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Neuropsychologia49 (2011) 203–208

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Neuropsychologia

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/n e u r o p s y c h o l o g i

The executive control of attention differentiates patients with schizophrenia, their?rst-degree relatives and healthy controls

Florence Breton a,Aurélie Plantéb,Cindy Legauffre a,Nastassja Morel b,Jean Adès a,c,

Philip Gorwood b,Nicolas Ramoz b,Caroline Dubertret a,b,c,?

a AP-HP,Department of Psychiatry,Louis Mourier Hospital,Colombes,France

b INSERM U675-U894,Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences,Paris,France

c University Paris7Denis Diderot,Faculty of Medicine,Paris,France

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received21June2010

Received in revised form

14September2010

Accepted16November2010 Available online 21 November 2010

Keywords:

Schizophrenia

Attention

Attentional network

Executive dysfunction Endophenotype a b s t r a c t

Attentional and executive impairments have been reported in patients with schizophrenia and in their healthy?rst-degree relatives.However,its nature remains unclear and discrepancies between stud-ies have been observed.These might be due to differences in the clinical severity of the illness or in sociodemographic factors.The objective of the present work was to explore the ef?ciency of three atten-tion networks:alerting,orienting and executive control(con?ict inhibition)de?ned anatomically,using patients,their relatives and controls,assessing the possibility to use them as endophenotypes.We used three tests,the Attention Network Test(ANT),the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST)and the Stroop Test,and compared52patients with schizophrenia,55of their?rst-degree relatives and53unrelated healthy controls,taking into account demographic variables(age,sex and years of education)and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.Patients had a longer overall mean reaction-time(p<0.001),and took longer to resolve the ANT con?ict(ANTc)(p=0.04)than the control group.In the schizophrenia group,the SSPI disorganization score was signi?cantly correlated to the ANTc performance.Additionally,?rst-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia also performed signi?cantly worse than controls in attention performance test.Our?ndings support a speci?c de?cit in executive control of attention in patients with schizophrenia.This de?cit was shown to be correlated with the intensity of the disorganization score in patients.Relative presented an intermediate phenotype between patients and controls;the ANT reaction time(but not the ANTc)may thus be considered as possible endophenotype marker for schizophrenia.

1.Introduction

Cognitive de?cits in executive performance,working memory and attention are considered to be core features in patients with schizophrenia,because these de?cits are present from the?rst psychotic episode(Bilder,Goldman,Robinson,&Reiter,2000;Ma et al.,2007).As they are also observed in relatives of patients, they are attractive as potential endophenotypes for studying the genetic background of schizophrenia(Gottesman&Shields, 1973;Leboyer,2003).Most of the studies of neuropsycholog-ical de?cits in patients with schizophrenia(see meta-analyses by Heinrichs&Zakzanis,1998;Johnson-Selfridge&Zalewski, 2001)and their?rst-degree relatives(see meta-analyses by Snitz, MacDonald,&Carter,2006;Sz?ke et al.,2005)lead to the con-?Corresponding author at:Service de psychiatrie adulte,H?pital Louis Mourier,

178,rue des Renouillers,92701Colombes Cedex,France.Tel.:+33147606416; fax:+33147606740.

E-mail address:caroline.dubertret@lmr.aphp.fr(C.Dubertret).vergent conclusion that these two populations display cognitive de?cits affecting the same cognitive functions(attention,execu-tive functions and memory),and that less profound impairments of the same type are also observed in?rst-degree relatives.The Stroop test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST)have both been shown to be particularly sensitive to these de?cits.However, there are discrepancies between studies investigating attentional and executive functions,which might be in part explained by differences in the inclusion criteria for patients(age at onset, duration and severity of illness,type of treatment received),for ?rst-degree relatives(age at inclusion,which might be related to differences in the risk of developing schizophrenia)and for controls(not identical compared to relatives,and with unknown psychiatric family history).In this study,we used homogenous strict inclusion criteria for patients,relatives and controls to compare the neuropsychological impairment of attention and of executive functions avoiding such inclusion criteria confonding fac-tors.

Attention is de?ned as re?ecting the ef?ciency of three anatomically-distinct,organized networks(alerting,orienting and

204 F.Breton et al./Neuropsychologia49 (2011) 203–208

executive control)that are widely distributed across frontal,pari-etal and thalamic sites(Posner&Peterson,1990).The alerting component involves the capacity to sustain an alert cognitive state and can be assessed with continuous performance and vig-ilance task,whereas the orienting network involves the focused identi?cation and selection of sensory information and can be tested with cue task.The executive control of attention gov-erns the capacity to decide among con?icting responses and to give a response to one aspect of a stimuli by ignoring a dom-inant aspect.Several previous studies have found a de?cit in one of the alerting,orienting and executive control components of attention in schizophrenia using different employed experi-mental manipulations.An approach of attention impairment has been developed to assess the three attention network within one test.

