2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试重庆卷英语试卷及答案
绝密★启用前
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(重庆卷)
英语试题卷
英语试题卷共15页。满分150分。考试时间120分钟。
注意事项:
1.答题前，务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡规定的位置上。
2.答选择题时，必须使用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动.用像
皮擦擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
3.答非选择题时，必须使用0.5毫米黑色签字笔，将答案书写在答题卡规定的位置上。
4.所有题目必须在答题卡上作答.在试题卷上答题无效。
5.考试结束后，将试题卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、听力（共三节.满分30分)
做题时.请先将答案划在试题卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试题卷上的答案转涂或转填到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题;每小越1.5分，满分7.5分)
请听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题.从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt?
A.￡19.15.
B.￡9.15.
C. ￡9.18.
答案是B。
1.How many sisters doesthe woman have?
A. One.
B . Twe.
C. Three.
2. What iswoman going to do tonight?
A. Meet the man.
B. Go out for dinner.
C. Prepare for a meeting.
3. Who has a dictionary?
A.The man.
B. Lucy.
C. Tina.
4. What are the two speakers most probably?
A. Students.
B.Workers.
C.Teachers.
5. What are the two speakers talking about?
A.A language.
B. An interest.
C.A class.
第二节(共12小题;每小题1.5分，满分18分)
请听下面4段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A,B,C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前.你将有时间阅读各小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间.每段对话或独白读两遍。
请听第6段材料，回答第6至8题。
6. Which city is the woman going to?
A. Chicago.
B. Boston.
C. New York.
7. How much will the woman pay for her ticket?
A. $30.
B. $50.
C. $60.
8. Where does the conversation most probably take place?
A. At an airport.
B. At a bus stop.
C. At a railway station.
请听第7段材料，回答第9至11题。
9. When did the woman begin to collect stamps?
A. At the age of 9.
B. At the age of 12.
C. At the age of 20.
10. What does the woman advise the man to do?
A. Join a reading club.
B. Travel to other countries.
C.Collect stamps.
11. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?
A.Stamps.
B. Hobbies.
C. Books.
请听第8段材料，回答第12至14题。.
12. What is the woman going to do on Friday?
A.Attend a meeting.
B. Go on vacation.
C. Make a phone call.
13. Who is most probably going to meet the man at the airport?
A.Th e woman.
B. The man's brother.
C.The woman's sister.
14. What is the possible relationship between the two speakers?
A. Parent and teacher.
B. Brother and sister.
C. Husband and wife.
请听第9段材料，回答第15至17题
I5. At what time are they leaving (or the Natural Museum?
A.7:30 a. m.
B.8:30 a. m.
C. 3:30 p. m.
16. What will they possibly do right before supper?
A. Swim at the beach.
B. Do some shopping.
C. See an exhibition.
17. What is the speaker mainly talking about?
A.An arrangement for a day.
B.An introduction to a place.
C. An experience of culture.
第三节(共3小题;每小题1.5分.满分4.5分)
请听下面一段独白，用所听到的独白中的词或数填空.每空限填一个词或-个数。填人的内容要写在答题卡相应的位置上。在听本段独白前.你将有时间阅读各小题.每小题5秒钟;听完后.各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。本段独白读两遍.
请听第10段材料，回答第18至20题
Introduction to Competitors
15分)请从A,B,C,D四个选顶中.选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项的
标号涂黑。
例：A computer can only do you have instructed it to do.
A.how
B.after
C. what
D. when
21. 1 felt very tired when I got home. and I straight to bed.
A. go
B. went
C. had gone
D. have gone
22. - Would you like a glass of wine?
- I don't drink.
A. No, thanks
B. Yes, please
C. I don't like it
D. It's my favorite
23. It's not easy to change habits, with awareness and self-control, it is possible.
A. for
B. or
C.but
D. so
24. John incited abuout 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members
A them B. that C.which D. whom
25. we have enough evidence. we can't win the case.
