微观经济学词汇

Ten Principles of Microeconomics

#1: People Face Tradeoffs

#2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It

#3: Rational People Think at the Margin

#4: People Respond to Incentives

#5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off

#6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity

#7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes

#8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money

#10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment scarcity 稀缺性the limited nature of society’s resources

efficiency 效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources

equity 公平 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society

opportunity cost 机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some item

marginal changes 边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of action

market economy 市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

market failure 市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently

externality 外部性the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander

market power 市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices

productivity 生产力 the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time

Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment

circular-flow diagram 循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms

production possibilities frontier 生产可能性边界 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology

microeconomics 微观经济学 the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets

macroeconomics 宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth

positive statements 实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it is

normative statements 规范表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be

reverse causality 反向因果关系

competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketprice

price takers价格接受者those who have no impact on price but can only accept the price

Perfectly competitive markets 竞争充分市场

One such market, called an oligopoly寡头市场, has a few sellers that do not always compete aggressively

law of demand：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises

law of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises

normal good正常商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand

inferior good劣质商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand

substitutes替代品：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other

complements互补品：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other

demand schedule 需求表：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

supply schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

ceteris paribus其它条件不变：a Latin phrase, translated as “other things being equal,” used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant

A 10 percent increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking （这句话让我说肯定是in smoking among teenagers）

At an even lower price, you may choose to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没怎么注意，此处可以翻译为“直接”)

Equilibrium 均衡a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance

equilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances supply and demand

equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand

The equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price市场出清价格because, at this price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy, and sellers have sold all they want to sell

There is no upward or downward pressure on the price

law of supply and demand供需法则the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance

shortage短缺a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

surplus过剩a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

Elasticity弹性a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants

price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity deman ded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income

cross-price elasticity of demand需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good

price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price

Demand for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price. Demand is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.

midpoint method 中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法

elastic demand 弹性需求

inelastic demand 非弹性需求

price ceiling 最高限价a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold (impose a price ceiling/floor)

price floor 最低限价a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold

When the government imposes a binding price ceiling on a competitive market, a shortage of the good arises, and sellers must ration the scarce goods among the large number of potential buyers.

tax incidence 税收归宿the study of who bears the burden of taxation

payroll tax: 工资税

A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.

welfare economics 福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being

willingness to pay 支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good

consumer surplus 消费者剩余a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays

producer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost

marginal buyer 边际买家the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any higher

marginal seller 边际卖家the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower

efficiency效率the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society

equity公平the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society

In some markets, a single buyer or seller (or a small group of them) may be able to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power 市场势力.

market failure市场失灵—the inability of some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficiently

deadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax

Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.

The greater the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.

marginal tax rate 边际税率

underground economy 地下经济

Laffer curve 拉弗曲线

supply-side economics 供应经济学

world price 世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good

import quota 进口配额a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically

deadweight loss 无谓损失/社会净损失：是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成本, 也就是当偏离竞争均衡时, 所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余。

externality 外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害或有益的影响

positive externality 正外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有益影响

negative externality 负外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害影响

social cost 社会成本：是从社会角度来看的成本，等于生产成本加上给他人和社会所带来的损失

internalizing an externality 外部性内化altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions

technology spillover 技术外溢：指外商投资、跨国贸易等对东道国相关产业或企业的产品开发技术、生产技术、管理技术、营销技术等产生的提升效应

technology policy 技术政策Government intervention in the economy that aims

to promote technology-enhancing industries is called technology policy

property right 财产权

Coase theorem 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own

transaction costs 交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain

Command-and-control policies （命令-控制性政策）regulate behavior directly

Market-based policies （市场性政策）provide incentives so that private decision makers will choose to solve the problem on their own

Pigovian tax 庇古税a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality

If you have ever been stuck in bumper-to-bumper traffic

Tradable pollution permits 可转让污染许可证

Right to pollute /pollution right 污染权

A moment’s thought（稍作思考）reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind

Excludability 排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it

Rivalry 竞争性the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use

private goods 私人物品goods that are both excludable and rival

public goods 公共物品goods that are neither excludable nor rival

common resources 共有资源goods that are rival but not excludable

natural monopoly 自然垄断/自然独占

excludable goods 排他性物品

rival goods 竞争性物品

toll road 收费公路

free rider 搭便车者/免费享用公共物品者a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it

profit-seeking firms tend to free ride （作动词用）on the knowledge created by others

cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing apublic good

Tragedy of the Commons 公地悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole

Today, all taxes taken together—including personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, payroll taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes—use up about a third of the average American’s income

In many European countries, the tax bite is even larger.

