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会计概念英文名词解释

会计概念英文名词解释
会计概念英文名词解释

Session 1 Definitions and Elements of Financial Statements

You will need to learn these underlined terms for the midterm!

I.Income statement–“video” of revenues, expenses, gains, losses

over a period of time

a.Basic definitions:

Revenue–increase in equity (and associated increase in assets

and/or decrease in liabilities) earned from the sale of goods or

provision of services to customers; it is measured on a gross basis

as the amount of assets to be received.

Expense–decrease in equity (and associated decrease in assets

and/or increase in liabilities) created by sale of goods,

rendering of services or passage of time; it is measured on a gross

basis as the amount of assets consumed.

Gain – increase in equity resulting from selling assets or

recognizing the increase in value of assets (or decrease in value

of liabilities); it is measured on a net basis as the positive

difference between current value and amount recorded on the

balance sheet.

Loss – decrease in equity resulting from selling assets or

decrease in value of assets (or increase in value of liabilities);

it is measured on a net basis as the negative difference between

current value and amount recorded on the balance sheet.

Accounting period - the time period between consecutive balance

sheets for which a firm prepares an income statement and statement

of cash flows ., an annual report has a 12-month accounting period

and a quarterly statement has a 3-month accounting period).

b.Elements:

Sales - revenue from selling goods or providing services to

customers, which is reported as the top line on the income

statement.

Cost of Goods Sold or Cost of Sales labor, material, and overhead

costs directly related to providing goods or services.

Gross Profit is the difference between Sales Revenue and Cost of

Goods Sold, which represents the profit that is available to cover

all of the other expenses on the income statement.

Operating Expenses are expenses related to the ordinary operating

activities of the firm of providing goods or services to customers

or gains and losses related to operating assets like PPE.

Operating Profit or Income equals gross profit minus operating

expenses.

Other Nonoperating Revenue and Expense are items related to

FINANCING activities ., interest expense) and INVESTING

activities ., interest income and gains and losses on

investments).

Income Before Tax equals operating profit minus other income and

expense.

Tax expense equals a GAAP based measure of the government charges

on income.

Net Income equals income before tax minus tax expense.

c.Income statement accounts are called TEMPORARY ACCOUNTS because

amounts accumulate for a defined period of time and are then

zeroed out when the balance is transferred to retained earnings.

Annual income statement amounts represent the total revenues or

expenses for a 12 month period called the fiscal year.

II.Balance sheet–“snapshot”of assets, liabilities, stockholders’ equity at a point in time

a.Basic Definitions

Operating cycle - average time it takes to go from cash to goods

and services sold to customers and then back to cash collected

from customers.

b.Elements:

Asset: resource the firm controls because of a past transaction

or event that provides expected future benefits.

Current asset: asset a firm expects to convert to cash,

Noncurrent asset: asset not classified as current.

Liability: creditor’s claims or obligation that represents a probable future economic sacrifice of assets or services based on a past transaction or event.

Current liability: obligation a firm expects to pay within

the longer of one year or an operating cycle.

Noncurrent liability: liability not classified as

current.

Shareholders’ equity: measure of financing provided by owners of the firm that captures owners’residual claim on assets of the firm after satisfying liabilities.

Retained earnings: cumulative net income minus dividends

over the life of the firm.

Retained earnings are a source of financing. When earnings

exceed the dividends paid out to shareholders, it increases

equity or the owner’s claim on the firm.

There is NOT a corresponding “cash fund” in the asset

section equal to the balance in retained earnings. Changes

in retained earnings are a function of net income and

dividends declared, which may or may not correspond to

changes in cash.

Dividends: distribution of cash to the owners of the firm.

c.Balance sheet accounts are called PERMANENT ACCOUNTS because the

amounts accumulate year after year. The ending balance from the previous year becomes the beginning balance for the next year.

For example, ending cash amount in 2011 will be the beginning cash amount in 2014, that is then adjusted for 2014 inflows and

outflows to determine the 2014 cash amount.

d.Basic accounting equation:

ASSETS = LIABILITIES + STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

The powerful implication is investments in assets can be financed

with either DEBT or EQUITY!

