专业英语蒋悟生第三版第一课及第十二课翻译
第一课
1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile factory
细胞质：动力工厂
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.
生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bound ed on the outsid e by the plasma membrane.
细胞的大部分物质由半流体物质组成，并且是由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
Organell es are suspend ed within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton.
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, solubl e proteins, and other materials need ed for cell functioning.
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。2. The nucl eus: information central
细胞核：信息中心
The eukaryotic cell nucl eus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucl eoid.)
真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，在其染色体上携带有遗传物质（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
The nucleus also contains one or two organell es—the nucl eoli—that play a role in cell division.
细胞核也含有一或二个核仁，它在细胞分裂中发挥作用（核仁促进细胞分裂）。
A pore-perforated sac called the nucl ear envel ope separates the nucl eus and its contents from the cytoplasm.
穿孔的囊状核被膜将细胞核及其内容物与细胞质分开.。
核膜贯穿许多小孔
Small molecul es can pass through the nucl ear envel ope, but larger mol ecul es such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.
小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。
3. Organell es: Specialized Work Units
细胞器：特殊的功能单元
All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organell e performs a specialized function in the cell.
所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器在细胞里都有其特定功能。
Organell es described in this section includ e ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuol es, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.
本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands.
细胞里的核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千.
This quantity refl ects the fact that ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembl ed into proteins for export or for use in cell processes.
这个数量反应了这个事实:核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质（细胞活动所需要的）的重要场所。
A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit.
完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。
During protein synthesis the two subunits move al ong a strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein.
在蛋白质合成的过程中,核糖体的两个亚基沿着mRNA移动,并阅读遗传密码（编码于其中的遗传信息），翻译成蛋白质。
Several ribosomes may become attached to a singl e mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome.
多个核糖体可能附着于一条mRNA链上，这个结合体称为多聚核糖体。
Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
大多数细胞蛋白是在细胞质的核糖体上合成。
Exportabl e proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.
分泌蛋白（输出蛋白）和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。
The endoplamic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicl es, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER).
内质网，带有花边的膜囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。
Both types play rol es in the synthesis and transport of proteins.
两种类型的内质网都在蛋白质的合成和运输中发挥作用。
两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。
The RER, which is stud ded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nucl ear envelope after a cell divid es.
糙面内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能是细胞分裂后核被膜的来源。（粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的核被膜。）
SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroid and in the oxidation of toxic substance in the cell.
光面内质网上缺乏核糖体，主要作用是在脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化过程中起作用。光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。
Both types of endoplamic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outsid e the cell.
两种类型的内质网如同细胞内的一个车间,将特殊的产物分离,然后分选到细胞内外的特殊区域.两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。
Transport vesicles may carry exportabl e mol ecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex.
转运小泡能够将分泌蛋白从内质网运输到高尔基体上。运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。
Within the Golgi complex molecul es are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.
分子在高尔基体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其它场所。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。
Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually fill ed with fluid and solubl e
molecul es.
细胞中的液泡看起来象是中空的囊，但实际上是充满了液体和可溶分子。
The most prominent vacuol es appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecul es.
最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水分，糖以及其它分子。
Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).
动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。
A subset of vacuoles is the organell es known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi compl ex) that can break down most biological macromol ecules.
溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。
They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.
该细胞器可以消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。
Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells.
线粒体是细胞中化学产能反应的场所。
In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis.
另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用过程中利用光能合成碳水化合物.
It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located.
ATP酶是位于线粒体内嵴上的很大的表面区域。线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着ATP酶。
Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary d escendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.
线粒体是自我复制的，并且可能是由自由生活的原核生物进化而来的。线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。
There are two types of plastids: l eucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, protein, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigment.
质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；有色体(色质体) ，含有色素。
The most important chromoplasts are chl oroplasts—organell es that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis.
叶绿体是最重要的有色体(色质体)，含有在光合作用中发挥作用的的叶绿素。
The internal structure of chloroplasts includ es stacks of membranes called grana, which are embed ded, in a matrix called the stroma.
叶绿体的内部结构包括包埋于基质中的由多层膜构成的基粒。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。
4. The cytoskeleton
细胞骨架
All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubul es that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organell es.
所有的真核细胞都有细胞骨架，它是由充满细胞所有可利用空间并支撑各种其它细胞器的微
丝和微管构成的网络结构.