The attention network test(ANT)is a recent paradigm designed to investigate attention ef?ciencies of alerting,orienting,and exec-utive control of attention(Fan,McCandliss,Sommer,Raz,&Posner, 2002),on the basis of a concept of an integrative selective atten-tion system(Posner&Peterson,1990).It is a combination of a cued reaction time task(Posner,1980)and a?anker task(Eriksen& Eriksen,1974).Validation study in a healthy population showed suf?cient independence of the three networks and gave reliable single subject estimates of alerting,orienting and executive func-tion.In particular,the assessment of executive functions seems to reveal robust con?ict effects re?ected in the reaction time(RT)(Fan et al.,2002).In healthy subjects,orienting is not in?uenced by age, executive function remained stable after the age of seven and alert-ing is improved with age(Rueda et al.,2004).Given prior?ndings of impaired performances by schizophrenia patients on the measure of executive functioning and attention with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST)(Grant&Berg,1948;Heaton,1981)and the Stroop Word-Color Test(Stroop WC)(Stroop,1935),we selected these two well established tests as external validated tests in our samples.

Wang et al.(2005)?rstly administrated ANT to a large sam-ple of inpatients with schizophrenia compared to controls and found that schizophrenia patients showed impairments of the executive and orienting networks.Gooding,Braun,and Studer (2006)also found an increased ANT con?ict(ANTc)effect in schizophrenia outpatients,with no signi?cant difference for the alertness and orientation metrics compared to controls,suggest-ing a speci?c de?cit of the executive control of attention in schizophrenia.Other studies have produced controversial results and have reported signi?cantly lower con?ict effect scores in indi-viduals with schizophrenia(Neuhaus et al.,2007;Opgen-Rhein et al.,2008),or similar levels of executive controls(Nestor et al., 2007;Urbanek et al.,2009),suggesting discrepancies with the ANT studies in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder that is likely the result of diversity in the underlying pathophysiological processes in different forms of schizophre-nia.Factorial analytic studies lead to a tri-syndromic model of schizophrenia,including a negative,a positive and a disorgani-zation factor(Liddle,1987).Each syndrome has been associated with distinct patterns of neuropsychological de?cits and a dis-tinct pattern of aberrant cerebral activity.For example,thought disorders,a cardinal feature of disorganization,can in?uence per-formance in attention-dependent functions(Braff&Light,2004). Some studies report an association between the disorganized syn-drome and defective performance in tasks involving executive and attentional functions(Basso,Nasrallah,Olson,&Bornstein,1998; Daban et al.,2003;Ngan&Liddle,2000).These associations have been consistently demonstrated in patients with persistent symp-toms,but may differ in patients with remitting illness.It seems possible that the inconsistencies between previous studies may be attributable,at least in part,to differences in socio-demographic factors or in the clinical severity of the illness between patient samples.

Furthermore,the ef?ciency of the executive control of ANT was previously found to be highly heritable(Fan,Wu,Fossella,&Posner, 2001),which may make it an attractive potential endophenotype in schizophrenia.The present study thus evaluated for the?rst time whether the executive control of attention de?cit measured using ANT is characteristic of a speci?c liability to schizophrenia or may represent an endophenotype.

In this study,we tested the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia and their?rst-degree relatives would perform less well in the con?ict task and/or display longer reaction times(RTs) than healthy controls.To do this,we?rst compared executive control of attention using the Attention Network test in patients affected with schizophrenia and in a group of healthy volunteers to?nd out whether these impairments constitute a feature of schizophrenia.We then compared the performance of their healthy ?rst-degree relatives to that of healthy controls to?nd out whether executive control of attention,like that of other executive func-tions or attention,has a familial component.We also evaluated whether the de?cits are related to variations on clinical charac-teristics of patients,such as symptoms scores,age,duration of the illness,age at onset and other de?cits known to involve executive function.