Assets are resources and liabilities and equity represent the

claims on those resources.

III.Statement of Retained Earnings (included in Statement of Shareholders’ Equity) presents a“video” of the change in

retained earnings from net income and dividends during the period.

IV.Statement of Cash Flows–“video” of the sources and uses of cash over a period of time that explains the change in the cash balance on the balance sheet.

a.Operating –core operations and items related to measurement of

net income

b.Investing- firms INVEST in assets so includes asset transactions:

i.buy and sell property plant and equipment

ii.buy and sell investments

c.Financing - firms FINANCE with debt and equity so includes debt

and equity transactions

i.borrow and pay back nonoperating debt

ii.issue and repurchase stock

iii.pay dividends

d.Format

+Net Operating Cash Flow

+ Net Investing Cash Flow

+ Net Financing Cash Flow

= Change in Cash for the Period

Beginning Cash from Last Year

+/- Change in Cash for the Period

= Ending Cash for This Year

Balance Sheet Account Name Definitions

An account accumulates the increases and decreases that occur for a single item. GAAP does not provide an all-inclusive list of acceptable account names so their usage

varies by firm.

Separate accounts are reported if they are “material” or crucial to understanding firm performance. For example, some firms divide interest revenue and interest expense into separate accounts while other firms combine them into one net account.

You will receive credit in exams as long as the name is potentially used in practice and accurately describes and correctly classifies an account as asset, liability, or shareholders’ equity. It is acceptable, but not required, to use more specific account names like prepaid rent for prepaid expense.

The following list of account names are commonly used.

Assets:

Cash –currency or balances in checking accounts, CDs, or money market accounts available to meet current obligations. Highly liquid short-term investments with less than

90 days to maturity and little risk of value changes are called "cash equivalents" and

included in the cash account.

Short-term investment or marketable securities –current value of

investments in another firm’s debt or equity securities that can be quickly

sold for cash.

Accounts receivable –amount due from customers for goods and services already delivered. Gross accounts receivable is the amount owed. Net accounts receivable is the amount expected to be collected after subtracting an allowance for uncollectible accounts.

Notes receivable –amount to be received from an outside entity formalized with

Inventory – raw materials, work in process (products started but not finished), and finished goods available for sale to customers.

Prepaid expenses –asset recognized when cash paid in advance of when

future expenses will be incurred.

Long-term investments–investments in bonds or equity securities expected to be held for the long-term.

Property, plant, and equipment (gross) –original cost to obtain and put into service buildings, land, and equipment.

Accumulated depreciation – a contra or offsetting account with the cumulative amount of the cost of property, plant and equipment assigned to depreciation expense.

Property, plant and equipment (net) –original cost minus accumulated depreciation.

Intangible assets – items like patents and copyrights that provide future benefit but do not have physical substance. Intangible assets are only recognized when they are purchased from an outside source. For example, if a firm purchases a patent from another company the cost is shown as an asset. However, if a firm does research that results in a patent, those research costs are included in R&D expense and an asset is only recognized for the legal and registration fees to obtain the patent.

Goodwill – purchase price of an acquired company minus the market value of the identifiable assets minus liabilities of that company. The market values of both tangible and intangible assets are considered in the calculation of identifiable assets. Goodwill is ONLY recognized when one company purchases another company at a premium for things like future potential, market power, and quality of workforce that are not considered “i dentifiable assets.”

Liabilities:

Accounts payable – amount owed to suppliers for inventory or other goods or services purchased on credit.

Other payables or accrued expenses–amounts owed for expenses that have already been recognized like interest, taxes, salaries, and rent.

Short-term loans payable or notes payable–obligations formalized with a note or lending agreement that specify interest and payment terms and are due within the next year.

Current maturities of long-term debt- the portion of long-term debt expected

to be paid within the next year.

Unearned revenue or advances from customer– liability incurred because cash was received from customers in advance of when revenue is earned so the firm has an obligation to deliver goods or services to the customer.

