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英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom

英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom
英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom

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英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家,可以在1000年追查根源。其他国家也有长期的政治历史,但这些历史是由突发期显着,而经常是暴力,改变。虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比,说,法国,美国,还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化,而不是革命。这种长期,不间断的历史仍然十分明显,在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。

The Monarchy

政府机构,是最古老的君主(由国王规则)。这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的,直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。本女王伊丽莎白二世,是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特,谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。

君主的权力,主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。有人认为,主权来自他从上帝的权威,不能从他的臣民。由于这种神圣的权利,尽管有不同的家庭之间,有时谁坚持战斗,他们以合法的王位继承人,君主制的实际存在,很少受到质疑。对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首,但有一个短暂的例外。在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”(即所谓的,因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短)由奥利弗克伦威尔,谁想要废除君主制,并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年,成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。

虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中,即使在中世纪,人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。相反,主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大,拥有土地的封建贵族,其他强大的集团的许多战役。

这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王(1199年至1216年的一些帮派)的政策。这种反对如此强烈,国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章,但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。大宪章放在国王的能力,他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。

The Parliament

这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”,即,讨论或交谈。这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会,如果他想筹集资金。传统上,中世纪国王本应继续以自己的财富,他们自己的王室开支。如果需要额外的资源-例如,如果一个国王要发动一场战争,他经常做-他将试图说服大议会,是一种收集领先,富有贵族几次开会一年,让他提供了一些额外的钱。到了13世纪,国王发现,他们不能入不敷出的要钱此相当小,所以他们大议会扩大到包括县,市,镇的代表,让他们协助他的项目。正是在这样的大会来到既包括那些被传唤谁的名字“”(即上议院)和社区的代表(下议院)。这两个房子今天存在的和集体的,我们称他们为议会。下议院很快就政治力量。他们愿意帮助提高税收和通过法律的国王,但作为回报,他们希望越来越国王的是什么,在做说。认识到这

一点,亨利四世下令在1407年,所有的钱补助应在审议和下议院批准,然后由上议院,一个公式,这几乎是一致的今天审议。英国下议院还获得制定法律的由15世纪的权力,特权是曾经只属于国王和他的委员。

内战使17世纪的圆颅党的权力植根于一种对国王相一相对于议会的权力纠纷。詹姆斯一世和他的继任者查尔斯我都坚持自己的君权神授。他们认为议会,代表社会,没有真正的政治权利的存在,但只存在因为国王允许它这样做。这是为了重申议会是导致内战的权利。在保皇党军队被击败,国王查尔斯一世在1649年执行。但到1660年,查理一世的儿子恢复到查尔斯二世。

下一个国王詹姆斯二世,有一点显然吸取了前几十年的经验,还试图执政未经议会同意。领先的政治家和教会当局问詹姆斯的儿子,女婿,奥兰治的威廉,代替他。作为回报,这些代表威廉承诺,他将宣布执政未经议会同意,是非法的。这可能导致另一场内战,但詹姆斯和威廉跑了接管。在1689年议会通过的人权法案,确保国王将永远无法忽视议会。

The Birth of the Prime Minister

and Cabinet

为了确保王国政府与议会之间的国王或王后的良好关系,定期会晤的重要议员小组,一而成为内阁称为组。虽然内阁部长被任命的主权,他们不得不在下议院足够的支持,使他们能够说服国会通过的法律和税收投票。

在1714年,执政的王后去世不会产生王位继承人,因此英国在“进口”从德国的皇室成员,英国统治。新国王乔治一世的英语很蹩脚,而并非对政治很感兴趣无论如何,因此他离开了主持内阁会议,他的一名部长的工作。随着时间的推移,他后来被称为总理。

虽然国王或王后谁是对政治有兴趣仍然非常有影响力,议会正在慢慢地成为更强大,特别是当它变得更有组织。在1832年,当选择由普选下议院系统取代了国王的任命代表的工作,现代政治制度的诞生。国会议员(国会)组装成团体,它最终将成为政党,其中提出的政策,并批准举办的团体选民的想法。同在下议院的大多数支持者党组成政府,并按照传统,该党魁成为总理。

The British Government Today

从这个简短的历史中,我们可以看出,英国政府今天是深受其影响早已过去。英国既是一个议会民主制和君主立宪制。尽管国家主管的是女王,她的权力,主要是传统和象征。在国家和当地各级人民和当选执政根据英国宪法原则的政府。