2.Methods

2.1.Participants

We recruited52outpatients with schizophrenia,55healthy?rst-degree rela-tives,and53healthy controls from a psychiatric department of a French teaching hospital in Paris suburb.A total of160subjects were evaluated by a trained psychi-atrist using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies(DIGS)(Nurnberger et al., 1994),a semi-structured interview leading to a lifetime diagnosis according to the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases.Past family history was obtained from each proband and from at least one?rst-degree relative using a semi-structured interview,the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria(FH-RDC)(Andreasen,Endicott,Spitzer,&Winokur,1977),which assesses psychiatric morbidity for all?rst-degree relatives.Inclusion for patients with schizophrenia required a combination of criteria including(1)having a stable state with no change in medication or symptoms for at least4weeks before the cognitive evaluation, (2)being treated exclusively with atypical antipsychotics,with no anticholinergic agents or mood stabilizers,(3)having had a relatively short course of illness(less than10years).Clinical symptoms were assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS)(Kay,Fiszbein,&Opler,1987)and Signs and Symptoms of Psychotic Illness(SSPI)(Liddle,Ngan,Duf?eld,Kho,&Warren,2002).A disor-ganization dimension score was based on four SSPI criteria(attention impairment, affective?attering,poverty of speech and formal thought disorder)(Liddle et al., 2002).All patients are clinically stable as assessed with the PANSS and fully able to cooperate with testing.

Controls and relatives were included only if they were between28and65 years in age,to minimize the risk that they would go on to develop schizophre-nia.The control sample was recruited through partners of patients admitted in the psychiatric department.Control subjects had no?rst-degree family history of bipolar or schizophrenia disorder.All subjects(patients,relatives and controls) were without any history of current substance abuse,brain injury or neurological disease,medical condition or medication known to be associated with neu-ropsychological impairment.All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision.

All recruited subjects were euthymic,as evaluated by the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale(MADRS)(Montgomery&Asberg,1979)and the Young Mania Rating Scale(Young,Biggs,Ziegler,&Meyer,1978),and they had no mental retardation as evaluated by the NART(National Adult Reading Test)(Bright, Jaldow,&Kopelman,2002).Educational level distinguished3groups:(1)less than high school,(2)high school graduate and(3)some college or higher education. Patients,relatives and healthy volunteers all gave their written informed consent after hearing a complete description of the study.The study protocol was approved by the French Ethics and Data Protection and Freedom of Information Commis-sions(ComitéNational d’Ethique and the Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté).

2.2.Procedure

Patients,relatives and controls administered three neurological tests(ANT, WCST,Stroop test)that included an assessment of attention and executive functions.

F.Breton et al./Neuropsychologia49 (2011) 203–208205

The Attention Network was originally developed to assay the three independent attention networks,namely the alerting(ANTa),orienting(ANTo),and executive control(ANTc)networks,within a single experiment.This is a computerized test, which is easy to use and assesses?ve metrics:alertness,orientation,con?ict,median reaction time(ANT-RT),and percentage of correct answers(ANT%).The stimuli consist of a row of?ve visually-presented,white lines,with arrowheads point-ing leftward or rightward,against a black background;the target is a leftward or rightward arrowhead at the center.This target is?anked on either side by two arrows pointing in the same direction(congruent condition),by two arrows in the opposite direction(incongruent condition),or by2lines(neutral condition).The participant’s task is to indicate the direction of the central target by right-or left-clicking the mouse as quickly as possible.Cues console consists of a100ms asterisk presented400ms before the target.There were four cue conditions:no cue,central cue which appear at the central?xation point,double-cue in which two warming cues correspond to two possible target positions above and below the central?xa-tion point,and spatial cue which was presented on the exact target localization.The effect of alerting cue was calculated by subtracting the mean reaction times(RT) of the condition with double-cue from the mean RT of the condition with no cue. The orienting effect was calculated by subtracting the mean reaction times(RT)of the condition with spatial-cue from the mean RT of the condition with center-cue. The executive effect was calculated by subtracting the mean reaction times(RT) of the condition with congruent?ankers from the mean RT of the condition with incongruent?ankers.

For all participants,neuropsychological test scores were available on the Wis-consin Card sorting test(WSCT;Heaton,1981)that was a well establish measure of executive function,and the card version of the Stroop test employed by Stroop (1935)that involved con?ict network of attention.

The Stroop Word/Color interference test measures selective attention(Stroop, 1935).This task tests the ability to attend only to the color in which a word is written while ignoring the distractor,which is what the word means.Participants are presented with a series of cards containing100stimuli from one condition and are asked to respond to each stimulus without stopping.The total time per card is the measure of performance in a given condition.The subject is asked?rst to read the names of colors written in black ink(?rst condition),then is asked to name the color of noncolor words written in colored ink(second condition).The third condition elicits what is called the Stroop interference effect,where the subject must name the color of the ink in which the names of various colors are written while ignoring the word.We determined the Color-word interference score(Stroop WC),which is the latency for naming all of the colors correctly in this third condition minus the time need of the second condition.