Shareholders’ Equity:

Common stock at par –par or stated value of total stock issued over the life of the firm. Common stock has voting rights. Note that par value has legal significance but no real economic significance. For example, in some legal jurisdictions par value can play a role in distributions to stockholders in the case of liquidation. However, par value does not relate to the market value of the stock. Some legal jurisdictions, including Texas, allow no par value stock.

Additional paid in capital - total amount of cash received above par value when the stock was issued, aggregated over the life of the firm. Note that some firms include the par value and additional paid in capital in one “common stock” account. Also, note that additional paid in capital

is reduced for certain stock option and treasury stock transactions.

Example: Issue 10,000 shares of $1 par value common stock for $5

per

share. The shareholders' equity section will appear

as follows: Common stock at par $10,000

Additional paid in capital $40,000

Preferred stock - amount of cash the firm received for stock giving the holder a preference relative to common shareholders in terms of dividends and cash received if the firm is liquidated.

Treasury stock - repurchase price of stock that was issued and then repurchased by the firm and held internally. Notice that treasury stock reduces shareholders’ equity because it reduces the equity claimed by OUTSIDE shareholders.

Retained earnings – cumulative net income minus dividends over the life of the firm.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - gains and losses that bypass the income statement and flow directly to the shareholders’equity, accumulated over the life of the firm.

Income Statement Account Name Definitions

Revenue

Interest income– interest earned on debt investments.

Expenses

Cost of goods sold or cost of sales revenue–labor, material and overhead costs directly related to providing goods and services. It is recognized only for the goods or services delivered during the period. For example, a manufacturing firm includes manufacturing salaries and depreciation on manufacturing equipment in the inventory account and then in cost of goods sold when the inventory is sold to customers.

Assume TI has 20 inventory items available for sale that cost $1000 each, and they sell 5 of these items for $1600 each. The income statement would show sales revenue of $8,000 (5 * $1,600) and cost of goods sold of $5,000 (5 * $1,000). It is not appropriate to show revenues minus cost of goods sold as one net amount on the income statement. With this example, the inventory asset account on the balance sheet contain $15,000 (15 * $1,000).

Now assume, you know that beginning inventory is $12,000, purchases were $8,000, and ending inventory is $15,000. Calculate Cost of Goods Sold with the following equation:

Beginning Inventory 12,000

+ Purchases +8,000

= Cost of Goods Available for Sale $20,000

- Ending Inventory -$15,000

= Cost of Goods Sold =$5,000

Depreciation expense– cost of PPE allocated to expense during the current period.

Wage or salary expense– amount of wages employees have earned during the period.

Rent expense– amount of rent incurred during the period.

Advertising expense–amount of advertising costs incurred during the period.

Interest expense–cost incurred during the period for money borrowed.

Insurance expense– amount of insurance used during the period.

Tax expense– federal, state, and local taxes measured on income.

Selling, general, and administrative expense– all costs to sell and manage a firm (includes sales and management salaries and depreciation related to headquarters building).

Research and development–all costs to create and develop new products (includes R&D salaries and depreciation on research facilities and equipment).

基础会计名词解释大全 之财产清查 报表

基础会计名词解释大全之财产清查报表 财产清查就是根据账簿记录,对企业的货币资金、存货、固定资产、债权债务、票据等的盘点或核对,查明各项财产的实存数与账面结存数是否相符的一种专门方法。 全部清查是指对全部财产进行盘点和核对。 局部清查是指根据需要对企业的一部分财产进行的清查。 定期清查定期清查是指根据预先计划安排的时间对财产所进行的清查。这种清查一般在财产管理制度中予以规定,通常在年末、季末或月末结账前进行。 不定期清查不定期清查是指根据需要所进行的临时清查。 内部清查内部清查是指由本企业的有关人员对本企业的财产所进行的清查。这种清查也称为自查。 外部清查外部清查是指由企业外部的有关部门或人员根据国家法律或制度的规定对企业所进行的财产清查。 永续盘存制又称账面盘存制,是指通过设置各种财产明细账,逐笔地登记其收入数和发出数,并能随时结出账面余额的一种盘存制度。 实地盘存制是指平时只根据会计凭证在账簿中登记各种财产的增加数,不登记减少数,在期末时通过盘点实物,来确定各种财产的数量,并据以计算出各项财产的减少数的一种盘存制度。 先进先出法是以先购入的存货先发出这样一种存货实物流转假设为前提,对发出存货进行计价的一种方法。 加权平均法是以本月全部收货数量加月初存货数量作为权数,去除本月全部收货成本加上月初存货成本,计算出存货的加权平均单位成本,从而确定存货的发出和库存成本。 后进先出法对成本流转的假设与先进先出法正好相反,它是以后收进的存货先发出为假定条件,对发出存货按最近收进的单价进行计价的一种方法。 会计报表是综合反映企事业单位特定时日财务状况和特定时期经营成果及现金流量情况的文件。 静态会计报表是反映静态会计要素的报表,如资产负债表。 动态会计报表是反映企业一定时期资金的耗费及回收状况的报表。如利润表和现金流量表等。 月报表是按月编制的会计报表,如资产负债表、利润表等。

