读语篇学语法——从句
读语篇学语法——从句
I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place
①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.
Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and though t③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose⑤you are lost. Can I help you?” I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.
⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said.
“But in such a fog it’s impossible to see anything,” I said.
“I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.”
在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。
1. 简单句是最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。例如：My uncle gives me a camera.
2. 并列句是由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的，通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上的句子，有时也可以用逗号、分号将句子分割开。例如：
Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn’t..
Hurry up, it’s getting late.
3. 复合句是由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句应有相应的连词引起）组成的句子，因此，复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构（完整的句子），句子与句子之间用连接词连接。其中，主句部分可以独立存在，但从句担当了全句的某一句子成分，故通常不能独立存在。根据从句在句子中充当的成分，可以将其分为6类，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
下面重点介绍这六类从句。
1. 主语从句：顾名思义，所谓主语从句，就是以一个完整的句子来充当全句的主语，而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。例如：
What you need is more practice.
When the meeting will be held has not been announced.
That he will not attend the meeting is clear.
Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.
有时，为了避免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻，通常用代词it做形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。例如：
It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.
It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.
主语从句可以由连词that （在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义），whether （意思是“是否”）引导，或由连接代词what，whatever，who，whoever，which等引导，或是连接副词when，where，how，why等引导。在使用主语从
句时，需要特别注意一点——用于引起从句的连词、连接代词和连接副词是不能省略的，尤其要注意不要省略that，否则就会出现串句现象。例如：
That English is accepted as an international language is a fact.如果将引导主语从句的连词that省略的话，该句就变成了：English is accepted as an international language is a fact.这样，本句就含有了两个动词is和is，根据英语句子结构的要求——一个句子有且只有一个动词，这显然是将两个句子串到了一起。
另外，在表示“建议，命令，要求”或“必要性，重要性，紧迫性”等含义的主语从句中，其谓语动词通常用虚拟语气，由should+动词原形构成，其中should可以省略。例如:
It is suggested that he (should) not stay with his uncle.
It is necessary that he (should) go himself.
常用于此结构的过去分词和形容词有：advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, suggested, required, requested, urged（主张的）; urgent （紧迫的）, important, necessary, essential, vital（极其重要的）等。
2. 表语从句：一般而言，跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。所谓表语从句就是由一个完整的句子来充当全句的表语。表语从句多由连词that，whether（意思是“是否”）引起，有时也可以由连接代词(who，whoever，which)、连接副词(when, where, how, why, because, as if)、或关系代词（what，whatever）引起。例如：
That is what I want to say. （what在从句中充当宾语，不能省略）
My opinion is that we should make a decision right now. （that只是用于引导句子，本身没有词义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分，口语中可以省略）
The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident. （who在从句中充当主语，不能省略）
What I want to know （主语从句）is who is in charge of the work（表语从句）.（用于引导主语从句的what和引导表语从句的who都不能省略）
It looks as if it’s going to rain. （looks是系动词）
在使用表语从句时，要注意这些用于引起句子的连接词，除了that本身没有词义，在从句中也不担当句子成分之外，其他的连接词都具有自身的词义，如who是“谁”，what是“什么”等，在从句中也要担当相应的句子成分，如连接副词when, where, how, why等一般在从句中要充当状语，所以，除了that在口语中可以省略之外，其他的连接词都不可省略。
当主句中的主语是表示“命令，要求，主张，建议”等意思的名词时，表语从句要用虚拟语气——should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。例如：
My suggestion is that he should not stay with his uncle.
常用于此结构的名词有：advice, command, decision, demand, desire, insistence （主张）, suggestion, request, requirement, motion（提议）, proposal（建议）等。
3. 宾语从句：在动词之后或有些介词的后面通常都跟有宾语，宾语从句就是用一个完整的句子充当宾语。用于引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样，是that, whether（有时可以换成if，意思是“如果”时），who，whoever，which，when，where, how, why，what，whatever等。例如本文中出现的下面几个句子都是宾语从句：
I stood there and though t③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time.第③句是thought的宾语从句，第④句是
explain的宾语从句。
I suppose⑤you are lost.（这是suppose的宾语从句，省略了that）
Afterward I told him⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.（这是told 的宾语从句，充当间接宾语，引导词where在从句中充当状语）
I wondered⑨why he found his way so easily.（这是wondered的宾语从句，why 在从句中充当状语）
宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外，还可以跟在某些介词的后面，充当介词的宾语。例如：
Y our composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.（充当介词except的宾语）
What we should take with us （主语从句）depends on where we’ll stay.（充当介词on的宾语）
在使用宾语从句时，要注意：
1）宾语从句的时态通常受主句时态的限制，在时态上通常都与主句保持一致，尤其是当主句是过去时的某种时态时，从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态。例如：The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.