A,Once B As long as C. Unless D. Since
26. - What are you doing this Saturday?
- Im not sure. but I go to the Rolling Stones concert
A. must
B. would
C. should
D. might
27. It was with the help of the local guide the mountain climber was rescued.
A. who
B. that
C. when
D. how
28. struck me most in the movie was the father’s deep love for his son.
A.That
B. It
C.What
D. Which
29. - It rained cats and dogs this morning. Im glad we took an umbrella.
- Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we
A. hadn’t
B. haven't
C. didn't
D. don't
30. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, me stories till I till asleep,
A.having told
B. telling
C.told
D. to tell
31. Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is
A. another
B. the other
C. one another
D. one
32. The parents were shocked by news that their son needed operation on his knee.
A. a;/
B. the; /
C. the; an
D. a; an
33. A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Theatre Royal on 19th June. and then tours throughout Scotland
A. opens
B.is opened
C. will open
D.will be opened
34. The engine just won't start. Something seems wrong with it.
A. to go
B. to have gone
C. going
D. having gone
35.- Forgotten something? I can keep an eye on your kids if you want to go end get it. - Thank you all the same.
A.It's very kind of you.
B.Oh, how carelem of me!
C.I might u well go and get it.
D.Well, I can do without it,
三、完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
请阅读下面两篇短文，掌握大意，然后从36-55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选
出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项的标号涂黑。
When Joe was about to start school. all signs pointed to success. Yet things turned out to be quite 36 .The fourth grade even found him at the 37 of the class. Joe struggled day and night, but it did not 38 -until one stormy aftermoon .
On that aftermoon ,39 the math teacher started to introduce difficult concepts, dadk Clouds covered the sky, and the stone ad in. Hard thou she tried to make the kids，
40 ,the thunder won the battle for their attention .No one 41 the concepts. Except Joe. He undemtood them and answered all the questions correctly. The teacher patted him on the back. and told him to go around to the others and explain how he had managed it. 42 by his newfound success. Joe moved quickly throughout the room. Soon math time was followed by the time for 43 .All children naturally drew 44 pictures on such a day. Except for Joe.
Since then, Joe started 45 . Though he never made it to the top, his math teacher was always 46 and curious about the change: Why had that stomry day changed Joe?
On the day Joe graduared, he presented the teacher with his moat 47 possession—the picture of.bright yellow sun .On the picture Joe had written: This is the day I 48 my brightness.
36.A.unfair B. boring C.disapporinting D.dangerous
37.A． center B.top C.beginning D.bottom
38.A．happen B. work C. finish D. last
39.A .until B. since C. because D. as
40.A .concentrte B. change C. hide D. sit
41.A.challenged B. grasped C. doubted D. admitted
42.A.Relieced B. surprised C. Encouraged D.Puzzled
43.A. class B. sports C. art D. tea
44.A .great B. dark C. different D. strange
45.A .improving B. painting C. recovering D. studying
46.A. worried B. amazed C. friendly D. cautious
47.A .familiar B. expensice C. admirable D. precious
48.A. familiar B. expensive C. admirable D. precious
49.A.worke up to B. put up with C. got on with D. loked down upon
B
It is easy to overlook the rolethat your body plays in influencing your mood（情绪）.when you are 49 ,you may find yourself blaming work pressures or an unknown future.However,it could just be that you’ve been sitting behind you desk too long.
One way to improve your mood is 50 .Psychologically,it provides you with a break from the stresses in your life .Also,in the process,you may aim for 51 goals,like a mew personal running record or a better body shape.The achievement of a particular goal makes you feel good and contributes to your 52 .That is why exercise has been shown to 53 your self-respect.