生物药剂学与药物动力学专业名词英文及相关名词解释

生物药剂学与药物动力学专业名词英文及相关名词解释 第一章绪论 1、生物药剂学(biopharmaceutics):研究药物及其剂型在体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄过程,阐明药物的剂型因素、机体的生物因素与药物效应三者之间相互关系的科学。 2、吸收(absorption),分布(distribution),代谢(metabolism),排泄(excretion)——ADME 3、转运(transport):吸收+分布+排泄,处置(disposition):分布+代谢+排泄,消除(elimination):代谢+排泄 第二章药物的吸收 1、药物吸收(absorption of drug):指药物从给药部位进入体循环的过程。 2、膜转运(membrane transport):物质通过生物膜的现象。 3、跨细胞途径(transcellular pathway):指一些脂溶性药物借助细胞膜的脂溶性、或者特殊转运机制的药物借助膜蛋白的作用、或者大分子和颗粒状物质借助特殊细胞的作用等,而穿过细胞膜的转运途径。 4、细胞间途径(paracellular pathway):指一些水溶性小分子物质通过细胞连接处微孔而进行扩散的转运途径。 5、被动转运(passive transport):不需要消耗能量,生物膜两侧的药物由高浓度侧向低浓度侧转运的过程。 6、单纯扩散/被动扩散(simple diffusion),促进扩散/易化扩散(facilitated diffusion) 7、膜孔转运(membrane pore transport):物质通过细胞间微孔按单纯扩散机制转运的过程。 8、主动转运(active transport):需要消耗能量,生物膜两侧的药物借助载体蛋白的帮助由低浓度向侧向高浓度侧转运的过程。 9、膜动转运(membrane mobile transport):通过细胞膜的主动变形将物质摄入细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外的转运过程。包括入胞作用(endocytosis),出胞作用(exocytosis) 10、多药耐药(multidrug resistance, MDR):外排转运体对抗肿瘤药物的外排作用会导致肿瘤细胞内药量减少,从而对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用下降。 11、胃排空(gastric emptying):胃内容物从胃幽门排入十二指肠的过程。 12、肝首过效应(live first pass effect):经胃肠道给药的药物在尚未吸收进入血液循环前即在肝脏被代谢,而使进入血液循环的原形药量减少的现象。 13、肝肠循环(enterohepatic cycle):指经胆汁排入肠道内的药物,在肠道中被重新吸收,经门静脉又返回肝脏的现象。 14、pH-分配假说(pH-partition hypothesis):药物的吸收取决于吸收部位pH条件下未解离型药物的比例和油/水分配系数的假说。 15、生物药剂学分类系统(biopharmaceutics classification system, BCS):根据药物的体外溶解性和肠道渗透性的高低,对药物进行分类的一种科学方法。 16、吸收数(absorption number, An):反映药物在胃肠道渗透性高低的函数。(无单位!) 17、剂量数(dose number, Do):药物溶解性能的函数。 18、溶出数(dissolution number, Dn):反映药物从制剂中释放速度的函数。