The family’s tax liability (how much it owes) is then based on its total income.

charitable donation/giving慈善捐款

When the government run s a budget surplus, it uses the excess receipts to reduce its outstanding debts

average tax rate 平均税率total taxes paid divided by total income

marginal tax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income

benefits principle 受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services

vertical equity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts

horizontal equity 横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount

proportional tax 比例税a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income

regressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers

progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers

Would it be more fair to give the Smiths a tax break 税收减免 to help them offset their high medical expenses?

flypaper theory 粘蝇纸理论of tax incidence. According to this theory, the burden of a tax, like a fly on flypaper, sticks wherever it first lands. This assumption, however, is rarely valid

flat tax单一税率

total revenue总收益the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output

total cost 总成本the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production

explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm

implicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm

economic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

accounting profit 会计利润total revenue minus total explicit cost

production function 生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good

marginal product 边际产量the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input

diminishing marginal product 边际产量递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases

fixed costs固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

variable costs 可变成本costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced

average total cost 平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of output

average fixed cost 平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of output

average variable cost 平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of output

marginal cost 边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production

efficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost

average total cost is high because the fixed cost is spread 分摊 over only a few units

economies of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases

diseconomies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases

constant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same asthe quantity of output changes

water-efficient shower heads 莲蓬头

competitive market 竞争性市场a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker

each seller can sell all he wants at the going price 现行价格

To keep matters concrete, let’s consider a specific firm

average revenue 平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity sold

marginal revenue 边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold

At the profit-maximizing level of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost are exactly equal

the land lies fallow 休耕

sunk cost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered

shutdown 歇业

exit 退出

While a competitive firm is a price taker价格接受者, a monopoly firm is a price maker 价格制定者

A firm is a monopoly/monopolist 垄断者if it is the sole seller of its product and if its product does not have close substitutes.

The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry 进入壁垒

An industry is a natural monopoly自然垄断when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.

In competitive markets 竞争性市场, price equals marginal cost. In monopolized markets 垄断性市场, price exceeds marginal cost.

Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes

called synergies 协同效应

Yet in many cases firms try to sell the same good to different customers for different prices, even though the costs of producing for the two customers are the same. This practice is called price discrimination 价格歧视.

To understand why a monopolist would want to price discriminate

In particular, one such force is arbitrage 套利, the process of buying a good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market at a higher price in order to profit from the price difference.

We begin by assuming that the monopolist can price discriminate perfectly. Perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视describes a situation in which the monopolist knows exactly the willingness to pay of each customer and can charge each customer a different price.

Economists call this situation imperfect competition不完全竞争

Oligopoly 寡头垄断a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products

The essence of an oligopolistic market 寡头市场is that there are only a few sellers. As a result, the actions of any one seller in the market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other sellers

monopolistic competition垄断竞争a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical

oligopolistic market寡头市场

oligopolist寡头

duopoly双寡头垄断

collusion串通an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge

cartel卡塔尔/垄断联盟a group of firms acting in unison

Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen

game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situations

prisoners’ dilemma囚徒困境a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

dominant strategy优势策略a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players

resale price maintenance转售价格维持

fair trade公平交易

predatory pricing掠夺性定价 a pricing strategy intended to force competitors out of market with a short-term big price cut in order to gain a monopoly position in the long term.