网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间,并且对细胞器提供支持作用。
A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractil e protein actin.
细胞骨架大部分由线状的微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。
They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. 动植物细胞中的许多种类型细胞内运动都与微丝（肌动蛋白）有关。
A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells.
第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。
Another main structure component of the cytoskel eton consists of microtubul es, which are composed of the gl obular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape.
细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，它是由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。
Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensil e strength to the cell cytoplasm.
细胞骨架的中间纤维提供了细胞质伸缩动力。
Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubul es to generate forces that cause movements.
肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白等这些机械酶与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。机械酶（例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白）与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。
5. Cellular movements
细胞运动
Although the cytoskeleton provid es some stability to cells, its microtubul es and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding.
尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。Such movements require a solid substance to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry of the surface.
这些运动需要一个用于细胞附着的固体底层,并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。
Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.
某些细胞具备趋化性（趋药性），即趋向或逃离正在扩散的化学源。
Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propell ed by whiplike cilia or flagella.
某些真核细胞能在液体环境中自由游泳运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。
Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the l ength of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubul es run down the center of the ring.
纤毛和鞭毛具有相同的内部结构：九个二联管环形排列，纵向延伸纤毛或鞭毛，另外的两个微管沿着环中心分布。九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body is located.
每个纤毛或鞭毛仅仅从细胞表面的基体上生长出来。
Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doubl et.
从二联管的其中一个微管蛋白上延伸出来的动力蛋白臂的活性是运动的基础。双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。
Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming.
大部分植物细胞中的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由胞质环流来转运。
大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。
The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell.
这个过程是由于附着于细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞里的微丝形成的。Microsfilaments and microtubul es are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements.
绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。
During cell division, microtubul es of the spindl e—assembl ed from tubulin subunits near organelles call ed centriol es-move the chromosomes.
在细胞分裂期间，在中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体的微管来牵引染色体。
第十二课
1. Introduction
In 1955, Eugene Garfiel d published a paper in Science ent itl ed “Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas”.
1955年，尤金·加菲尔德在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇题为“科学引文索引：通过概念之间的相互联系来确定文档编制的新方法”。
Today, Dr. Garfiel d stands as a pioneer in the fiel d of bibliometrics , and his legacy of a multidisciplinary, citation database has grown over the years to encompass new technologies not envisioned 45 years ago.
今天，加菲尔德博士被公认为文献计量学的开创者。同时，他的有关各种学问的引文数据库的发展随着时间的流逝而不断扩大，而这种数据库的发展由于融合了新技术信息又与45年前所预期的并不一致。
These new technologies have moved citation data from print to el ectronic format, and ultimately into a Web-based environment of hypernavigation, optimistic and context-sensitive linking, and beyond.
这些新技术的运用已经使得引文数据由印刷版变为电子版，并最终演变为基于网络技术的快速导航、有效的、上下文相关的链接等特点的引文数据库。
This paper will review the way in which the citation indexes have evolved to become part of the ISI Web of Knowledge-an integrated platform of networked resources utilized by research libraries worl dwid e.
本篇论文将要对引文索引是怎样成为世界范围内的研究型图书馆中的综合网络资源——ISI Web of Knowledge的一部分的道路历程进行回顾。
Starting wi th the importance of Dr. Garfiel d ’s efforts in bibliometrics that ultimately led to the development of the ISI platform, this paper will then focus on three critical areas: how the platform meets the growing need for access to multidisciplinary content in
today ’s research environment; the new knowledge managemengt query engine that allows cross-content searching; and ISI Links-the authentication, access, and routing management system that forms the core of the platform ’s extensive linking capabilities.
由于加菲尔德博士在文献计量学上所做的重要性的努力最终促使了ISI平台的建立和发展。这篇文章会对三个关键问题作出探讨：在当今这种学术研究氛围中ISI平台是怎样满足不断增长的有关获取各种学问内容的需求的？新的知识管理查询引擎室怎样进行交叉学科的内容收索的？平台的中心管理系统是怎样形成大量的链接能力的？
“… one of the remarkable things about Eugene Garfiel d is that along with the imagination, pragmatic judgment, and immense energy required to invent, produce, and d evelop a useful tool for a superficially routine, but fundamental, task in science-searching the literatures latent in the practice of science”.