会计专业术语中英文对照

A (1)ABC 作业基础成本计算 A (2)absorbed overhead 已吸收制造费用 A (3)absorption costing 吸收成本计算 A (4)account 帐户,报表 A (5)accounting postulate 会计假设 A (6)accounting series release 会计公告文件 A (7)accounting valuation 会计计价 A (8)account sale 承销清单 A (9)accountability concept 经营责任概念 A (10)accountancy 会计职业 A (11)accountant 会计师 A (12)accounting 会计 A (13)agency cost 代理成本 A (14)accounting bases 会计基础 A (15)accounting manual 会计手册 A (16)accounting period 会计期间 A (17)accounting policies 会计方针 A (18)accounting rate of return 会计报酬率 A (19)accounting reference date 会计参照日 A (20)accounting reference period 会计参照期间A (21)accrual concept 应计概念 A (22)accrual expenses 应计费用

A (23)acid test ration 速动比率(酸性测试比率) A (24)acquisition 购置 A (25)acquisition accounting 收购会计 A (26)activity based accounting 作业基础成本计算A (27)adjusting events 调整事项 A (28)administrative expenses 行政管理费 A (29)advice note 发货通知 A (30)amortization 摊销 A (31)analytical review 分析性检查 A (32)annual equivalent cost 年度等量成本法 A (33)annual report and accounts 年度报告和报表A (34)appraisal cost 检验成本 A (35)appropriation account 盈余分配帐户 A (36)articles of association 公司章程细则 A (37)assets 资产 A (38)assets cover 资产保障 A (39)asset value per share 每股资产价值 A (40)associated company 联营公司 A (41)attainable standard 可达标准 A (42)attributable profit 可归属利润 A (43)audit 审计 A (44)audit report 审计报告

微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照

【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下,需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动,供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动,引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时,由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望,则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系,这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说,表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中,食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是:对于一个家庭或一个国家来说,富裕程度越高,则食物支出的收入弹性就越小;反之,则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内,在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下,随着消费者对某种商品消费的增

中级财务会计名词解释大全1

1财务会计 2管理会计 3 财务会计目标 4 会计假设 5 权责发生制 6 现值 7可变现净值 8公允价值 9会计制度 10会计准则会计准则11财务会计规范 12及时性 13谨慎性 14重要性 15实质重于形式 16可比性 17相关性 18可理解性 19可靠性 20现值 22历史成本 21重置成本 23会计要素 25 .会计分期 24货币计量 26持续经营 27会计主体 28财务会计基本假设29财务会计目标 30应收票据贴现 31货币资产 32性资产交换 33周转材料 34结算方式 35应收款项 36净价法 37总价法 38商业折扣 39现金折扣 40带息商业汇票 41其他货币资金 42可变现净值 43存货跌价准备

44成本与可变现净值孰低法45永续盘存制 46实地盘存制 47材料成本差异科目 48计划成本法 49零售价法 50毛利率法 51个别计价法 52周转材料 53权益法 54成本法 55重大影响 56共同控制 57对联营企业投资 58对合营企业投资 59 实际利率法 60实际利率 61长期股权投资 62可供出售金融资产 63持有至到期投资 64交易性金融资产 65 融资租入固定资产 66 弃置费用 67无形资产 68使用寿命不确定的无形资产69研究阶段 70商誉 71投资性房地产 72长期待摊费用 73应付票据 74带息票据 75职工薪酬 76职工教育经 77非货币性福利 78 股份支付 79营业税 80营业额 81印花税 82短期借款 83预收账款 84与收益相关的政府补助 85与资产相关的政府补助 86借款费用 87借款利息

88折价或溢价摊销 89公司债券 90可转换公司债券 91债券面值 92债券利率 93债券的溢价摊销 94债券的折价摊销 95实际利率法 96实际利率 97长期应付款 98未确认融资费用 99专项应付款 100或有事项 101债务重组 102直接计入所有者权益的利得和损失103未分配利润 104股权登记日 105宣告日 106留存收益 107等待期 108授权资本制 109资本公 110实收资本 111所有者权益 112负债的计税基础 113资产的计税基础 114可抵扣暂时性差异 115应纳税暂时性差异 116暂时性差 117表结法异 118账结法 119营业外支出 120营业外收入 121公允价值变动收益 122资产减值损失 123销售费用 124财务费用 126期间费用 125管理费用 127成本加成合同 128固定造价合同 129完工百分比法 130商品销售退回 131售后回购