由于英国的帝国的过去,当世界上许多其他角落都来自伦敦的统治,我们发现在许多前殖民地政府的类似系统。这是根据管辖英国议会民主的原则的国家有澳大利亚,加拿大,新西兰和印度。但印度承认所有作为国家元首的女王,以及官方代表,被称为总督,是在目前这种君主立宪制,以实现对君主的作用。

The Constitution

今天是英国的管治后的条款和条件为基础的宪法。以色列和英国是仅有的两个没有的那种,大多数国家有成文宪法的国家。而不是让一个特定的文件,列出了一个国家应该如何管治,英国国家的基础是成文法规定,即由议会通过的法律的基本原则清单;的共同规律,这是法律的通过共同建立了在法庭上的做法,不是因为他们已致函议会;和公约,这些规则和做法不合法存在,但他们却是至关重要的政府工作视为。

Parliament

议会有不同的作用。首先,它通过法律。另一个重要的功能是,它提供了对政府的工作由投票方式来征税。它的其他角色,负责审核政府的政策,行政和开支,并进行辩论当天的重大问题。

议会是最高权力在英国状态,因为它本身就有权改变宪法的条款。例如,英国决定加入欧洲联盟(欧盟)需要修改宪法,因为这意味着承认,欧盟的法律将在特定情况下超过英国法的重要。

根据议会目前没有法律限制。它可以制作或修改法律,改变或推翻既定的常规,甚至没有咨询延长选民自己的生命。但是,它不维护其霸权地位,但考虑到熊普通法和行为根据先例。

严格来说,今天的议会由英国女王,上议院和下议院组成。这三个机构都必须同意通过任何法律。

但是,大多数日常提到议会指上议院的运作和/或风景,与君主视为一个单独的机构。这是因为即使女王必须同意通过一项法律,这种同意是理所当然给。最后王室拒绝是在1707年。

The role of the monarch today

在今天的君主的角色主要是象征传统和英国的国家统一。显然,总理和执政在任何时候,党就只占人口的一部分,在他们投了赞成票。女王,但是,因为她是非政治性的,属于大家。根据宪法,她的其他角色的范围如下:她是合法的行政负责人,对立法,司法机构负责人,司令,武装部队总参谋长和“最高州长英国教会”的一个组成部分。

在1988年调查显示,大多数英国人认为,英国女王最重要的工作是代表在国内外英国,她的第二个最重要的工作是建立良好的公民和家庭生活标准。虽然女王,其实是制造一种模范生活,她的孩子已经被批评为他们贫困的行为。她的继任者和儿子,查尔斯王子,

他的妻子离婚,戴安娜王妃。故事开始在报章上指出,声称他们两人都发生婚外情。她的儿子中,安德鲁,他的妻子也离婚,莎拉弗格森(通称弗格森称)。安德鲁和弗格森特别都是批评的喷气制定的生活方式和他们浪费金钱的方式。

虽然女王是独立的富裕,在英国皇家家庭提供大量财政支持来自纳税人,据说在事实王室履行对英国人民的名义担保的作用。这导致了极大的争议,近年来。1992年,经过了安德鲁和弗格森分开,报纸发表了一名半裸姬和她的“财务顾问”,一个富有的德克萨斯围绕一个游泳池边,图片。人们被激怒了,因为他们的税钱是用来支持这种颓废。不久之后,查尔斯和戴安娜还宣布,他们分离和他们婚外情的指控开始出现在报刊上。

女王的孩子批评导致对君主制更普遍的批评和辩论来1992年11月1头火灾做了温莎城堡的损害很大。政府立即提出五零零零零零零零英镑'纳税人的金钱价值来支付维修。选民非常生气:英国在经济衰退和医院,学校等基本的东西,是被迫削减他们的服务,因为公众的钱是如此稀少。他们认为这是非常不公平的女王,谁是令人难以置信的富裕,没有自己纳税,不应该支付至少修理的一部分。纳税人已经支付的白金汉宫,温莎城堡,其他三个宫殿,皇家游艇,皇室的火车和皇家飞机的运行费用。作为争论的结果,提供给女王开始纳税,并接受公众的钱不支持她的家人。她也开始公开在夏季白金汉宫游客,以筹集资金来支付维修。她愿意在流行的再次要求爱戴她的子民,虽然她的孩子仍然相当不受欢迎。