加菲尔德所做的意义非凡的事情之一就是他能够具备丰富的想象力、实际的判断力并满怀能孜孜不倦地渴求着去发明、创造、发展一种有用的工具。这种工具可以有效的用在日常科学研究文献收索中看似平常，但却是最基本的任务当中去。
A cited reference is an acknowledgement of scholarly influence by the author of a particular work.
文献的引用是对作者特别工作的学术影响的认同。
Citation ind exes extend that view to encompass a range of influences on multipl e authors across a variety of works.
而引文索引进一步的延伸、扩大是以对包含大量作者之间种种工作的一系列影响为目的。The advantage derived from citation indexing is that a researcher is abl e to pinpoint rel evant articl es by searching across the literature of diverse disciplines without knowledge of specialized vocabulary-the reference itself is a sufficient search term.
引文索引的优点是研究者可以通过交叉搜索的方式精确地找到不同学科之间的相关性文章而不需要特别的检索词汇，参考文献本身已经足够收索之用。
Citation ind exes allow the user to identify related papers, monitor and assess the myriad ways their research is being used by others, and discover new associations between seemingly disparate research tracks.
引文索引可以让使用者确定相关论文、跟踪并评估自己的研究方法被他人使用的情况，同时还可以发现看起来不相关领域的内在联系。
By d oing so, citation indexes afford both the researcher and the historian of science an important tool in tracking the advancement of science and identifying conceptual relationships between scientific disciplines.
对于研究人员或者科学史学者来说，通过这样来做，引文索引作为一个重要工具可以使他们不断追踪科学的进展并确定学科之间概念上的相互关系。
Dr. Garfiel d was well aware of these relationships. In 1961 ISI received an NIH grant to d evelop the “Genetics Citation Index”, a project that was the precursor to the Science Citation Index.
加菲尔德博士清楚的意识到了这些关系。科学情报研究所于1961年接到了美国国家卫生研究所授予的一项研究项目“遗传学引文索引”——也就是科学引文索引的前导。
Garfiel d focused on the id ea that the citations or references at the end of a Scientific paper do more than acknowledge the work of another researcher.
加菲尔德专注于这样一个想法：一篇科技论文后的引文或者参考文献的作用不仅仅是对其他
研究者研究工作的认同。
Once indexed and incorporated into an information tool these citations coul d provide a means of tracking—and now linking —significant research developments forward and backward in time.
一旦将这些引文编入索引并且并入到某个情报传递工具中去以后，就可以对当下某个领域重要的研究进展提供一种及时、有效的追踪方法。
The Science Citation Index was first introduced in 1964 as a five volume set covering 613 journals and 1.4 million citations.
在1964年，科学引文索引第一次面世：它共有5卷包含了613中期刊和140万条引文。Although this provided an exciting new tool for accessing the worl d of scientific research, data retrieval was tedious and time consuming due to the index’s print format.
虽然科学引文索引的出版为获取世界范围的科学研究成果提供了一个令人兴奋的心工具，但是通过印刷版本的引文索引去检索数据显然是枯燥无味并且是极其耗时的。
Two years later the citation data became available on magnetic tapes, allowing institutions with the right in-house technical expertise to begin a more automated manipulation of the citation data.
两年以后引文索引的数据就可以以磁带的形式获取：这使得直接从内部建立一个有关引文数据的自操作体系成为可能。
As technology evolved so did ISI offerings, with the Science Citation Index (joined in 1972 by the Social Sciences Citation Index and in 1978 by the Arts & Humanities Citation Index) moving to online hosts and then CD-ROM.
由于技术的不断提高和进步，ISI提供的科学引文索引有了网络版的数据库，随后又有有了光盘版的数据库（1972年有了社会科学引文索引，1978年有了艺术人文引文索引）。
In recent decad es, the time span required for the absorption of information into the worl d’s knowl edge base has been dramatically shortened.
最近数十年，收集全世界的知识库所耗费的时间已经急剧地缩短了。
Broadened access to scholarly literature in el ectronic form contributed significantly to this acceleration.
以电子表格的形式广泛的获得学术文献的方法对加速这种进程起到了巨大作用。Whereas publication and subsequent distribution of the printed journal and printed indexes to scientific literature meant that the communication of research among colleagues might take months or years, current technol ogy has shortened the length of the cycl e to a time frame d efined in days.