Tying搭售

Over time, Microsoft has added many features to Windows that were

previously stand-alone products单独销售产品

excess capacity 产能过剩

No ethical principle says that programmers are more deserving

factors of production 生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and services

The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand 衍生需求. That is, a firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market

marginal product of labor劳动边际产量the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor

value of the marginal product 边际产量价值the marginal product of an input times the price of the output

physical capital实物资本

human capital 人力资本

technological knowledge 科技知识

compensating differential 补偿性工资差别a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs

union 工会a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions

efficiency wages 效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity

comparable worth 可比价值a doctrine according to which jobs deemed comparable should be paid the same wage

poverty rate 贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty line

poverty line 贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty

in-kind transfers 实物转移transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash

life cycle 生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s life

permanent income 持久收入a person’s normal income

utilitarianism 功利主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in society

utility 效用a measure of happiness or satisfaction （according to utilitarians, is the ultimate objective of all public and private actions. The proper goal of the government, they claim, is to maximize the sum of utility of everyone in society.）

liberalism 自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”

maximin criterion 最大最小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in society

libertarianism 放任自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income

welfare 福利government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy

negative income tax 负所得税a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income households

经济学符号

《宏微观经济学》符号一览表1（微观部分）

注： 2．1 不同商品或要素的价格，表现为不同的下标，如X、Y、L、K。2．2 有时是需求量Q d，有时是供给量Q s，有时就表示产量或其他的数量。2．3 有时又表示为e p,有时又简称为需求弹性或价格弹性。 2．4 有时就简称为交叉弹性。

2．5 有时就简称为供给弹性。 4．1 既可能是短期总成本，也可能是长期总成本，有时又写作C。4．2 既可能是短期平均成本，也可能是长期平均成本。 4．3 既可能是短期边际成本，也可能是长期边际成本。 4．4 也就是后面的短期总不变成本，又称为固定成本。 4．5 也就是后面的短期总可变成本，又称为变动成本。 4．6 又称为经济利润，或超额利润。 4．7 有时也用Q表示。 4．8 如可变的投入是其他要素，可加上不同的下标。 《宏微观经济学》符号一览表2（宏观部分）

9.1 其中，C 0是自发性消费；cY 是引致性消费。 9.2 与GDP 的区别在于前者是以生产者的国籍作为标准；而后者是以生产地作为标准。 10.1 经常用来表示国民收入，亦可表示总需求和总供给。 10.2 在上述的消费函数中，边际消费倾向即是b 。 10.3 两部门经济时，Y=C+S 。 10.4 两部门经济时，MPC+MPS=1，APC+APS=1。 10.5 这儿的乘数应是指投资乘数，两部门时，b K -= 11 。 14.1 这仍是两部门经济下（不考虑税收）的乘数。 14.2 这是三部门经济下（考虑税收）的乘数。 15.1 M 0—流通中现金；RE －存款准备金。 15.2 D －派生存款；MR －原始存款；rd-法定准备金率。 15.3 M 1－货币供给；M h —基础货币。 17.1 s －储蓄率，s=S/Y ；J －资本产出比率，J=K/Y 。 因时间仓促，如有遗漏或错误，希望大家及时指正，多谢。

微观经济学公式总结

微观经济学公式总结

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微观经济学公式 第二章 需求和供给曲线 1.需求函数 （1）需求的数学表达式 D=f （a ，b ，c ，d ，n ） a ， b ， c ， d ，…n 代表上述影响需求的因素。 （2）假定其他因素保持不变，仅仅分析价格对该商品需求量的影响，需求函数就可以用下式表示： Qd = f （P ） P 为商品的价格；Qd 为商品的需求量。 （3）在不影响结论的前提下，大多使用线性需求函数，其形式为： Qd = α－β（P ） 其中α、β为常数，α为截距，β为斜率倒数。 2.供给函数 （1）供给的数学表达式： S=f （a ，b ，c ，d ，n ） a ， b ， c ， d ，…n 代表上述影响供给的因素。 （2）假定其他因素均不发生变化，仅考虑价格变化对其供给量的影响，供给函数就可以表示为线性函数： Q s = -δ + γ（P ） 3.经济模型 以供求为例：抽象出供给量、需求量、价格，用数学表达式概括其关系： Qd = α－β（P ） QS = －δ + γ（P ） 一般地，模型方程数目应与所包含的未知数数目相等，满足有解的要求。 Qd=QS P=P 4.弹性 （1）弹性系数：表示弹性的大小。 因变量变动的比率 ＝ ————————— 自变量变动的比率 （2）价格弹性系数（Ed ）如果是负的，一般取正值，以便于比较 （3）需求价格弧弹性 （4）需求价格点弹性 P Q Q Q × ? ?