但如果主句是现在的时态，则从句的时态根据实际情况而定。例如：
I am glad that you passed the exam.
2）that在引导宾语从句通常都省略，如上文中的第⑤句。
3）如果主句中含有it做形式宾语，而that引导宾语从句在句中是真正的宾语时，that不能省略。例如：
Many students take it for granted that their parents should do everything for them.（it 是形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语，不能省略that）4）在表示“建议、要求、命令”等意思的动词后面所跟上的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气——should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。这类动词主要有advise, command, desire, insist（坚持）, direct, order, propose, request, require, suggest, urge （主张）等。例如：
I suggest that she (should) not stay with her uncle.
5）在表示愿望的动词wish和would rather（宁愿）之后的宾语从句也用虚拟语气，时态多用一般过去时（表示当时尚未实现或发生）和过去完成时（表示过去未实现的愿望和对已经发生的事情的愿望）。例如：
I wish I knew English well.
We wish he hadn’t gone.
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would rather you had gone there too.
4. 同位语从句：在一些名词的后面可以跟上一个从句，用于说明名词的具体内容，即同位语从句。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同一关系。例如：
I received a message that she would be late.
可以将此句理解为：I received a message. The message was that she would be late. message的内容就是she would be late，两者之间是同一关系。
同位语从句多由连词that引导。that本身没有词义，在从句中也不担任任何成分，但不能省略。例如：
Everyone was surprised at the fact that the judge was the very murder. （that引导的从句做fact的同位语）
The idea that we shall invite him is quite good. （that引导的从句做主语the idea的同位语）
与that从句同位的名词通常是抽象名词，常用的有：news, idea, belief, fact, thought（想法）, question, doubt, rumor（谣言）, report, evidence, opinion, proof 等。
在表示“建议，要求，命令”等意思的名词后面所跟的同位语从句通常要使用虚拟语气——should +动词原形，其中，should可以省略。例如：
Mrs. Green rejected my suggestion that she (should) meet her daughter the next week. We are all for your proposal that the discussion (should)be put off.
需要使用虚拟语气的名词主要有：advice, command, decision, demand, desire, insistence（主张）, suggestion, request, requirement, motion（提议）, proposal（建议）等。
5. 定语从句：一个由关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that, as)或关系副词(when, where, why)引导的从句，在全句中起着相当于形容词的作用，用来修饰先行词（即被定语从句修饰的词）——名词或代词，或修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，这种起着定语作用的从句就是定语从句。定语从句属于非独立性从句，本身不能独立存在，应该紧跟在它的先行词之后。根据与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句：与先行词之间的关系非常密切，如果将定语从句删除掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。关系代词和关系副词均可以用于引导限制性定语从句。例如上文中：The place①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town. 和I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting.
非限制性定语从句：主要是对先行词做进一步的解释或说明，如果删除掉，并不影响整个句子的基本意思，另外，通常用逗号与主句部分分开。常用于引导非限制性定语从句的引导词有：who, whom, whose, which, as, where, when等。引导词在非限制性定语从句中不可以省略。例如：
A student, whose name I don’t know, comes to see you.
They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week.
Tom didn’t pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.
在上文第①句The place①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town.中，主句部分是The place was on the other side of the town. 由关系副词where引导的从句where the meeting was going to be held是表示地点的先行词the place的定语，引导词where在从句中充当地点状语。需要注意的是，当先行词是表示地点的名词时，引导词可以是关系代词that或which，但有时也用关系副词where。例如：
1）This is the place which / that we visited last year.
2) This is the place where I once worked.
具体区别在于: 引导词that或which是关系代词，在从句中要充当主语或宾语，在第1）句中，which / that在定语从句中做visited的宾语；而引导词where 是关系副词，在所引导的定语从句中只能担当状语，如第2）句中，where做worked 的状语，从句可以理解为：I once worked in the place.
另外，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，定语从句的引导词同样可以是that或which，有时也用when，其区别也是如此：that / which在定语从句中充当主语或
宾语，而关系副词when则在所引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。例如：
We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island.