译文：然而，有关科学文献的出版物以及随后有关科学文献的印刷期刊和印刷索引的分配问题意味着科研人员之间的交流可能要耗费数月或者数年的时间。但是，目前的技术手段已经可以极大的缩短这种循环周期：只需数天就可以完成信息的交流。
The ubiquity of personal computers, the Web and the advent of electronic journals have indeed had an enormous impact on gl obal assess to scientific information.
个人电脑、网络的普及以及电子期刊的出现已经的的确确在全球科学信息的获取中显示出了巨大的影响。
综合英语教程3课后翻译中英互译unit
1.她似乎与新同学相处得不好 She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates. 2.我与玛丽失去联系多年 I’d been out of touch with Mary for year, but I managed to reach her by phone yesterday. 3.那老兵喜欢对每一位来访者炫耀他的勋章 The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone who visits him. 4. 她丈夫似乎非常反对他出国 He husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad. 5. 因为托马斯不安心工作他父母很担忧 As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were very worried. 6. 我口袋里总装着各种各样的小东西 I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets. 7. 她母亲通过一些私人关系是他进入商界 Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the business circle. 8. 我希望这些菜合你们的口味 I hope the food is to your liking. 9.那些男孩太吵我把他们骂了一顿 __I told the boys off for making so much noise. 1. 他决定立即着手这项复杂的工程 He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately. 2. 他们看见对面的老人被对面驶来的汽车撞倒 They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the opposite direction. 3. 他在黑暗中摇摇晃晃搜索着电灯开关 He walked unsteadily / stumbled along in the dark, groping for the light-switch. 4. 病了三个月后她几乎站不稳了 After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to his feet again. 5. 由于人手不足无法按期完成任务 Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled on schedule. 6. 在经济萧条期公司遭遇财政困难 During the period of depression, the company was running into financial difficulties. 7. 那盲女上了公车乘客们给他让出了地方 When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers made room for her. 8.他终于抓住了悬崖的岩石止住了下滑 __He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from 1. 母亲立刻派汤姆去叫医生 Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor. 2. 由于糖用完了他没做成蛋糕 She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar. 3. 我知道您现在忙极了 I know how desperately busy you are now. 4. 汤姆说错了话惹得全班同学哄堂大笑
高分子材料与工程专业英语翻译
A 高分子化学和高分子物理 UNIT 1 What are Polymer? 第一单元什么是高聚物？ What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds. 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种分子量化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独特的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同分子量化合物组成的聚合物。 This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning ‘many’and mer meaning ‘part’(in Greek). As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight. The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows: 许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： butadiene + butadiene + ???+ butadiene--→polybutadiene (4 000 time) 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯 （4000次） One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54×4 000≈)200 000 molecular weight. It is essentially the ‘giantness’of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene. Solid benzene, for instance, melts
高英翻译