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST)was used to assess executive processes. This task includes four stimulus cards and128response cards that contain various ?gures.The cards vary for color(red,yellow,blue,green),type of?gure(crosses, circles,triangles or stars),and number of?gures(one to four).The test was discontin-ued after the completion of six categories or when no more response card remained. The chosen variables were the numbers of perseverative errors(WCST-PE),which re?ects the tendency towards perseveration,the number of nonperseverative errors (WCST-NPE)and the number of categories completed(WCST-NC)given the number of times that10consecutive correct responses were made,re?ecting overall success.

2.3.Statistical analyses

Patients,relatives and healthy controls were compared using chi-square( 2) analyses for sociodemographic distributions.Continuous variables were compared between the three groups using a univariate analysis of variance(one way ANOVA). For all the cognitive tasks showing signi?cant global between group differences, the difference in executive and attentional performances were determined by bilat-eral comparisons of interest between the groups of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls,between the groups of patients and their respective relatives, and between the groups of relatives and controls.We?rst compared the Attention Network test performance in patients affected with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers to?nd out whether the impairments constitute a feature of schizophre-nia.We then compared the performance of their healthy?rst-degree relatives to that of healthy controls to?nd out whether attention network,like that of other executive functions or attention,has a familial component.Given that groups dif-fered signi?cantly on demographic variables,an adjustment was done on gender; age at interview and level of education for all the inter-group comparisons using analyses of covariance(ANCOVA).Adjusted p values are presented in the tables and text.

Pearson correlations were performed to analyze the relationship between ANT performance(as a continuous variable)and WCST or Stroop WC performance,the severity of schizophrenia symptoms(PANSS scores and SSPI disorganization scores), or clinical characteristic that might in?uence cognitive performance(duration of illness,age at onset,medication level).Difference were considered to be signi?cant if p<0.05.Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS for Windows(version 17.0).We initially computed the sample size required for ANT-RT.Opgen-Rhein et al. (2008)found a higher ANT-RT in schizophrenia(644±130)compared to controls (561±85).This indicated that the required sample size for each group would be22 (with an alpha risk of5%and a power of80%).3.Results

3.1.Demographic characteristics of the sample

We recruited52outpatients with DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia who had neuropsychological exam results out of 210patients that did not met inclusion(duration of the illness longer than10years or treatment exclusion criteria).Thirty-three patients(63%)had prominent positive symptoms(paranoid type), 9(17%)showed mainly negative symptoms(disorganized type), 10(20%)exhibited both positive and negative symptoms.Patients received atypical antipsychotic medication consisting of Risperi-done(48%),Olanzapine(19%),Aripiprazole(14%)and Clozapine (19%).The mean age at onset was23.1years(±6.5),the mean duration of the illness was7.2years(±3.4),the mean chlorpro-mazine equivalent daily dose was323.46mg(±120.26)and the mean number of hospitalizations was three(between1and10hos-pitalizations).The mean PANSS score was76.3(±18.9),and a mean total SSPI score was19.9(±6.6).

We recruited55?rst-degree relatives(30parents and25sib-lings),and53healthy controls,with symmetric and identical inclusion criteria;they were free of any psychiatric disease(DSM-IV axis I),and any condition known to affect cognitive function.

The demographic characteristics of the three samples are shown in Table1.All patients except one in each group were right hand-edness.Patients were younger than their relatives and than the healthy control subjects(p=0.009and p<0.0001,respectively). There was a higher proportion of women in the control and rel-ative groups than in the patient group(p=0.001and p<0.0001, respectively).Controls had a higher level of education(college or higher education)than the patient and relative groups(respec-tively,p=0.0003and p=0.02).

3.2.Cognitive differences between groups

The results of the neuropsychological tests for the patients, healthy relatives and controls are shown in Table2and Fig.1.A one-way ANOVA revealed signi?cant differences between these three groups for the ANTc,ANT-RT,WCST-NPE,WCST-PE and Stroop WC tests.To verify con?ict effects independent of main RT,we cal-culated attention network ratios as respective ANTc effect/mean RT and the comparison mean of the ration remained signi?cantly different between groups(data not shown).Analyses controlling for the in?uence of sex,level of education and age at interview were thus performed between groups for data displaying signi?-cant global p values.