We often think of the days when we worked together in the town.
虽然这两个句子的先行词都是the days，但是在第一句中，which / that在定语从句中做谓语动词spent的宾语；在第二句中，when在其所引导的定语从句中做时间状语：we worked together in the towns in the days.
还有一个关系副词why可以用于引导限制性定语从句，其先行词只能是reason，why指原因，在定语从句中只能做原因状语。例如：
The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus.
在上文的第⑥句中：I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting.主句部分是I was very glad to have a man，定语从句是由关系代词who引导的，其先行词是a man。当先行词是人时，其定语从句的引导词可以是who，whom,也可以是that。例如：
Where is the man who / that I saw yesterday.
用于引导定语从句中引导词还有关系代词whom, whose, which和as，其具体用法如下：
whom: 先行词必须是人，另外，whom在所引导的定语从句中只能做宾语。例如：
He is the man whom I met yesterday.
该句中的whom可以换成who或that，也可以省略。who和that在定语从句中可以充当主语和宾语，因此，当定语从句的引导词在从句中担当宾语时，who，that和whom可以互换，也可以省略。但是，如果在引导词前面出现了介词，则只能使用whom。例如：
I like my English teacher, from whom I learn a lot.
如果先行词是并列情况，既有人又有物时，只能用that。例如：
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.（先行词既有人——teachers，又有物——schools）
whose:相当于形容词性的物主代词，是唯一一个可以在所引导的定语从句中充当定语的引导词，其先行词可以是物，也可以是人。例如：
Y ou are the only person whose advice he might listen to. （先行词是人）
I’d like a room whose window faces south. （先行词是物）
which: 其先行词只能是物，在所引导的定语从句中做主语或宾语，在做宾语时，可以省略。多数情况下可以与that互换。例如：
This is the photo which shows my little pet cat. （which在定语从句中做主语，不能省略，可以换成that）
I’ve lost the watch which I bought last week. （which在定语从句中做bought的宾语，可以省略，可以换成that）
但是，which可以引导非限制性定语从句，或指代前面整个主句的意思，而that却不可以。例如：
They have three houses, which are built of stone. （which在引导一个非限制性定语从句）
She married Tom, which surprised everyone. （which指代前面整句话She married Tom这件事，不能用that）
如果在表示物的先行词后面有介词，引导词不能用that，只能用which。例如：
The train on which she was traveling was late.
as:关系代词，常用于两个句型中：such…as…（像……一样的），the same …as…（和……同样的），其中，such和same作定语，修饰主句中的名词或代词——先行词，as在所引导的定语从句中担任主语、宾语和表语。例如：
Such countries as lie in the Middle America are small in area.（such修饰先行词countries，as在所引导的定语从句中充当主语）
He is not the same man as he was.（the same修饰先行词man，as在所引导的定语从句中充当表语）
另外，as还可以引导非限制性定语从句，所引导的定语从句可以位于主句的后面，也可以位于主句的前面，用来指代整个句子或主句的一部分，并对其加以补充或说明。例如：
This elephant is like a snake, as / which everybody can see. (which 在引导非限制性定语从句的时候，只能放在主句的后面。)
As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.
6. 状语从句：在句子中作状语的从句就是状语从句，可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子，可以表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较、条件等。
时间状语从句：常用于引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, as, as soon as, no sooner … than…（一……就……）, hardly … when…（一……就……）, scarcely …when …（一……就……）, before, after, till, until, since, directly, immediately, the moment / second / minute / instant (that)（一……就……）, every time（每次）, each time（每次）等。例如上文中的第⑧句：
⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily.
I’ll tell him the news the minute he gets here.
Do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don’t know.
I’ll speak to him as soon as he comes back.
The young man phoned his mother immediately he reached the university.
He had scarcely entered the room when it began to rain.
地点状语从句：常用于引导地点状语从句的连词有where和wherever。例如：Where there is a will, there is a way.
原因状语从句：常用于引导原因状语从句的连词有：because, since, as等。例如上文中的第②句话：
All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them.
目的状语从句：常由连词so that, so … that…, in order that引导。例如：
He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam.
He studies so hard that he may pass the final exam.
结果状语从句：常由连词so that, so … that…, such … that…等引导。例如：
He spoke very clearly so that I understood him quite well.