1. scramble：The diary, whose copyright status was uncertain, became the object of a publishing scramble. 这本日记虽然不版权归属尚不确定，但已成了出版社炙手可热的争抢对象。 hectic: Things have been so hectic here his week, we hope they’ll simmer down after the holidays. 这个礼拜事情闹得沸反盈天，但愿假期过后情况会平静下来。 norm: Nowadays air-conditioned buses for tourists have become the norm. 如今游客作的客车都有空调，这已成为一种惯例。 dwindle: The ongoing investigation dwindled and died, finding no evidence that laws had been violated. 所作的调查没有发现任何人违法的证据，最后不了了之。 want for: She was kind enough to see that we wanted for nothing. 她很热心，尽量使我们什么都不缺。fraught: The field of corpus linguistics is fraught with unsolved questions. 语料库语言学领域有着许多尚未解决的问题。 let up: slow down The doctor has been working for fifty hours without letting up. 那医生已连续工作了50个小时没有休息。 disorient: He seems disoriented since he left the army, and doesn’t know what to do next. 自从退役以来，他似乎茫无头绪，不知下一步该做些什么。 carve out: He carved out a name/ place for himself in the engineering business. 他在工程技术领域干出了名气（争得了一席之地）。 burn out: Stop working and have a rest, or you’ll burn out. 停下来歇歇吧，不然要累垮的。 act out: psychiatry. to express unconsciously (a repressed impulse or experience ) in overt behaviour In the enclosed life of this small village, many passions are brought to the surface and acted out. 在这个与世隔绝的小村庄里，人们的七情六欲溢于言表，又表现得淋漓尽致。 dispense: The Red Cross dispensed food and clothing to the flood victims. 红十字会向水灾难民分发食品和衣物。 Druggists must dispense medicines with the greatest care. 药剂师配药必须一丝不苟。 2 modify: Human action can be modified to some extent, but human nature cannot be changed. 人类的行为可以作一定程度的改变，但人类的本性是不可变的。 provided: I’ll forgive her for her mistake provided that she apologizes to me. 只要她向我道歉，我就原谅她的过失。 atrophy: Skills atrophy from lack of practice. 技艺不练就荒疏。 diminish: Familiarity with the routine did not diminish his horror of living in prison. 尽管他对铁窗生活的一套常规耳熟能详，但也没有减轻身陷囹圄的恐惧感。 at heart: He seems friendly, but he is just a ruthless businessman at heart. 他看上去面善，但骨子里却是一个心狠手辣的商人。 precarious: The national leadership in the country was in precarious hands. 该国国家的领导权掌握在一些危险分子的手里。 predicate: The publicity predicated the novel’s success. 这部小说的成功取决于推广宣传。 embark: Our paper is embarking on a nation-wide campaign for increased circulation. 我们的报纸正在全国掀起一个扩大发行量的运动。 Mary embarked on her marriage with many hopes and fears. 玛丽怀着许多希望和忧虑开始了婚姻生活。actuality: A trip to the moon is now an actuality. 登月旅行现在已成为事实。 endow: Nature endowed her with beauty and wit. 她天生才貌双全。
综英第三版第四册 UNIT6 Chinese food课文翻译[优质文档]
Chinese Food "Few things in life are as positive as food, or are taken as intimately and completely by the individual. One can listen to music, but the sound may enter in one ear and go out through the other; one may listen to a lecture or. conversation, and day-dream about many other things; one may attend to matters of business, and one's heart or interest may be altogether elsewhere... In the matter of food and eating however one can hardly remain completely indifferent to what one is doing for long. How can one remain entirely indifferent to something which is going to enter one's body and become part of oneself? How can one remain indifferent to something which will determine one's physical strength and ultimately one's spiritual and moral fibre and well-being?" -- Kenneth Lo “生活中很少有什么东西像食物这样真切实在，或者说那么彻底的为个人接纳吸收。一个人可能在听音乐，但是音乐可以从一只耳朵进从另一只耳朵出；一个人可以在听讲座时胡思乱想；一个人可以在料理生意上的事务而他的心思和兴趣另有所属…….。而在吃饭就餐时，一个人几乎不可能长时间的对自己正在做的事完全无动于衷。一个人怎么能对即将进入身体并成为身体一部分的东西保持绝对的无动于衷呢？一个人怎么能对即将决定自己体力以及最终决定自己的精神和道德品质以及幸福安康的东西无动于衷呢？ ——肯尼斯·洛 This is an easy question for a Chinese to ask, but a Westerner might find it difficult to answer. Many people in the West are gourmets and others are gluttons, but scattered among them also is a large number of people who are apparently pretty indifferent to what goes into their stomachs, and do not regard food as having any ultimate moral effect on them. How, they might ask, could eating a hamburger or drinking Coca Cola contribute anything to making you a saint or a sinner? For them, food is quite simply a fuel. 