微观经济学词汇完整版

微观经济学词汇完整版 作者：汤井旗 Ten Principles of Microeconomics #1: People Face Tradeoffs #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It #3: Rational People Think at the Margin #4: People Respond to Incentives #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes #8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money #10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment scarcity稀缺性 the lim ited nature of society’s resources efficiency效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equity公平 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society opportunity cost机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some item marginal changes边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of action market economy市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently externality外部性the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander market power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices productivity生产力the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time Phillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment circular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology microeconomics微观经济学 the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets macroeconomics宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth positive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it is normative statements规范表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be reverse causality反向因果关系 competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketprice

高鸿业西方《微观经济学》简明笔记

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页脚内容2 弧弹性： （2）需求交叉价格弹性： （3）需求的收入弹性: 第三章 效用论 （1）边际效用的表达式 （2）消费者均衡条件 （3）消费者剩余 （4）商品的边际替代率(MRS) （marginal rate of substitution ） （5）预算线（ budget line ） Q P dP dQ P dP Q dQ s e ?==/2/)(2/ )(21122112P P P P Q Q Q Q P P Q Q e s +-+-=??=x y y x y y x x Q P dP dQ P dP Q dQ xy e ?==/y y x x xy P P Q Q e ??=Q M dM dQ M dM Q dQ Q M M Q M e ?==???=/()dQ dTU Q Q TU MU Q =??=→?lim 0I X P X P X P n n =+++Λ2211λ====n n p MU P MU P MU Λ2211()0 000 Q P dQ Q f CS Q -=?dx dy x y MRS x xy =??-=→?0lim 21212 2112P I X P P X X P X P I +-=+=

微观经济学术语

Absolute advantage Accounting cost Actual return Actuarially fair Adverse selection Advertising elasticity of demand Advertising-to-sales ratio Arbitrage Arc elasticity of demand Asset beta Asymmetric information Auction markets Average expenditure Average fixed cost Average product Average total cost Average variable cost Bandwagon effect Barrier to entry Bertrand model Bilateral monopoly Block pricing Budget constraints Budget line Bundling Capital asset pricing model Cardinal utility function Chain-weighted price index Coase theorem Common property resource Common-value auction Company cost of capital Comparative advantage Complements Completely inelastic demand Constant returns to scale Constant-cost industry Consumer price index Consumer surplus Cntract curve Cooperative game Corner solution Cost function Cost-of-living index Cournot model Cross-price elasticity of demand Cyclical industries Deadweight loss Decreasing-cost industry Decreasing returns to scale Degree of economies of scope Derived demand Deviation Diminishing marginal utility Discount rate Diseconomies of scale Dis economies of scope Diversifiable risk Dominant firm Dominant strategy Duality Duopoly Economic cost Economic efficiency Economic rent Economies of scale Economies of scope Edgeworth box Effective yield (or rate of return) Efficiency wage Pareto efficient allocation Engel curve Equal marginal principle Equilibrium in dominant strategies Equilibrium (or market-clearing) price Excess demand Excess supply Exchange economy Expansion path Expected return Expected utility Expected value Extensive form of a game Extent of a market Externality Factors of production First-degree price discrimination First-price auction Fixed cost Fixed input Fixed-proportions production function Fixed-weight index Free entry (exit) Free rider Game General equilibrium analysis Giffen good