You do not have to train yourself 54 to feel the psychological benefits of exercise.What really matters is 55 ,not intensity（强度）of your exercise.You can try walking for 30 minutes five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
49.A.ill B.poor C.unhappy D.unsuccessful
50.A.play https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5a9739271.html,munication C.sleep D.exercise
51.A.clear B.present https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5a9739271.html,mon D.early
52.A.ability B.relationship C.confidence D.business
53.A.tear down B.build up C.set aside D.give out
54.A.hard B.everywhere C.carefully https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5a9739271.html,te
55.A.time B.length C.form D.frequency
四、阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
请阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡
上将该选项的标号涂黑。
A
The morning had been a disaster.My tooth was aching,and I’d been in an argument with a friend.Her words still hurt：“The trouble with you is that you won’t put yourself in my place.Can’t you see things from my point of view?”Ishook my head stubbomly—and felt the ache in my tooth.I’d thought I could hold out till my dentist came back from holiday,but the pain was really unbearable.I started calling the dentists in the phone book,but no one coule see me immediatcly.Finally,at about lunchtime,I got lucky.
“If you come by right now,”the receptionist said,“the dentist will fit you in .”
I look my purse and keys and rushed to my car.But suddenly I began to doubt about the dentist.What kind of dentist would be so eager to treat someone at such short notice?Why wasn’t he as busy as the others?
In the dentist’s office,I sat down and looked around.I saw nothing but the bare walls and I became even more worried.The assistant noticed my nervousness and placed her warm hand over my ice-cold one.
When I tole her my fears,she laughed and said ,“Don’t worry.The dentist is very good.”
“How long do I have to wait for him?”I asked impatiently.
“Come on ,he is coming.Just lie down and relax.And enjoy the artwork,”the assistant said.
“The artwork?”Iwas puzzled.
The chair went back,suddenly I smiled.There was a beautiful picture,right where I could enjoy it ：on the ceiling.How considerate the dentist was ！At that moment,I began to understand what my friend meant by her words.
What a relief！
56.Which of the following best describes the author’s feeling that morning?
A.Cheerful.
B.Nervous.
C.Satisfied.
D.Upset.
57.What made the author begin to doubt about the dentist?
A.The dentist’s agreeing to treat her at very short notice.
B.The dentist’s being as busy as the other dentists.
C.The surroundings of the dentist’s office.
D.The laughing assistant of the dentist.
58.Why did the author suddenly smile?
A.Because the dentist came at last.
B.Because she saw a picture on the ceiling.
C.Because she could relax in the chair.
D.Because the assistant kept comforting her.
59.What did the author learn from her experience most probably?
A.Strike while the iron is hot.
B.Have a good word for one’s friend
C.Put oneself in other’s shoes
D.A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B
One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.This idea has inspired the award-winning photographer Andrew Zuckerman.He interviewed and took photos of fifty over-sixty-five-year-olds all over the world.Hisproject explores various aspects of their lives.The photos and interviews are now available on our website.
Click on the introductions to read the complete interviews.
Let us now have a culture of peace.
—Federico Mayor Zaragoza,Spain
Federico Mayor Zaragoza obtained a doctorate in pharmacy（药学）
from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1958 .After many
years spent in politics,he became Director-Ceneral of UNESCO in
1987.In 1999,he for a Culture of Peace,of which he is now the
president.In addition to many he has published four collections of
poems and several books of eaasys.
Writing is a discovery.
—Nadine Cordimer,South Africa
Due to a weak heart,Nadine ordimer attended school and university
briefly.She read widely and began writing at an early age .She
published her first short story at the age of fifteen,and has completed
alarge number been translated into forty languages.In 1991,Cordimer
won the Nobel Prize
Jzaa is about the only form of an today.
—Dave Brubeck,USA
Dave Brubeck studied music at the University of the Pacific and
graduated in 1942.After World War Two he was encouraged to play
jazz.In 1951,he recorded his first album（专辑）.Brubeck’s 1959 album
has become a jazz a Grammy lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.
For more figures CLICK HERE.
60. Why did Andrew Zuckerman choose the fifty elders for his project?
A.Because their wisdom deserves to be passed on.、
B. Because they are physically impressive.
C. Because their accomplishments inspired him.
D. Because they have similar experiences.
61.According to the web page, Federico Mayor Zaragoza .