Patients had longer overall mean reaction times(p=0<0.001), and took longer to resolve the ANTc con?ict(signi?cantly less ef?cient executive attention)(p=0.044)than the control group, whereas effects on the alerting and orienting networks did not differ between the groups.As expected,patients performed worse in tests of selective attention(Stroop WC,p=0.002),and made signi?cant more category and perseverative errors than controls in the WCST-NC(p=0.042),WCST-PE(p=0.014)and WCST-NPE (p=0.023).

Signi?cant differences were found between patients and their healthy?rst-degree relatives only for ANTc,ANT-RT,ANT%and Stroop WC(Table2).

First-degree relatives also differed from the control groups in their overall mean ANT reaction time(p=0.021)and their selective attention performance(Stroop WC,p<0.0001),however no such difference was observed in any part of the WCST test except WCST-NPE.

Correlation analyses were conducted for the?rst time in this study to explore the linear relationship(for the whole group of subjects and patients)between ANT performance and other

206 F.Breton et al./Neuropsychologia49 (2011) 203–208

Table1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the three samples.

Controls N=53Relatives N=55Patients with schizophrenia N=52F(df=2)p

Age,years(mean,SD)43.77(12.18)46.15(13.43)32.65(9.68)19.37<0.001

Age at onset(mean,SD)––23.07(6.45)

PANSS pos(mean,SD)––16.02(6.47)

PANSS neg(mean,SD)––26.02(7.86)

PANSS gen(mean,SD)––36.70(8.31)

PANSS tot(mean,SD)–76.27(18.88)

SSPI tot(mean,SD)––19.90(7.79)

Antipsychotic dose(mg/CPZeq/day)––323.46(120.76)

Controls N=53Relatives N=55Patients with schizophrenia N=52 2(df=2)p

Sex(%men)36256922.59<0.001 Educational level(%)

Less than high school8421123.25<0.001

High school graduate28166023.46<0.001

Some college or higher64422913.560.001

PANSS pos:PANSS positive symptom subscale;PANSS neg:PANSS negative symptom subscale;PANSS gen:PANSS general symptom subscale;PANSS tot:PANSS total score; SSPI:signs and symptoms of psychotic illness total score;CPZeq:chlorpromazine equivalent.

Table2

Mean score values(SD)in the neurocognitive tests used for patients,relatives and controls.

Mean(SD)Controls(N=53)Relatives

(N=55)Patients with

schizophrenia

(N=52)

ANOVA

between-groups

ANCOVA between two-group differences

F(df=2)p Schizophrenia

versus controls

p a

Schizophrenia

versus relatives

p a

Relatives versus

controls p a

ANTa(ms)34.73(26.63)37.82(30.45)30.58(39.02)0.640.53–––

ANTo(ms)44.08(27.01)43.80(35.09)38.94(42.49)0.350.706–––

ANTc(ms)152.02(36.96)166.93(59.80)203.13(110.31) 6.360.0020.0450.0310.590

ANTRT(ms)704.96(118.35)776.87(129.07)807.46(187.21) 6.620.002<0.0010.0050.021

ANT(%)97.36(4.36)94.44(8.01)87.06(16.00)13.11<0.001<0.0010.0010.057

WCST-NC 5.91(0.45) 5.58(0.97) 5.35(1.11) 5.110.0070.0420.6630.128

WCST-PE8.66(5.71)12.57(10.07)16.71(12.36)8.87<0.0010.0140.4440.187

WCST-NPE7.72(5.33)9.82(7.25)11.59(7.36) 4.350.0150.0230.0610.020

Stroop WC14.79(4.92)29.07(14.86)33.48(30.73)12.61<0.0010.0020.054<0.001

WCST:Wisconsin card sorting test;WCST-PE:number of perseverative errors;WCST-NPE:number of nonpersevarative errors;WCST-NC:number of categories completed; Stroop WC:Color-word interference score.The attention network test(ANT)assesses alertness(ANTa),orientation(ANTo),con?ict(ANTc),median reaction time(ANT-RT), and percentage of correct answers(ANT%).

a Adjusted for sociodemographic variables(sex,educational level,age at interview).

test that measured the same executive and attention function (WCST,Stroop WC).Pearson correlations revealed strong correla-tions(all p<0.001)between ANTc con?ict performance or ANT-RT and WCST-NC,WCST-PE,WCST–NPE and Stroop WC.3.3.Clinical correlation

We examined the relation of the attention network tests with clinical symptom scores,age at onset,duration of the illness,

treat-Fig.1.ANT con?ict(ANTc),median reaction time(ANT-RT)and Stroop WC performances in patients,relatives and controls.

