 frame structure 框架结构 full coverage 全额承保 full insurance value 足额保险价值 full liability 全部责任 Geophysics Institute 地球物理研究所GNPI 总净保费收入 hailstorm 雹暴 heavy damage 严重破坏4保险英语词汇翻译 险种及险别 险种 health insurance 疾病保险，健康保险 sickness insurance 疾病保险 insurance during a period of illness 疾病保险insurance for medical care 医疗保险 "major medical" insurance policy 巨额医药费保险 life insurance 人寿保险 endowment insurance 养老保险 insurance on last survivor 长寿保险 social insurance 社会保险 personal property insurance 个人财产保险 insurance of contents 家庭财产保险 险别 Free from Particular Average（F.P.A.）平安险 With Particular Average （W.P.A.）水渍险 All Risks 一切险 risk of breakage 破碎险 risk of clashing 碰损险 risk of rust 生锈险 risk of hook damage 钩损险 risk of contamination (tainting) 污染险 insurance against total loss only (TLO) 全损险 risk of deterioration 变质险 risk of packing breakage 包装破裂险 risk of inherent vice 内在缺陷险 risk of normal loss (natural loss) 途耗或自然损耗险risk of spontaneous combustion 自然险 risk of contingent import duty 进口关税险 insurance against war risk 战争险 Air Transportation Cargo War Risk 航空运输战争险overland Transportation Insurance War Risk 陆上运输战争险 insurance against strike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC) 罢工，暴动，民变险 insurance against extraneous risks, insurance against additional risks 附加险 risk of theft, pilferage and nondelivery (TPND) 盗窃提货不着险 risk of fresh and/of rain water damage(wetting) 淡水雨淋险 risk of leakage 渗漏险 risk of shortage in weight/quantity 短量险
数学专业英语词汇(T)
数学专业英语词汇(T) 数学专业英语词汇(T)数学专业英语词汇(T)t distribution 学生t 分布 t number t数 t statistic t统计量 t test t检验 t1topological space t1拓扑空间 t2topological space t2拓扑空间 t3topological space 分离空间 t4topological space 正则拓扑空间 t5 topological space 正规空间 t6topological space 遗传正规空间 table 表 table of random numbers 随机数表 table of sines 正弦表 table of square roots 平方根表 table of values 值表 tabular 表的 tabular value 表值 tabulate 制表
tabulation 造表 tabulator 制表机 tacnode 互切点 tag 标签 tame 驯顺嵌入 tame distribution 缓增广义函数tamely imbedded 驯顺嵌入tangency 接触 tangent 正切 tangent bundle 切丛 tangent cone 切线锥面 tangent curve 正切曲线 tangent function 正切 tangent line 切线 tangent of an angle 角的正切tangent plane 切平面 tangent plane method 切面法tangent surface 切曲面 tangent vector 切向量 tangent vector field 切向量场tangent vector space 切向量空间tangential approximation 切线逼近
化学工程与工艺专业英语Unit 2
Unit 2 Research and Development 研究和开发 Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part. 研究和开发，或通常所称R&D是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。 1.Fundamental Research and Applied Research In industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the company?s position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years. 1．基础研究和应用研究 在工业上进行研究和开发最主要的原因是经济利益方面，是为了加强公司的地位，提高公司的利润。R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。特别的项目涵盖很大的活动范围和时间范围，从几个月到20年。 We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research. 我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的R&D活动。但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究 Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment
Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment 化学工业与环境 How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature. 我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。 1.Atmospheric Chemistry Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. 1．大气化学 燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。 During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established. 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的