A. has won many awards for his work in politics
B. has served as the president of a university
C. has devoted all his life to the field of science
D. has made achievements in different areas
62. Who most probably said“My education has been the library and books" in the interview reflecting on his/her experience?
A.Andrew Zuckennan.
B. Federico Mayor 7,aragoza.
C. Nadine Gordimer.
D. Dave Brubeck.
63. What is the main purpose of this web page?
A. To show Zuckennans awards.
B. To publicize Zuckenman's project.
C. To spread the wisdom of the three people.
D. To celebrate the achievements of the three people.
C
Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know，however，that they existed over 5,500years ago in ancient Asia.
The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5，100 years
old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn't become popular for .while, though . This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.
But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually,road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design.
In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design of road--a base layer (层)of large
stones covered with a thin layer of smaller atones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong,lasting road surface became a reality.At around the same time,metal hubs(the central part of awheel)came into being,followed by the pneumatic type(充气轮胎） in 1846.Alloy
wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(泊油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.
64.What might explain why transport wheels didn’t become popular for some time?
A.Few knew how to use transport wheels.
B.Humans carried farming tools just as well.
C. Animals were a good means of transport.
D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.
65. What do we know about road design from the passage?
A. It was easier than wheel design.
B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.
C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.
D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.
66. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?
A. By giving examples.
B. By making comparisons.
C. By following time order.
D. By making classifications.
67.What is the passage mainly about?
A.The beginning of road deaign.
B.The development of transport wheels.
C.The history of public transport.
D.The invention of fast-moving vehicles.
D
Not all bodies of wather are so evidently alive as the Atlantic Ocean, an S-shaped body of water covering 33 million square miles. The Atlantic has, in a sense, replaced the Mediterranean as the inland sea of Weatern civilization. Unlike real inland seas, which seem strangely still, the Atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness. It is perhaps not surprising that its vitality has been much written about by ancient poets.
“Strm at Sea”, a short poem written around 700, is generally regarded as one of mankind’s earliest artistic representations of the Atlantic.
When the wind is from the west
All the waves that cannot test
To the east must thunder on
Where the bright tree of the sun
Is rooted in the osean’s breast.
As the poem suggests, the Atlantic is never dead and dull. It is an ocean that moves, impressively and endlessly. It makes all kinds of noise-it is forever thundering,boiling, crashing,and whistling.
It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath-perhaps not so noticeably out in mid –ocean,but where it meets land, its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach. It mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature. It is filled with symbiotic existences,too; unimaginable quantities of creatures,little and large alike,mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony, giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat, a kind of sub-ocean vitality. And it has a psychology. It has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.
68.Unlike real inland seas, the Atlantic Ocean is __________.
A.always energetic
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5a9739271.html,cking in liveliness
C.shaped like a square
D.favored by ancient poets
69.What is the purpose of using the poem”Storm at Sea” in the passage?
A.To describe the movement of the waves.
B.To show the strength of the storm.
C.To represent the power of the ocean.
D.To prove the vastness of the sea.
70.What does the underlined word”symbiotic” mean?
A.Living together.
B.Growing fast.
C.Moving harmoniously.
D.Breathing peacefully.
71.In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to __________.
A. a beautiful and poetic place
B.a flesh and blood person
C.a wonderful world
D.a lovely animal
E
It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather. Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr.Johnson’s famous comment that “When two English meet, their first talk is of weather.” Though Johnson’s observation is as accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago, most commentators fail to come up with a convincing explanation for this English weather-speak.
Bill Bryson, for ezample, concludes that,as the English weather is not at all exciting,the obsession with it can hardly be understood. He argues that”To an outsider,the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply, the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles.
Jeremy Paxman, however, disagrees with Bryson, arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive. Bryson is wrong, he says,because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena.”The interest is less in the phenomena themselves, but in uncertainty.” According to him, the weathe r in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider.
Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weather-speak among the English. Both commentators, somehow, are missing the point. The English weather conversation is not really about the weather at all. English weather-speak is a system of signs ,which is developed to help the speakers overcome the natural reserve and actually talk to each other. Everyone knows conversations starting with weather-speak are not requests for weather data. Rather, they are routine greetings,conversation starters or the blank”fillers”, In other words, English weather-speak is a means of social bonding.
72.The author mentions Dr.Johnson’s comment to show that________.
A.most commentators agree with Dr.Johnson
B.Dr.Johnson is famous for his weather observation
C.the comment was accurate two hundred years ago
D.English conversations usually start with the weather
73.What does the underlined word”obsession” most proba bly refer to?
A.A social trend.
B.An emotional state.
C.A historical concept.
D.An unknown phenomenon.
74.According to the passage,Jeremy Paxman believes that________.
A.Bill Bryson has little knowledge of the weather
B.there is nothing special about the English weather]
C.the English weather attracts people to the British Isles
D.English people talk about the weather for its unccrtainty
75.What is the author’s main purpose of writing the passage?
A.To explain what English weather-speak is about.
B.To analyse misconceptions about the English weather.
C.To find fault with both Bill Bryson and Jeremy Paxman.
D.To convince people that the English weather is changeable.
五、写作(共两个写作任务.满分35分)
写作一(满分15分)
请结合材料，按要求用英文写作。
A mother said,”My son is always on the phone,sleeping, out with his friends.or in his room.He never has time to talk to me.”
要求:(1)就此材料发表你的看法;
(2)紧扣材料，有明确的观点;
(3)词数不少于60;
(4)在答题卡上作答。
写作二(满分20分)
调查显示，中国长江江豚(finless porpoise)受人类活动影响而频临灭绝，目前总数不足1000只。暇设你是李华，现请用英文给WWF(世界自然保护基金组织)写一封信，请他们关注这一状况并提供帝助。内容应包括:
·说明写信目的
·简述江豚现状
·希望WWF如何帮助（比如：资助江豚保护项目等）
·表示感谢并期待回复
注意：（1）词数不少于80；
（2）在答题卡上作答
（3）书信格式及开头均已给出（不计入总词数）。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m a student from Chongqing,China.
___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ _____________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
参考答案听力：
1-5 BCBAC 6-10 BACAA 11-15 BACCB 16-17 BA 18．37/thirty-seven/Thirty-seven
19.geography/Geography
20.driver/Driver/taxi-driver/Taxi-driver
选择题:
21-25BACDC 26-30DBCAB 31-35ACABD
完形填空:
36-40 CDBDA 41-45 BCCBA 46-48BDA
49-55CDAC BAD
阅读理解:
56-59DABC
60-63 ADCB
64-67 CDCB
68-71 ADAB
72-75 DBDA
作文（略)
大一英语期末考试试题精选
大一英语期末考试试题精选 又到一个学期的期末了，大家复习好大学英语了吗?为大家精心挑选了一份大学英语第一学期期末试卷，供大家复习使用，希望能够帮助到大家! 大学一年级英语试卷 Part II Reading Comprehension (30 %) Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheetwith a single line through the center. Passage One Science is not a set of unquestionable results but a way of understanding the world around us. Its real work is slow. The scientific method , as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or problem or question to be answered. It includes a list of materials, a procedure to follow, a set of observations to make and, finally, conclusions to reach. In medicine, when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, it is first tested on a large random group of people, and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug. All reactions in both groups are carefully recorded and compared, and the drug is evaluated. All of this takes time and patience. It’s the result of course, that makes the best news—not the years of quiet work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. After an experiment is concluded or an observation is made, the result continues to be examined critically. When it is submitted for publication, it goes to a group of the scientist’s colleagues, w ho review the work. Einstein was right when he said: “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong.”
重庆大学2015年硕士英语考试
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ad if 命 封 线 密
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The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.