独家整理,外国新闻史名词解释

外国新闻史名词解释 传播发展三大里程碑:语言的产生是人类传播史上第一个重要的里程碑;文字的出现;印刷术的发明是人类传播史上第三个重要的里程碑。 新闻信:新闻信是指传递、交流信息的公私信件。他是西方古代历史上流传最广的手写传播形式。产生和发展于罗马帝国时代。新闻信主要流行于上层社会。有些记述了当时许多重大事件和人物,记录了罗马的生活、乡村情况、以及民间习俗等。标志着世界上第一批职业新闻工作者的诞生,“新闻信”也成为世界上第一批新闻商品。 新闻书:16世纪末,西欧等地开始出现了不定期的印刷品,主要报道一些比较重要的事件。这种印刷品与记事性小册子相比,新闻性明显增强,并因其书本形式,被称为新闻书。新闻书与报刊相比:形式内容上,虽有刊名,但出版日期不固定、出版间隔很长。新闻迟缓,时效性不高;受众方面,没有固定订户,只在市场上像其他书一样公开出售;出版者多为印刷商,以印刷其他书籍为主,附带出版自己编写的新闻书。 威尼斯小报:16世纪在地中海北岸的威尼斯出现的手写的小报。内容主要是商品行情、船期和交通信息,间或也报道政局变化、战争消息和灾祸事件。这些小报不定期,沿街兜售,每份一个铜元。后来这种小报流传到罗马以及欧洲各国,就称为威尼斯小报。 皇家特许制:1534年,英王亨利八世正式颁令建立皇家特许制度,规定所有出版商均须经过皇家许可,否则禁止营业。 知识税:1712年,英国国会在托利党人操纵下通过法案,规定对所有报刊一律征收印花税,同时对报刊使用的纸张征收纸张税,刊登的广告征收广告税,这三种税合称为“知识税”。英国政府征收“知识税",既可以增加财源,又能达到寓禁于税的目的。而开征以后许多报刊不堪重负,被迫停刊,“知识税”严重阻碍了英国报业的发展为政府增加财源又限制报业。因此在各方面的压力下,政府逐步降低了“知识税”。逐年取消了广告税、印花税、纸张税,英国报业背负了150年的沉重经济包袱彻底解除了。英国报业的活力大增,发展步伐明显加快。尤为重要的是,催生了廉价报纸的出现。

药剂学英文术语

生物药剂学英文汉译英要求 Biopharmaceutics生物药剂学 Absorption吸收 Distribution分布 Metabolism代谢 Excretion排泄 Transport转运 Disposition处置 Elimination消除 Transcellular pathway细胞通道转运 Paracellular pathway细胞旁路通道转运 Passive transport被动转运 Pore transport膜孔转运 Carrier-mediated transport载体媒介转运 Facilitated diffusion易化扩散、促进扩散 Active transport主动转运 Membrane mobile transport膜动转运 Pinocytosis胞饮作用 Phagocytosis吞噬作用 First pass effect首过效应 pH-partition hypothesis pH-分配假说 Dissolution溶出 Parenteral drug delivery注射给药 Oral cavity mucosa drug delivery口腔粘膜给药Transdermal drug delivery皮肤给药 Nasal mucosa drug delivery鼻粘膜给药 Pulmonary drug delivery肺部给药 Rectal drug delivery直肠给药 Ophthalmic drug delivery眼部给药 Distribution分布 Accumulation蓄积 Apparent volume of distribution表观分布容积Metabolize, metabolism代谢 Biotransformation生物转化 Inhibition酶抑制作用 Inhibitor酶抑制剂 Induction酶诱导作用 Inducer酶诱导剂

曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)

宏观经济学 第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量 Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. 微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。 Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏观经济学:研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值GDP:给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值 Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing. 消费:除了购买新住房,家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。 Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing. 投资:用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government. 政府支出:地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。 Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports) 净出口:外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口)减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口)。 Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名义GDP:按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 实际GDP:按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。 GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. GDP平减指数:用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。