这是一个中国人常问的问题，而西方人却很难作答。在西方，很多人都是美食家，还有其他一些是暴饮暴食者，而混杂于这两者中间的还有一种对吃进肚子的食物漠不关心的。这些人也许会问，吃一个汉堡，喝点可口可乐就会变成圣人或罪人？对于他们来说，食物就是一种能量。 Kenneth Lo, however, expresses a point of view that is profoundly different and typically Chinese, deriving from thousands of years of tradition. The London restaurateur Fu Tong, for example, quotes no less an authority than Confucius (the ancient Sage known in Chinese as K'ung-Fu-Tzu) with regard to the primal importance of food. Food, said the sage, is the first happiness. Fu Tong adds: "Food to my countrymen is one of the ecstasies of life, to be thought about in advance; to be smothered with loving care throughout its preparation; and to have time lavished on it in the final pleasure of eating." 肯尼斯·洛认却表达了一种截然不同的，典型的中国化的观点。这种观点源于从几千年中国文化。例如，一家伦敦餐馆的董福就引用了如同孔夫子（中国人陈这位古代圣人为孔夫子）的权威人士的话。圣者言，食乃是人生最大的幸福。董福还说：“食物对中国人来说是生活中的一大乐事，需要预先准备，需要精心烹饪，还要肯花时间去享受吃得乐趣。” Lo observes that when Westerners go to a restaurant they ask for a good table, which means a good position from which to see and be seen. They are usually there to be entertained socially -- and also, incidentally, to eat. When the Chinese go to a restaurant, however, they ask for a small room with plain walls where they cannot be seen except by the members of their own party,
综英第六册课后翻译参考答案
综英第六册课后翻译参考答案 Unit 1 1.这项计划为智力迟钝者提供长期的照顾。 The program offers long-term care for the mentally retarded. 2.他有一台又粗笨有庞大的旧电脑，速度慢，使用麻烦。 He’s got a cumbersome, bulky, old computer—it’s slow and complicated to use. 3. 他沿着房间后部慢慢移动，尽量不引起别人注意。 He tried not to look conspicuous and moved slowly along the back of the room. 4. 安装一个不同的计算机系统将会导致巨大的变化。 It would cause a tremendous upheaval to install a different computer system. 5. 她再次与金牌失之交臂。 The gold medal continues to elude her. 6. 你真是个傻瓜，竟然没抓住这么好的机会。 You’d be a fool not to embrace an opportunity as good as that. 7.她的薪水将猛增10%。 Her salary will go up by a hefty 10%.
8.我草草的留了张纸条给希拉里，塞在门缝底下。 I scrawled a quick note to Hilary and put it under her door. 9.她的办公室视野极佳。 There’s a smashing view from her office. 10 去那儿旅行很愉快，只是旅馆有些脏兮兮的。 The trip out there was swell, but the hotel was a bit crummy. Unit 2 1.这家公司是由几名有事业心的年轻人创立的。 The company was started by a couple of enterprising young men. 2.他是前重量级冠军，预计会轻松地拿下这场拳击赛。 He’s a former heavyweight champion and is expected to win the bout easily. 3.为写此书，投入了许多小时一丝不苟的前期准备。 Many hours of meticulous preparation have gone into writing the book. 4.她从头到脚穿一身黑。 She was attired from head to foot in black. 5.我节衣缩食整整一年，为的是攒我们去度假的钱。
高分子专业英语课文翻译
高分子专业英语课文翻译 高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料 A 高分子化学和高分子物理 UNIT 1 What are Polymer? 第一单元什么是高聚物, What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and 什么是高聚物, 首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To 如说普通的盐。 contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while 与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5， that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand 而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。 thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller 这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成, 小分子相互结合形成大分子，molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that 大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明， a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things 想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接are
高级英语第二册第一课课文翻译对照