阿的女王,这是非常重要的但英国政坛鲜为人知的作用,是一名亲信向总理。每周星期二,总理出席了女王在白金汉宫的私人。在她登基40年来,英国女王已与9个不同总理每周聊天,他们说,她的长期经验和政治中立,她就在一天的治理问题,一天她知情观察好来源。

有趣的是,女王说,与工党的大部分比总理与首相的保守党获得。

The House of Lords andThe House

of Commons

下面是英国女王的上议院。它由上议院精神,谁是大主教和英国圣公会主教最突出的,以及上议院时空,这是指每个人。上议院,通常称为同龄人,是不是选举出来的,不能视为代表除了自己的任何人。他们坐在上议院是因为它们继承了他们祖先座位(贵族身份只能通过父系传递),或者因为他们任命了主权,在总理的建议(1958年创建的做法)。后面这些被称为终身贵族。

因为同龄人的任命或给予其出生到一个特殊的家庭权利,在议会发言的,作为个人投票,作为国家的更大利益的代表不收,当然公民意识的同伴都尽力为自己的国家,而牺牲自己的利益。不像那些谁在下议院任职,他们不领取的工资,许多人没有参加议会的。1993年有1 213上议院:776人世袭贵族,391名终身贵族,20名上议院(选择一个特别小组,以协助其司法职责,院),其余的上议院精神。平均只有375定期出席了会议。

如今的英国上议院的组成被认为是一种性别歧视,同时由于在上议院席位的多数通过父系线下来的贵族精英的方式。这很可能将作出努力,改革上议院,使之更有效和更现代的未来10年的机构。

最后,还有下议院目前的约650位国会议员(国会议员),由人民选出他们的代表组成。国会议员代表一个特定的地区,作为议席选区或称为选民。席位数目不同,因为在人口变动一点。国会只可以参加议会的寿命,也就是之间的时间长度大选时,一套新的国会议员选出。但是,国会议员可连任1次无限数量和如此受欢迎,国会议员作为真正的职业。不同的是上议院,国会收到约* 31000工资一年。这大约是作为中产阶级的平均工资相同的专业,如医生或会计师将获得,而且认为国会议员将因此能与“典型”,他们所代表的选民认同。他们还收到了秘书和研究人员,旅游等津贴。

大多数国会议员属于政党,工党,保守党和自由民主党是主要的。总理是获胜的政党在大选中席位最多的当然领袖。他或她今天的内阁,通常约20名议员组成的执政党谁是由首相选择成为政府的内阁部长。内阁进行政策职能的决策,协调政府部门和政府的最高控制权。下议院是英国的政治生活中真正的中心,它是在选举产生的地方代表提出和讨论政策-因此它的作用是更详细地讨论了关于英国政治篇章。

1.It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world.毫无疑问,英国是世界上最古老的代议制民主。

2.In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution, in contrast to France and the US在英国,国家建设进程已经不是一个革命的演变,相对于法国和美国

3.The oldest institution of government according to the text is the Monarchy.最古老的政府机构,根据文本是君主制。

4.The divine right of kings means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects.国王的神权是指主权来自他的臣民他的权威。

5.While the King in theory had God on his side, it was thought that he should exercise absolute power.虽然在理论上国王对他身边的上帝,有人认为他应行使绝对的权力。

6.The term "parliament" was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns.术语“议会”是在1066年首次正式用来描述了封建贵族和县,镇的代表聚会。

7.Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.英国既是一个议会民主制和君主立宪制。

8.Britain, like Israel, has a written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.英国与以色列一样,拥有的那种,大多数国家有成文宪法。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/589874986.html,mon laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts.一般规律是已通过共同的实践中形成的在法庭的法律。

1.Which of the following is not characteristic of British government?下列哪项不是英国政府的特点?

( a ) It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.

它提供了皇后的政治地位和最高权力。

( b ) It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.

它既是议会民主制和君主立宪制。

( c ) It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.

它是世界上最古老的代议制民主。

( d ) It has no written form of Constitution.

它没有宪法的书面形式。

2. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war?以下国王的被处决内战?

( a ). James I詹姆斯一世

( b ). James II詹姆斯二世

( c ). Charles I查尔斯一世

( d ). Charles II查理二世

3. What happened in 1215?在1215年发生了什么事?

( a ) It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.

它是今年的诺曼征服英国历史。

( b ) Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta.

由贵族强迫,国王约翰签署的大宪章。

( c ) Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.