F.Breton et al./Neuropsychologia49 (2011) 203–208207

ment daily dose in schizophrenia patients.We found a positive correlation between the poorer performance in the ANTc and the disorganization score(from the SSPI scale)(r=0.47,p=0.01). No correlation was found between cognitive impairments and PANSS scores(positive,p=0.20;negative,p=0.23;total,p=0.59, respectively,for ANTc particularly).There was also no evidence of correlation among ANTc and illness duration,age at onset or antipsychotic treatment level(p=0.141,p=0.30;p=0.67,respec-tively).

4.Discussion

The main?ndings of our study were(1)the identi?cation of a speci?c de?cit in the executive control of attention(ANTc)in schizophrenia,which seem to be directly attributable to the ill-ness itself,and particularly to the severity of the disorganization, and(2)validation of the Stroop WC test and ANT overall reaction times as probable endophenotype markers for genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia.

In our sample,the patients with schizophrenia had a relatively short illness follow-up time and were all being treated with atyp-ical antipsychotics which are supposed to have bene?cial effect on cognition(Harvey,Rabinowitz,Eerdekens,&Davidson,2005; Volavka et al.,2002)with no other drugs that affect cognition. They constituted a relatively homogenous group of outpatients with schizophrenia,and displayed an overall de?cit compared to controls in executive functions measured using the ANT,WCST and Stroop tests.The ANTc performance was positively correlated with the WCST and Stroop WC performance,which further vali-date the fact that it is executive functions which were assessed in our sample.As a result of the inclusion criteria,the patients with schizophrenia were younger when interviewed than either the control or relatives groups.However,ANTc performance was not in?uenced by age after seven(Rueda et al.,2004).The sex ratio was different in the different groups,and the control group had received more years of education than either the patient or relative groups.To take these differences into account,our results were reported before and after controlling for these three confounding demographic variables.This suggested that the de?cits observed in patients with schizophrenia could be attributed directly to the illness,rather than to these variables that might affect cognition performance.We con?rmed that patients had a speci?c attention de?cit,and performed signi?cantly less well in their executive con-trol attention network tests(ANTc and ANT-RT),whereas their alerting(ANTa)and orienting(ANTo)network performances did not differ from those of the healthy control subjects.Our?ndings are consistent with several previous studies using conventional executive tests(Heinrichs&Zakzanis,1998;Johnson-Selfridge& Zalewski,2001),and with previous studies using ANT in partic-ular(Gooding et al.,2006;Wang et al.,2005).However,a study focusing on male patients only(Nestor et al.,2007;Opgen-Rhein et al.,2008)or strati?ed for gender(Urbanek et al.,2009),and another focusing on less symptomatic patients measured by the PANSS(Neuhaus et al.,2007)did not report these positive results. Sex differences and residual psychotic productivity might poten-tially explain these con?icting results for the attention network. Interestingly,our results remained signi?cant after controlling for the effect of sex on performance in the test.Another explanation for the discrepancy has been proposed by Nestor et al.(2007)and Urbanek et al.(2009).The monitoring failures in their schizophre-nia patients could have masked executive control impairments in patients with older age and longer duration of illness compared to our patients.Moreover,we found a signi?cant correlation between the ANTc score and disorganization score but not PANSS scores. In our sample,schizophrenia patients’de?cit in executive function attention network is related to abnormal performance of other task involving executive functioning processes(Stroop WC and WCST) and some of the characteristic symptoms of the disorder,such as positive formal thought disorder and loose association.Disorgani-zation is one of the cardinal features of schizophrenia(Andreasen& Flaum,1991;Liddle,1987),and differing intensity of these symp-toms in the schizophrenia patients may explain the inconsistent ?ndings in studies that failed to take the in?uence of disorganiza-tion symptoms into account.

This study demonstrated that?rst-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia share some of the attention de?cits observed in schizophrenia.First-degree relatives performed signi?cantly less well than healthy controls for the Stroop WC test and ANT reaction time,therefore they appear as potential schizophrenia-associated intermediate phenotype.In contrast,the effect of con?ict on atten-tion appeared to be illness de?cit.We thus demonstrated for the ?rst time a familial resemblance for two tests assessing the exec-utive function of attention,but not for the WCST test in families of patients with schizophrenia.The WCST results for executive dysfunction are partially inconsistent with those of two previous meta-analyses(Snitz et al.,2006;Sz?ke et al.,2005).Nevertheless, here we used strict and identical inclusion criteria for the healthy relatives and control groups,and excluded all moderator variables known to affect cognitive function,such as psychiatric disease, somatic disease or medical treatment known to severely affect cog-nition.Moreover,the healthy relatives had all passed the peak age for the risk of schizophrenia.One other plausible reason that could more probably explain the lack of any signi?cant difference in our study is its statistical power,which may account for the detection of familial resemblance in schizophrenia families.Nevertheless,sig-ni?cant results were found for the Stroop WC test and ANT-RT, which all involved selective attention,even though the same sam-ple size was used.Further studies are required to replicate these results in larger samples.