第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风 1小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。 2为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理?希尔的意见。 3约翰的全部产业就在自己家里(他开办的玛格纳制造公司是设计、研制各种教育玩具和教育用品的。公司的一切往来函件、设计图纸和工艺模具全都放在一楼)。37岁的他对飓风的威力是深有体会的。四年前，他原先拥有的位于高尔夫港以西几英里外的那个家就曾毁于贝翠号飓风(那场风灾前夕柯夏克已将全家搬到一家汽车旅馆过夜)。不过，当时那幢房子所处的地势偏低，高出海平面仅几英尺。“我们现在住的这幢房子高了23英尺，，’他对父亲说，“而且距离海边足有250码远。这幢房子是1915年建造的。至今还从未受到过飓风的袭击。我们呆在这儿恐怕是再安全不过了。” 4老柯夏克67岁．是个语粗心慈的熟练机械师。他对儿子的意见表示赞同。“我们是可以严加防卫。度过难关的，”他说?“一但发现危险信号，我们还可以赶在天黑之前撤出去。” 5 为了对付这场飓风，几个男子汉有条不紊地做起准备工作来。自米水管道可能遭到破坏，他们把浴盆和提俑都盛满水。飓风也可能造成断电，所以他们检查r手提式收音机和手电筒里的电池以及提灯里的燃料油。约翰的父亲将一台小发电机搬到楼下门厅里．接上几个灯泡。并做好把发电机与电冰箱接通的准备。 6那天下午，雨一直下个不停．乌云随着越来越猛的暴风从海湾上空席卷而来。全家早早地用r晚餐。邻居中一个丈夫去了越南的妇女跑过来。问她和她的两个孩子是否能搬进柯夏克家躲避风灾：另一个准备向内陆带转移的邻居也跑来问柯夏克家能否替他照看一下他的狗。 7不到七点钟，天就黑了．，狂风暴雨拍打着屋子。约翰让大儿子和大女儿上楼去取来被褥和枕头给几个小一点的孩子。他想把全家人都集中在同一层楼上。“不要靠近窗户!”他警告说，担心在飓风巾震破的玻璃碎片会飞来伤人。风凶猛地咆哮起来?屋子开始漏雨了……那雨水好像能穿墙透壁，往屋里直灌。一家人都操起拖把、毛巾、盆罐和水桶，展l开了一场排水战。到八点半钟，电没有了。柯夏克老爹便启动了小发电机。 8风的咆哮声压倒了一切。房子摇晃着，起居室的天花板一块块掉下来。楼上一个房问的法兰西式两用门砰地一声被风吹开了。楼下的人还听到楼上其他玻璃窗破碎时发出的劈劈啪啪的响声。积水已经漫到脚踝上了。 9随后，前门开始从门框上脱落。约翰和查理用肩膀抵住¨，但一股水浪冲击过来。撞开了大门，把两人都掀倒在地板上。发电机泡在水里，电灯熄灭了。查理舔了舔嘴唇，对着约翰大喊道：“这回可真是大难临头了。这水是成的。”海水已经漫到屋子跟前?积水仍不断上涨。
综英4 课文翻译
Key to Translation(Page 187) 1. She seems to take little pleasure in doing such things. 2. The professor told us that the tradition of landscape painting could date from the prehistoric age. 3. After attending the lecture of the famous writer, he decided to give up medicine and take to literature. 4. Let’s dispense with the formalities and go directly into the discussion. 5. These animals run extraordinarily fast and in consequence their hunting methods are very efficient indeed. 6. The police searched every house in the district for the escaped criminal, but to no avail. 7. Parents tend to take very great pride in the achievements of their children. Key to Translation (Page 206) 1.Many developing countries, after independence, were afflicted with economic problems to begin with. 2. In order to protect domestic industries, the government decided to impose anti-dumping tariff on imported products. 3. Knowledge without practical experience counts for little. 4. Thousands of people were forced to abandon their homes to the invading enemy troops. 5. I’ve lived in Shanghai so long that I’ve looked upon the city as my second hometown. 6. The roof will have to be propped up while repairs are being carried out. 7. In (the) face of great hardship, he managed to keep his sense of humor. Key to Translation (Page 230) 1. They usually leave off work at 5 o’clock, but today they have to work overtime. 2. All the museums and art galleries in the city are open to the public for free / free of charge. 3. It’s very discouraging to be sneered at by them all the time. 4. She has been a little run down lately and the doctor has advised her to take a short holiday. 5. The whole city is bathed in a sea of joy today. 6. It’s very dark outside, and the sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain. 7. I booked two film tickets by phone yesterday in the name of Thomas. Key to Translation (Page 309) 1. The tourists cheered with excitement when they saw water cascading down the mountainside. 2. Owing to the policy of reform, the small town is thriving day by day. 3. Could you read through this for me and highlight the important points? 4. At times I wonder if rote learning is worthwhile. 5. The superstitions that used to prevail in Old China are disappearing gradually. 6. Thanks to the improvement in export sales, the company has successfully fulfilled its marketing plan.
