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(精品)初中英语长难句——语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

(精品)初中英语长难句——语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)
(精品)初中英语长难句——语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

(精品)初中英语长难句——语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义

语篇学语法——从句

I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.

Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and though t③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose⑤you are lost. Can I help you?” I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.

⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said.

“But in such a fog it’s impossible to see anything,” I said.

“I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.”

在英语语法中,按照句子结构,英语句子主要可以分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。

1. 简单句:最基本的句子类型,一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。

Eg:My uncle gives me a camera.

2. 并列句:由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的,通常用并列连词

来连接两个或两个以上的句子,

Eg:Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn’t..

Study hard and you will make progress.

3. 复合句:由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句(从句有相应的连词引导)组成的句子。

因此,复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构(完整的句子),句子与句子之间用连接词连接。其中,主句部分可以独立存在,但从句担当了主句某一句子成分,故通常不能独立存在。根据从句在句子中充当的成分,可以将其分为6类,即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。

※从句的本质:

名词性从句

1. 主语从句:,而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。

eg: (1) What you need is more practice.

(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.

(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.

(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.

注:有时,为了避免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻,通常用代词it做形式主语,而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。例如:

(1) It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.

(2) It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.

主语从句引导词:①连词that (在从句中不担任成分,本身没有词义),

②连词whether(意思是“是否”)

③连接代词what,whatever,who,whoever,which等引导,

④连接副词when,where,how,why等引导。

2. 表语从句:。跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。

eg: (1) That is what I want to say. (what在从句中充当,不能省略)

(2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.

(that只引导,本身无词义,在从句中也不充当任何句子成分,可以省略)

(3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident.

(who在从句中当,不能省略)

(4) What I want to know (从句)is who is in charge of the work(从句).

(用于引导从句的what和引导从句的who都不能省略)

(5) It looks as if it’s going to rain. (looks是系动词)

3. 宾语从句:,在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语。

引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样,是that, whether ( if ), who,whoever,which,when,where, how, why,what,whatever等。例如本文中出现的几个宾语从句:

(1) I stood there and thought ③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain

④that I was not able to arrive there on time.第③句是thought的宾语从句,第④句是explain 的宾语从句。

(2) I suppose ⑤you are lost.(这是suppose的宾语从句,省略了that).

(1) A student, whose name I don’t know, comes to see you.

(2) They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week.

(3) Tom didn’t pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.

(4) One of the most senic areas is the Loire Valley, where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live.

分析:在上文第①句The place①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town.中,主句部分是The place was on the other side of the town. 由关系副词where引导的从句where the meeting was going to be held是表示地点的先行词the place 的定语,引导词where在从句中充当地点状语, 相当于in the place。

注1:需要注意的是,当先行词是表示地点的名词时,引导词可以是关系代词that或which,但有时也用关系副词where。例如:

(1) This is the place which / that we visited last year.

(2) This is the place where I once worked.

具体区别在于:引导词that或which是关系代词,在从句中要充当主语或宾语。

在第(1)句中,which / that在定语从句中相当于做的语;而引导词where是关系副词,在定语从句中只能担当状语,如第(2)句中,where做的语,相当于,从句可以理解为:.

注2:另外,当先行词是表示时间的名词时,定语从句的引导词同样可以是that或which,有时也用when,其区别也是如此:that / which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,而关系副词when则在所引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。例如:

(1)We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island.

(2)We often think of the days when we worked together in the town.

虽然这两个句子的先行词都是the days,但是在第一句中,which / that相当于,在定语从句中做谓语动词的语;在第二句中,when相当于,,在定语从句中做语:

还有一个关系副词why可以用于引导限制性定语从句,其先行词只能是reason,why指原因,在定语从句中只能做原因状语。例如:

The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus.

在上文的第⑥句中:I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting.主句部分是I was very glad to have a man,定语从句是由关系代词who引导的,其先行词是a man。当先行词是人时,其定语从句的引导词可以是who,whom,也可以是that。例如:

Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterday.

用于引导定语从句中引导词还有关系代词whom, whose, which和as,其具体用法如下:

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状语从句 状语从句用来修饰主句中的动词,副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状 语从句,地点状语从句,条件状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,比较状语从句,目的状语从句,让 步状语从句。 1. 时间状语从句 ⑴时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as 等连词来引导。例如: It was raining hard ( rain hard 下大雨) when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telepho ne rang. As he walked along (沿着走) the lake, he sang happily. He had lear ned a little Chin ese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory. (2) 在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I ' ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everyth ing whe n he comes back. He won ' t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. (3) 在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是一直到……时” 谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式,其含义是直到……才……”,在…??…以前不……”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如: The young man read till the light went out (熄灭) Let ' s wait until the rain stops. We won' t start until Bob comes. Don' get off (从下来) until the bus stops. 【Till是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候,而在那个时刻之后,该事情或状况仍将持续。Until是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候,而讲话的人在自己心里认为,在那个时刻之后,该事情或该状况将中止 (不怎么可能持续)。固定组合里from morning till night,till/until是不能替换的,】 2. 条件状语从句 (1) 条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如: What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don' t leave the buildi ng uni ess I tell you to. (2) 在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I ' ll helyou with your English if am free tomorrow. He won ' t be late uni ess he is ill. (3) 祈使句+ and (or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如: Hurry up, or you ' ll be=iayau don ' t hurry up, you ' ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 3. 原因状语从句 (1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如:

初中英语状语从句

初中英语状语从句 【考点直击】 1. 时间状语从句 2. 条件状语从句 3. 原因状语从句 4. 结果状语从句 5. 比较状语从句 6. 目的状语从句 7. 让步状语从句 8. 地点状语从句 【名师点睛】 用来修饰主句中的动词,副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句,地点状语从句,条件状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,比较状语从句,目的状语从句,让步状语从句。 1. 时间状语从句 (1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如: It was raining hard when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along the lake, he sang happily. He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory. (2)在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everything when he comes back. He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. (3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是“一直到……时”,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式,其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如:The young man read till the light went out. Let’s wait until the rain stops. We won’t start until Bob comes. Don’t get off until the bus stops. 2. 条件状语从句 (1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如: What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don’t lea ve the building unless I tell you to. (2)在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow. He won’t be late unless he is ill. (3)“祈使句+ and (or)+ 陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如: Hurry up, or you’ll be late. =If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 3. 原因状语从句 (1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如: He didn’t come to school because he was ill. As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo. Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else. (2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。

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