In conclusion,the ANT is particularly interesting for the study of executive and attentional processes in patients with schizophre-nia.Firstly,it reveals that schizophrenia patients seem to have a speci?c executive attention de?cit,in accordance with other studies(Gooding et al.,2006;Wang et al.,2005).The executive control network orchestrates the capacity to decide between con-?icting or competing responses based upon a principle or goal. Interestingly,functional imaging studies of healthy controls con-ducted during the performance of ANT con?rmed the anatomical and functional independence of the alerting,orientating and con-?ict resolution(executive)functions of attention,which activate distinct cortical and subcortical anatomical networks(Fan et al., 2002;Fan,McCandliss,Fossella,Flombaum,&Posner,2005).Par-ticularly,these studies suggest that the midline and lateral frontal areas of the cortex are activated,especially the anterior cingulate cortex,and that dopamine may be implicated in modulating these areas during executive control tasks(Ingwar&Franzen,1974).

Moreover,the con?ict condition of the ANT could be used in genetic studies.Fan et al.(2001)demonstrated that the execu-tive control measured by the ANT is heritable(89%),while lower levels of heritability were observed for the alerting and median reaction times,18%and16%,respectively.The ANT is an attrac-tive endophenotypes for schizophrenia because it assesses easily distinct components of attention,each of which activate spe-ci?c cortical and subcortical brain regions and neurotransmitter systems(Fan et al.,2002,2005).Interestingly,the implication of prefrontal areas in the performance of the executive atten-tion network could be used to identify a candidate gene that affects dopaminergic signaling.For example,one single nucleotide polymorphism(rs1800497/TaqIA)of the ANKK1gene(located downstream from the DRD2gene)has been associated both with the executive control of ANT(Fossella,Green,&Fan,2006)and

208 F.Breton et al./Neuropsychologia49 (2011) 203–208

with schizophrenia(Dubertret et al.,2004,2010;Le Strat,Ramoz, &Gorwood,2009).This constitutes the next challenge,and stud-ies following on from this neurocognitive study in schizophrenia should include both cognitive tests and genetic investigations.

Acknowledgments

INSERM(RBM99003)has supported this work.We thank Monika Ghosh for the English editing of the manuscript. References

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关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为：（一）专著示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。（三）报纸文章示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3）（四）期刊文章示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。参考文献的类型根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

100篇英文经典文献

share with 各位会计、财务专业的同学... （P.S.读英文期刊绝对是体力活...开读前一定要吃好睡好...）这些是会计学的基础文献，是所有其他文献的参考文献~~~ 经典文献（The 100 articles with the highest citation index-until 1996）参考：Lawrence D. Brown, 1996, “Influential Accounting Articles, Individuals, Ph. D Granting Institutions and Faculties; A Citational Analysis”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol.21, NO.7/8, P726-728 1. Ball, R. and Brown, P., 1968, “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”, journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, pp. 159-178 1. 2.Watts R.L., Zimmerman J., 1978, “Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards”, The Ac counting Review, pp. 112-134 2. 3.Healy P.M, 1985, “The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, April, 85-107 3.Hopwood A. G., “Towards an Organizational Perspective for the Study of Accounting and Information S ystems”, Accounting, Organizations and Society (No. 1, 1978) pp. 3-14 4.Collins, D. W., Kothari, S. P., 1989, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics, pp. 143-181 5.EastonP.D, Zmijewski M.E, 1989, “Cross-Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 117-141 6.Beaver, W. H., 1968, “The Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements”, jo urnal of Accounting Research, pp. 67-92 7.Holthausen R.W., Leftwich R.W., 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August, pp77-117 8.Patell J.M, 1976, “Corp orate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276 9.Brown L.D., Griffin P.A., Hagerman R.L., Zmijewski M.E, 1987, “An Evaluation of Alternative Proxies for the Market’s Assessment of Unexpected Earnings”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61-87 10.Ou J.A., Penman S.H., 1989, “Financial Statement Analysis and the Prediction of Stock Returns”, Journal of Ac counting and Economics, Nov., 295-329 11.William H. Beaver, Roger Clarke, William F. Wright, 1979, “The Association between Unsystematic Security Returns and the Magnitude of Earnings Forecast Errors,” Journal of Accounting Research, 17, 316-340.

