“好”与“坏”的对应情况辨析

“好”与“坏”的对应情况辨析

【摘要】：现代汉语中存在着”好”和”坏”这两个词语，他们的用法有相同之处，也有不同的地方。文章主要是从构词能力上对”好”和”坏”这两个词进行比较分析。

【关键词】：现代汉语；好；坏

通常情况下，我们把”好”和”坏”看作是一组反义词。在第5版的现代汉语词典中，”好”有15个义项，而坏只有6个义项。其中”好”在表示优秀的；优点多的；令人满意的意思时与”坏”的缺点多的；使人不满意的意思是相对的。例如：好人---坏人；好事---坏事；好处---坏处；好话---坏话。此时的”好”和”坏”是一种完全对应的关系。那么是否”好”的所有义项都能在”坏”那里找到对应的一项呢？在第５版的现代汉语词典里，我们可以发现带”好”字的词条共有９８个，而带”坏”字的词条只有１７个。由此，一方面我们可以发现”好”和”坏”的构词能力是不同的，”好”的构词能力远远超过”坏”，另一方面，当我们深入研究这种差别时，会发现”好”存在着许多”坏”无法与之相对应的义项，下面就对”好”与”坏”的构词能力进行比较分析并对具体原因进行探究。

一、”好”和”坏”构词能力的比较

1.1 完全相同的用法主要体现在短语中，此时二者的语法结构相同，意义也完全对应

①在构成动补结构的短语中，”好”和”坏”的用法和词义完全对应。此时多用于”～＋形”、”～＋副”或”动＋～”的结构中。如：

好／坏：～得多、～得很、～极了、～得不得了、～得厉害、住得～、吃得～、弄～了、管理得～

②在构成定中结构的词和短语中，”好”和”坏”的用法和词义完全对应。如：

好／坏：词：～处、～坏、～事、～人、～天儿、～心

短语：～天气、产品、风气、脾气、习惯、印象、事情

③在构成主谓结构的短语中，”好”和”坏”的用法和词义完全对应。如：

好／坏：天气～、气候～、环境～、条件～、心情～、情绪～、态度～、习惯～、风气～、质量～手感～、待遇～、秩序～、印象～、感觉～、老师～、同学～、家庭～、出国～、表现～

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