综英翻译课后练习翻译
BOOK2 1.我不喜欢上火车站给人送行。(see…off) I don’t like to see people off at the railway station. 2.公司星期一晚上为你举办告别晚会，七点半有车到旅馆来接你。(pick up) The company is giving a farewell party for you on Monday evening. A car will pick you up at your hotel at half past seven. 3.她太激动了，情不自禁地热烈拥抱我。（give…an embrace） She was so excited that she couldn’t help giving me a warm embrace. 4. 我从未摆脱局外人的感觉。（out of place） I never succeed in overcoming the sense of being out of place. 5. 她环视房间，想看看谁在那儿。（glance） She glanced round the room to see who was there. 6. 他的大鞋子看起来像只小船。（look like） His big shoes look like small boats. 7. 你应该把鸡蛋搅进面粉，而不是反过来做。（fold into） You should fold the eggs into the flour instead of doing it in the opposite way. 1.他认为他们之间的婚姻只不过是个交易而已。(no more than) He thinks that the marriage between them is no more than a business deal. 2.他把身上的钱花了个精光。(use up) He used up all the money he had. 3.这位年轻人从水里把你女儿救了出来。(save …from) The young man saved your daughter from drowning. 4.她是在无处可去，于是就呆在家里看看旧书。(nowhere to) She had absolutely nowhere to go, so she read some old books at home. 5.“我能成为像杰夫（Geoff）那样的好球员吗？”“也许可能，不过离那一天还早着呢。”(a long way to go) “Will I ever be as good a player as Geoff?” “Perhaps, but you still have a long way to go before that day comes.” 6.他那份工作看样子干不长了。(in danger of) He is in danger of losing his job. 7.工厂雇佣童工的情况在许多国家已绝迹了。(die out) The practice of employing children to work in factories has nearly died out in many countries. 1.天开始下雨，她走向附近的一个避雨所。(make for) It started raining, so she made for the nearest shelter. 2.她挑了一顶帽子，正好配她的衣服。(pick out) She picked out a cap to match her dress. 3. 我等了一个小时，可还是没见他的人影。(show up) I waited for an hour, but he didn’t show up. 4. 他们觉得还是呆在原地好。(figure)
高分子材料工程专业英语翻译(最新修正稿)
UNIT 1 What Are Polymers? 第一单元什么是高聚物？ 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是络合物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种（分子量）化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独立的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同(分子量)化合物组成的聚合物。 许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯 （4000次） 因而能够看到分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物(的性能)。1例如，固态苯，在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。而聚合物变得越来越软，最终，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，不会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）。 固态苯——→液态苯——→气态苯 加热，5.5℃加热，80℃ 固体聚乙烯——→熔化的聚乙烯——→各种分解产物-但不是聚乙烯 加热加热 图1.1 低分子量化合物（苯）和聚合物（聚乙烯）受热后的不同行为发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到固定量的水中。盐，代表一种低分子量化合物，在水中达到点（叫饱和点）溶解，但，此后，进一步添加盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态。饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度不是十分不同，但是，如果我们用聚合物替代，譬如说，将聚乙烯醇添加到固定量的水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形变，经过很长的时间以后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。2同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。3总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，（2）不存在饱和点，（3）粘度的增加是典 型聚合物溶于溶液中的特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。 如图1.2说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。 氯化钠晶体加入到水中→晶体进入到溶液中.溶液的粘度不是十分不同于充分搅拌 水的粘度→形成饱和溶液.剩余的晶体维持不溶解状态.加入更多的晶体并搅拌氯化钠的溶 解 聚乙烯醇碎片加入到水中→碎片开始溶胀→碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中允许维持现状 充分搅拌→形成粘稠的聚合物溶液.溶液粘度十分高于水的粘度继续搅拌聚合物的溶解
综英3课后翻译答案说课讲解
综英3课后翻译答案
综英3课后答案 Unit 1 Fresh start Vocabulary. 1. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. (1) I had just the feeling of a newcomer to college without the strength only an experienced student might possess. (2) My apparent confidence. (3) Some food to appease my hunger. (4) Going with the tide of the majority was no longer crucial to your success. (5) Foolish and glaring mistakes. 2. Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word taken from the box in the proper form. (1) distress; (2) clutched; (3) pose; (4) sneaked; (5) preoccupation; (6) shackles; (7) curse; (8) deliberation. 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. (1) assure; (2) discretion; (3) relaxation; (4) humiliation; (5) strategy; (6) embarrassment; (7) maneuverable; (8) immaturity. 4. Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation taken from the text. (1) lived up to; (2) headed for; (3) seek out; (4) has broken out; (5)grope for; (6) trying …on; (7) go out to; (8) tipped off. 5. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. (1) vague (indistinct); (2) inconspicuously (unobtrusively); (3) self-restraint (self-control); (4) clever (intelligent,sensible); (5) manner (behavior); (6) excited (agitated); (7) sneak; (8) mature (sophisticated). 6. Explain the underlined phrasal verbs in your own words. (1) became popular; (2) respect;(3) keep up; (4) lead to; (5)understand; (6) found; (7) use; (8) start Grammer. 1. combine each nominal clause in Column A with … 1~ 4 CDBF 5~8 AEHG 2. Rewrite the following sentences… (1) My decision to resign was wise. (2) Their readiness to accept the peace agreement really surprised the diplomatic world.