基础会计学名词解释(超全)

基础会计学名词解释(超全)

1、会计:是一种管理活动,是经济管理的重要组成部分。在商品货币经济条件下,它以货币为主要计量单位,并利用专门的方法和程序对各单位的经济活动进行完整、连续、系统地反映和监督,旨在提供会计信息和调高经济效益。 2、清晰性原则:是指会计记录和会计报表应当清晰明了,便于理解利用。 3、划分收益性支出和资本性支出原则:是指企业的会计核算应当合理划分收益性支出与资本性支出的界限。凡为取得本期收益而发生的支出,即支出的效益仅及于本会计年度或一个营业周期的,应当作为收益性支出;凡支出的效益及于几个会计年度(或几个营业周期)的,应当作为资金性支出。 4、会计核算的方法:是对会计对象(会计要素)进行完整的、连续的、系统地反映和监督所应用的方法. 5、会计的反映职能: 是指会计通过确认、计量、记录、报告,从数量上反映企业和行政事业单位已经发生或完成的经济活动,为经营管理提供经济信息的功能。 6、会计的监督职能:是指会计具有一定的目的和要求,利用会计反映所提供的经济信息,对企业和行政事业单位的经济活动进行控制,使之达到预期目标的功能。 7、会计核算的基本前提:是指为了保证会计工作的正常进行和会计信息的质量,对会计核算工作的看见和时间反胃、内容、基本程序和方法所作的限定,并在此基础上建立会计原则。 8、会计主体:是指会计所服务的特定单位,会计主体前提是

指会计反映说的一个特定单位的经济活动。 9、持续经营:是指企业会计核算应以持续、正常的生产经营活动为前提,而不考虑其是否将破产清算。它明确了会计主体工作的时间范围。 10、会计分期:是指把企业持续不断的生产经营过程,划分为较短的等距会计期间,以便分期结算账目,按期编制会计报表。是对会计工作时间范围的具体划分。 11、货币计量:是指对所有会计对象采用同一货币作为统一尺度来进行计量,并把企业经营活动和财务状况的数据转化为按统一货币单位反映的会计信息。 12、客观性原则:又称真实性原则,是指会计核算应当以实际发生的加以或事项为依据,如实反映企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量,做到内容真实,数字准确、资料可靠。这是对会计工作的最基本要求。 13、相关性原则:又称有用性原则,是指企业会计核算所提供的会计信息应当满足会计信息使用者的需要,同决策相关联。 14、可比性原则:是指企业的会计核算应当按照规定的会计处理方法进行,会计指标应当口径一致,以便在不同企业之间进行横向比较。 15、一贯性原则:是指企业的会计核算方法前后各期应当保持一致,不得随意变更,以便于对前后时期会计资料进行纵向比较。 16、及时性原则:是指企业的会计核算方法应当及时进行,不得提前或延后,即会计事项的处理,必须在经济业务发生