亨利四世授予下议院的权力,审查经费赠款。

( d ) King Egbert united England under his rule.

英格兰国王埃格伯特团结在他的统治。

4. Which of the following is not true about the Great Council?下列哪项是不正确的关于大呢?( a ) They included barons and representatives from counties and towns.

他们包括贵族和县,镇的代表。

( b ) They were sometimes summoned by the kings to contribute money.

有时,他们的传唤,国王出钱。

( c ) They later developed into what we now know as the Cabinet.

后来发展成为我们现在所知的内阁。

( d ) They represented the aristocrats as well as the communities.

他们所代表的贵族,以及社区。

5. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?在其统治时期人权法案通过呢?

( a ). James II詹姆斯二世

( b ). William of Orange奥兰治的威廉

( c ). Oliver Cromwell奥利弗克伦威尔

( d ). George I乔治一世

6.下列哪项是不正确的关于宪法?

( a ) It is a document which lists out the basic principles for government.

这是一个文件,为政府的基本原则名单。

( b ) It is the foundation of British governance today.

这是今天在英国的管治的基础。

( c ) Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.

公约和议会通过的法律是宪法的一部分。

( d ) The common laws are part of the Constitution.

共同的法律是宪法的一部分。

7. Which of the following about the Parliament is not true?下列哪项关于议会是不正确的?( a ) There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.

有根据议会没有法律限制。

( b ) Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.

严格来说,女王是议会的一部分。

( c ) Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.

议会已通过法律的最高权力。

( d ) Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.

议会无权改变宪法的规定。

8. Which of the following about the Queen is not true?以下哪一项关于王后是不正确的?

( a ) The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.

皇后选择总理和内阁。

( b ) The Queen symbolises the tradition and unity of the British state.

皇后象征传统和英国的国家统一。

( c ) The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.

皇后充当向总理的亲信。

( d ) The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.

女王是英国教会的时间头。

9. Which of the following about the House of Lords is not true?对有关上议院下列哪项是不正确的?

( a ) Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.

上议院没有收到工资,许多人不参加议会会议。

( b ) It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.

它由上议院精神和上议院颞。

( c ) The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.

预计上议院代表公众的利益。

( d ) Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.

英国上议院的老爷大部分是男性。

10.Which of the following about the House of Commons is not true?在对下议院下列哪项是不正确的?

( a ) Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.

议会议员选举总理和内阁。

( b ) MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.

国会议员领取的工资和一些其他津贴。

( c ) MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.

国会议员预计将代表公众的利益。

( d ) Most MPs belong to the major political parties.

大多数国会议员属于主要政党。

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英语国家的社会文化背景

1.他提出的论据相当不充实。 The argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词) 2.我们确信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.(短语) 3.他七十岁了,可是并不显老。 He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.(句) 4.他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。 He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.(词) 5.调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。 The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.(短语) 6.这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。 Such action couldn't long escape notice.(句子) 7.有利必有弊。 There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定) 8.我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。 In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.(否定转移)

《英语国家社会和文化》教学大纲 一、课程说明. 1. 课程代码:307052281 2. 课程中文名称:英语国家社会和文化 3. 课程英文名称:The Society and Culture of Major English Speaking Countries—an Introduction 4. 课程总学时数:36 3. 课程学分数:2 4. 授课对象: 商务英语专业高职二年级 5.本课程的性质、地位和作用 本课程是商务英语高职专业的一门语言类专业任选课,主要以英语为媒介系统地向学生介绍和阐述世界主要英语国家的基本概况。本课程的教学能够提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性,改善学生的文化修养,使他们的跨文化语言运用的得体性和跨文化语言转换的准确性得到加强,以适应未来所从事的国际商务活动。 二、教学基本要求 1.本课程的目的、任务 本课程的教学目的在于让商务英语专业学生了解和熟悉主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌,掌握其地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活与文化传统等方面的基本知识,扩大知识面,丰富文化修养,加深对语言和文学的理解,提高分析判断能力。 2.本课程的教学要求 本课程的基本要求是让学生掌握英美两个典型英语语言国家的历史与社会文化背景、民族特点、当前现状及发展前景。通过本课程的学习,学生除了掌握有关英美两国的社会基本构成、文化传统、经济科技发展等基本知识外,同时也提高自身对英文社科类书籍的阅读能力,从而进一步提高自己的英语水平。 针对本课程的特点,教师也可适当向学生推荐一些优秀的且能反映英美国家文化的电影,以提高学生的综合语言能力。

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