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译平面设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学院：专 2011年6月电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5016385169.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式

关于毕业设计说明书（论文）英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式为提高我校毕业生毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）的撰写质量，做到毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）在内容和格式上的统一和规范，特规定如下: 一、装订顺序论文（设计说明书）英文文献及中文翻译内容一般应由3个部分组成，严格按以下顺序装订。 1、封面 2、中文翻译 3、英文文献（原文）二、书写格式要求 1、毕业设计（论文）英文文献及中文翻译分毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译和毕业论文英文文献及中文翻译两种，所有出现相关字样之处请根据具体情况选择“毕业设计说明书” 或“毕业论文”字样。 2、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译中的中文翻译用Word 软件编辑，英文文献用原文，一律打印在A4幅面白纸上，单面打印。 3、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译的上边距:30mm；下边距:25mm；左边距:3Omm；右边距:2Omm；行间距1.5倍行距。 4、中文翻译页眉的文字为“中北大学2019届毕业设计说明书” 或“中北大学××××届毕业论文”，用小四号黑体字，页眉线的上边距为25mm；页脚的下边距为18mm。 5、中文翻译正文用小四号宋体，每章的大标题用小三号黑体，加粗，留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行；二级标题用小四号黑体，加粗；其余小标题用小四号黑体，不加粗。 6、文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如图1.2，表2.3，附注3.2或式4.3。 7、图表应认真设计和绘制,不得徒手勾画。表格与插图中的文字一律用5号宋体。

每一插图和表格应有明确简短的图表名，图名置于图之下，表名置于表之上，图表号与图表名之间空一格。插图和表格应安排在正文中第一次提及该图表的文字的下方。当插图或表格不能安排在该页时，应安排在该页的下一页。图表居中放置，表尽量采用三线表。每个表应尽量放在一页内，如有困难，要加“续表X.X”字样，并有标题栏。图、表中若有附注时，附注各项的序号一律用阿拉伯数字加圆括号顺序排，如:注①。附注写在图、表的下方。文中公式的编号用圆括号括起写在右边行末顶格，其间不加虚线。 8、文中所用的物理量和单位及符号一律采用国家标准，可参见国家标准《量和单位》(GB3100~3102-93)。 9、文中章节编号可参照《中华人民共和国国家标准文献著录总则》。

经典会计英文文献目录100篇

经典文献（The 100 articles with the highest citation index-until 1996）以下所有文献按照：Lawrence D. Brown, 1996, “Influential Accounting Articles, Individuals, Ph. D Granting Institutions and Faculties; A Citational Analysis”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, V ol.21, NO.7/8, P726-728提供的资料 1.Ball, R. and Brown, P., 1968, “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”, journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, pp. 159-178 2.Watts R.L., Zimmerman J., 1978, “Towards a Positive Theory of the Dete rmination of Accounting Standards”, The Accounting Review, pp. 112-134 3.Healy P.M, 1985, “The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, April, 85-107 4.Hopwood A. G., “Towards an Organizational Pe rspective for the Study of Accounting and Information Systems”, Accounting, Organizations and Society (No. 1, 1978) pp. 3-14 5.Collins, D. W., Kothari, S. P., 1989, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics, pp. 143-181 6.Easton P.D, Zmijewski M.E, 1989, “Cross-Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 117-141 7.Bea ver, W. H., 1968, “The Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements”, journal of Accounting Research, pp. 67-92 8.Holthausen R.W., Leftwich R.W., 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August, pp77-117 9.Patell J.M, 1976, “Corporate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276 10.Brown L.D., Griffin P.A., Hagerman R.L., Zmijewski M.E, 1987, “An Evaluation of Alternative Proxies for the Market’s Assessment of Unexpected Earnings”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61-87 11.Ou J.A., Penman S.H., 1989, “Financial Statement Analysis and the Prediction o f Stock Returns”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Nov., 295-329 12.William H. Beaver, Roger Clarke, William F. Wright, 1979, “The Association between Unsystematic Security Returns and the Magnitude of Earnings Forecast Errors,” Journal of Accounting Research, 17, 316-340. 13.Burchell S., Clubb C., Hopwood, A., Hughes J., Nahapiet J., 1980, “The Roles of Accounting in Organizations and Society”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, No.1, pp. 5-28

中英文翻译与文献

Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;