微观经济学 论述题 答案

创作编号： BG7531400019813488897SX 创作者：别如克* 1、利用图示简要说明微观经济学的理论体系。Ch2 图2-1 产品市场和生产要素市场的循环流动图 2、利用图示说明需求价格弹性与总收益之间的关系，及厂商扩大总收益的价格策略。 （以下仅仅图示富有弹性的商品降价，即P1降到P2，与收益的关系；其余类推）。 价格变化、弹性大小与销售收入变化的关系表 收益 d e>1 d e=1 d e<1 d e=0 d e=∞ 降价增加不变减少 同比例于价格的下降 而减少 既定价格下，收益可以无限增加， 因此厂商不会降价涨价减少不变增加 同比例于价格的上升 而增加 收益会减少为零价格策略降价涨价 Q=f(P) O P Q D C B E A e d=∞ e d>1 e d=1 e d<1 e d=0 P1 P2 Q1 Q2

创作编号： BG7531400019813488897SX 创作者： 别如克* 3、用图示及公式说明序数效用论对消费者均衡的分析。Ch3 消费者均衡是消费者的效用达到最大并维持不变的一种状态。根据序数效用论，在消费者收入和偏好既定、商品价格不变的条件下， 如右图所示，U 1、U 2 、U 3是3条无差异曲线， 分别代表与预算线相交、相切、相离3种情况。 只有预算线AB 和U 2切点E ，才是消费者在给 定的预算约束下能够获得最大效用的均衡点。 相应的最优购买组合为),(* 2* 1X X 。用公式表示均衡条件为 MRCS 1,2=P 1/P 2。（3分）因为，就 U 3来说，虽然它代表的效用水平高于U 2，但消费者在既定的收入水平下无法实现U 3上的 任何一点的商品组合的购买。就U 1来说，消费者利用现有收入可以购买a 、b 两点的商品组合。但是，这两点的效用水平低于U 2，因此，理性的消费者不会用全部收入去购买无差异曲线U 1上a 、b 两点的商品组合。事实上，a 点MRCS 1,2>P 1/P 2 ，b 点MRCS 1,2

微观经济学计算题及答案

四、计算题：（每小题8分，共16分）【得分： 】 １． 假定某消费者关于某种商品的消费数量Q 与收入M 之间的函数关系为M=1002 Q 求：当收入M=4900时的需求收入点弹性 解： Ｑ＝ 110 m E ＝０．５ ２．假定某厂商的短期生产的边际成本函数ＳＭＣ＝３2 Q －８Q ＋１００，且已知当产量Q ＝１０时的总成本ＳＴＣ＝２４００，求相应的ＳＴＣ函数、ＳＡＣ函数、ＡＶＣ函数。 解： ＳＴＣ＝3 Q －４2 Q ＋１００Q ＋２８００ ＳＡＣ＝2 Q －４Q ＋２８００1 Q -＋１００ ＡＶＣ＝2 Q －４Q ＋２８００1 Q - 1．假设某种商品的需求函数和供给函数为 Q D =14-3P Q S =2+6P 求该商品供求均衡时的需求价格弹性和供给弹性。 解：根据市场均衡条件Qd=Qs,解得P=4/3 Q=10 该商品在市场均衡时的需求价格弹性为0.4 该商品在市场均衡时的供给价格弹性为0.8。 2．假定某商品市场上有1000位相同的消费者，单个消费者的需求函数为：d Q =10-2P ；同时有20个相同的厂商向该市场提供产品，每个厂商的供给函数为：S Q =500P 。 （1） 求该商品的市场需求函数和市场供给函数； （2） 如果消费者对该商品的偏好减弱，使得个人需求曲线向左移动了4个单位，求变 化后的市场均衡价格和均衡数量。 解：(1)Qd=1000×(10-2P)=10000-2000P Qs=20×500P=10000P (2)Qd=1000×(6-2P)=6000-2000P 6000-2000P = 10000P P=0.5 Q=5000 3．已知某人的效用函数为XY U =，他打算购买X 和Y 两种商品，当其每月收入为120

西方经济学中常用的符号

《宏微观经济学》符号一览表 1 （微观部分）

2. 1 不同商品或要素的价格，表现为不同的下标，如X、Y、L、K。 2. 2 有时是需求量Q d，有时是供给量Q s,有时就表示产量或其他的数量。 2. 3 有时又表示为e p,有时又简称为需求弹性或价格弹性。 2. 4 有时就简称为交叉弹性。 2. 5 有时就简称为供给弹性。 4. 1 既可能是短期总成本，也可能是长期总成本，有时又写作C。 4. 2 既可能是短期平均成本，也可能是长期平均成本。