药剂学常见名词解释

1、药剂学:是研究药物制剂的基本理论、处方设计、制备工艺和合理应用的综合性技术科学。 2、剂型(药物剂型):为适应治疗或预防的需要而制备的药物应用形式即称为药物剂型。 3、药物制剂:在各种剂型中都包含有许多不同的具体品种,将其称为药物制剂。亦根据药典或药政管理部门批准的标准、为适应治疗或预防的需要而制备的药物应用形式的具体品种,称为药物制剂。 4、生物药剂学:是研究药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄的机制及过程,阐明药物因素、剂型因素和生理因素与药效之间关系的边缘科学。 5、药物动力学:是采用数学的方法,研究药物的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄的经时过程及其与药效之间关系的科学,对指导制剂设计、剂型改革、安全合理用药等提供了量化的控制指标。 6、药典:是一个国家记载药品标准、规格的法典。它由权威医药专家组成的国家药典委员会编辑、出版,由国家政府颁布、执行,具有法律约束力。 7、《中华人民共和国药典》:简称《中国药典》。(现行《中国药典》2010版——ChP.2010) 8、药品生产质量管理规范:简称GMP 。 9、处方药:是必须凭执业医师或职业助理医师处方才可调配、购买并在医生指导下使用的药品。 10、非处方药:是由专家遴选的、不需执业医师或职业助理医师处方并经过长期临床实践被认为患者可以自行判断、购买和使用并能保证安全的药品。 11、溶解度:指在规定温度和压力下溶质在一定体积溶剂中溶解的量。 12、分配系数(P ):指药物在两个不相混溶的溶剂中溶解并达到平衡时浓度的比值。 水 油;度在水相中药物的质量浓度在油相中药物的质量浓C C P P == 13、晶型:指晶态物质晶格内分子的排列形式。 14、多晶型(同质多晶现象):药物常存在有一种以上的晶型。 15、吸湿性:指固体表面能从周围环境空气中吸附水分的现象。 16、临界相对湿度:粉末吸湿达到平衡时的相对湿度称为临界相对湿度。 17、被动扩散:药物分子通过被动扩散方式透过生物膜,即由高浓度区向低浓度区移动。 18、主动扩散:一些生命必需物质和有机酸、碱等弱电解质的离子型等,通常不能透过微孔,且脂溶性小,必须借助载体或酶促系统透过生物膜转运,这种过程成为主动转运。 19、促进扩散:指一些非脂溶性物质或亲水性物质,借助细胞膜上转运蛋白的帮助,由膜的高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧,顺浓度梯度或电化学梯度差扩散或转运的过程。 20、吸收:指药物从给药部位进入体循环的过程。 21、溶出速度:指在一定条件下,单位时间内药物溶解进入溶液主体的药量。 22、药物的分布:指药物从给药部位进入血液后,由循环系统运送体内各脏器组织(包括靶细胞)的过程。 23、表观分布溶剂:指药物在体内的分布达到平衡状态时,体内总药量与血药浓度的比值。是按照血药浓度推算体内药物总量在理论上占有的体液容积。 24、血脑屏障:脑组织对外来物质有选择地摄取的能力称为血脑屏障。 25、胎盘屏障:由胎盘将母亲与胎儿血液隔开的屏障。 26、药物的代谢:指药物在体内吸收、分布的同时,在机体各种酶以及体液环境作用下,可发生一系列化学反应,导致药物化学结构的改变。 27、药物的排泄:指药物及其代谢物经不同途径排出体外的过程。 28、隔室模型:最常用的药物动力学模型。 29、消除:指体内药物不可逆失去的过程,主要包括代谢和排泄。 30、消除速度常数(k ):大多数药物从体内的消除符合表观一级速度过程,其速度与药量之间的比例常数k 称为表观一级消除速度常数,简称消除速度常数,其单位为时间的倒数。 31、生物半衰期:血浆药物浓度消除一半所需的时间。 32、清除率(Cl ):指机体或机体的某些消除器官、组织在单位时间内清除掉相当于多少体积的流经血液中的药物。清除率是表示机体或组织器官中清除药物的速率或效率的药动学参数。 33、生物利用度:衡量血管外给药用药剂量中进入体循环的相对数量与在大循环中出现的相对速率。 34、粉体:指细小固体粒子的集合体。 35、粒子:粉体运动的最小单元,包括粉末(粒径小于100μm )和颗粒(粒径大于100μm )。

会计的基本概念

会计的基本概念 (一)会计的概念 考试内容:了解财务会计和管理会计的概念及两者的主要联系和区别。 会计是以货币为主要计量单位,采用专门的技术方法,通过对单位的全部资金运动进行系统、客观、及时地进行确认、计量和报告的一种经济管理活动。 现代会计以企业会计为核心,形成财务会计与管理会计两大分支。 财务会计与管理会计根本的区别是对外提供还是对内提供决策所需的信息。 (二)会计的职能 考试内容:掌握会计的职能。 会计具有核算和监督两项基本职能。 1.会计的核算职能 核算职能是会计的最基本职能。会计核算具有完整性、连续性和系统性的特点。 2.会计的监督职能 会计监督包括事前、事中和事后监督。 会计的核算职能和监督职能是不可分割的。核算是基本的、首要的,核算是监督的前提;会计监督保证会计核算的正确性。

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