4. 3 既可能是短期边际成本，也可能是长期边际成本。 4. 4 也就是后面的短期总不变成本，又称为固定成本。 4. 5 也就是后面的短期总可变成本，又称为变动成本。 4. 6 又称为经济利润，或超额利润。 4. 7 有时也用Q表示。 4. 8 如可变的投入是其他要素，可加上不同的下标。 《宏微观经济学》符号一览表 2 （宏观部分）

其中，C o是自发性消费；cY是引致性消费。 与GDP的区别在于前者是以生产者的国籍作为标准；而后者是以生产地作为标准。 经常用来表示国民收入，亦可表示总需求和总供给。 在上述的消费函数中，边际消费倾向即是b。 两部门经济时，Y=C+S。 两部门经济时，MPC+MPS=1，APC+APS=1。 1 这儿的乘数应是指投资乘数，两部门时，K 1 b 这仍是两部门经济下（不考虑税收）的乘数。 这是三部门经济下（考虑税收）的乘数。 15.1 M o —流通中现金；RE —存款准备金。 D —派生存款；MR —原始存款；rd-法定准备金率。 15.3 M1 —货币供给；M h—基础货币。 s—储蓄率，s=S/Y；J—资本产出比率，J=K/Y。 因时间仓促，如有遗漏或错误，希望大家及时指正，多谢。

微观经济学公式汇总

微观经济学公式 第二章 需求和供给曲线 1.需求函数 （1）需求的数学表达式 D=f （a ，b ，c ，d ，n ） a ， b ， c ， d ，…n 代表上述影响需求的因素。 （2）假定其他因素保持不变，仅仅分析价格对该商品需求量的影响，需求函数就可以用下式表示： Qd = f （P ） P 为商品的价格；Qd 为商品的需求量。 （3）在不影响结论的前提下，大多使用线性需求函数，其形式为： Qd = α－β（P ） 其中α、β为常数，α为截距，β为斜率倒数。 2.供给函数 （1）供给的数学表达式： S=f （a ，b ，c ，d ，n ） a ， b ， c ， d ，…n 代表上述影响供给的因素。 （2）假定其他因素均不发生变化，仅考虑价格变化对其供给量的影响，供给函数就可以表示为线性函数： Q s = -δ + γ（P ） 3.经济模型 以供求为例：抽象出供给量、需求量、价格，用数学表达式概括其关系： Qd = α－β（P ） QS = －δ + γ（P ） 一般地，模型方程数目应与所包含的未知数数目相等，满足有解的要求。 Qd=QS P=P 4.弹性 （1）弹性系数：表示弹性的大小。 因变量变动的比率 ＝ ————————— 自变量变动的比率 （2）价格弹性系数（Ed ）如果是负的，一般取正值，以便于比较 （3）需求价格弧弹性 （4）需求价格点弹性 Q P P Q P P Q Q × ? ? - = ? ? - Ed

dQ/dP 是需求曲线上任一点切线斜率的倒数。 （5）总收益(Total revenue ） 收益TR = P * Q ＝价格×销售量 5.供给价格弹性公式 6.需求的交叉弹性 7.需求的收入弹性 收入变动百分比 需求量变动百分比需求收入弹性

(完整版)微观经济学中英文术语及其解释

Scarcity the limited nature of society’s resources Economics the study of how society manages its scarce resources Efficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Equity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item Marginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of action Market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure a s/tuition in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently Externality the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander Market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices Productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time Inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy Philips curve a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Business cycle fluctuations in economic activity，such as employment and produaion Circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Production possibilities frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology Positive statements claims that attempt to do describe the world as it is Normative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Absolute advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item Comparative advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost Imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically Exports goods produced domestically and sold abroad Market a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service Competitive market a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price Quantity demanded the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to-purchase Law of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises Demand schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and-the quantity demanded Demand curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Normal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand Inferior good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads ‘to a decrease in demand Substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other