让步状语从句：多由连词though（虽然）, although（虽然）, even if（即使）, even though（即使）, while（虽然）, whereas（尽管，但是）等引导。例如：Although it is winter, it is not very cold. （although同于though，注意不要与but 连用）
Even if it is raining, we’ll go. （同于even though）
They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.
方式状语从句：多由as, as if, though引导。例如：
I have changed the plan as you suggest.
Out teacher loves us as if / as though we were her children.（从句中使用了虚拟语气）
比较状语从句：常用than和as引导。例如：
This question is more difficult than I thought.
条件状语从句：由连词if, unless (= if not)（如果不）, given (that)（如果）, supposing (that)（假如）, assuming (that)（假如）, providing (that)（假如）等引导。例如：If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.
Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.
Assuming it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?
Given that you work hard, you’ll succeed.
注意：if引导的条件状语从句有两种情况：一种是表示可能成为现实的情况，即真实条件句；但是如果假设的情况完全不存在或实现的可能性极小，可以说几乎没有时，就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句（虚拟语气）。虚拟语气在前面一章已经详细介绍过了，在此不再赘述。
结论：
无论是哪一类从句，首先必须是一个完整的句子，要具备完整的句子结构；其次，必须有连词引起句子；第三，从句都应使用陈述语序。
相关练习：
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, there are 4 choices of words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.
1. Do you remember the day ____ he fell off the tree?
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. where
2. It wasn’t such a good dinner ____ she had promised us.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. what
3. The baby didn’t stop crying ____ the mother came in.
A. until
B. when
C. as soon as
D. as
4. Y ou see the lightning ____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A. in the minute
B. the minute
C. for the minute
D. on the minute
5. I have not found my book yet; I am not sure ____ I could have done with it.
A. whether
B. why
C. what
D. when
6. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders ____ will happen to her family.
A. that
B. what
C. it
D. this
7. There is no doubt ____ he will soon come.
A. that
B. why
C. if
D. whether
8. Don’t go into that old house ____ there are many mice.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. where
9. The speaker talked of some writers and books ____ were unknown to us.
A. who
B. that
C. whom
D. which
10. ____ is true.
A. That the earth is round
B. The earth is round
C. What the earth is round
D. Which the earth is round
11. That is ____.
A. what should we do
B. where should we do
C. where we should do
D. what we should do
12. Can you make sure ____ the ring?
A. where she has put
B. where has she put
C. what she has put
D. which has she put
13. ____ everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.
A. although
B. even if
C. since
D. unless
14. They are ____ interesting books ____ I want to buy all of them.
A. so … that
B. such a … that
C. such an … that
D. such…that
15. We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.
A. be put off
B. was put off
C. should put off
D. is to put off
16. I saw some trees ____ leaves were black with disease.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. whose
17. I have the same trouble ____ you have.
A. which
B. that
C. as
D. when
18. It was suggested that he ____ to Beijing on business first.
A. go
B. should went
C. goes
D. went
19. Y ou must act ____ you are told to.
A. like
B. as
C. that
D. /
20. My father doesn’t want to buy a car now, ____ he needs on in fact.
A. though
B. but
C. so
D. because 答案：1~5 CCABC 6~10 BADBA 11~15 DACDA 16~20 DCABA
2020考研语法指导：定语从句详解
2020考研语法指导：定语从句详解 定语从句是英语学习的难点，也是考研英语考查的重点。掌握考研英语的定语从句需要掌握以下几个方面： 一、定义 定语从句是指在句中做定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。 二、定语从句的结构 定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which , that, as 和关系副词when, where, why 等引导。 一）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1） who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语和宾语。例如：Is he the m an who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中做主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中做宾语） （2） whose用作关系词表示所属格，也可看作是关系形容词，因 为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如:
? They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (3) which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如： ? A prosperitywhich / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside? 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) 二)关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 (1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which ”结构，所以常常和“介词+ which ”结构交替使用。例如： There are occasionswhen (on which )one must yield? 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the placewhere in which ) I was born?北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why ( for which )he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们协助他的理由吗？ (2)that代替关系副词，能够用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which ”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
定语从句语法知识点基本汇总
定语从句 一、that引导的定语从句 1. that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 Where is the man(that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person (that/whom) you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that/which comes after spring is summer.春天之后的季节是夏季。 I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。 The dress(that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well.安买的衣服不太合身。 2.限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况 （1）当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, some, the one等词时。 Everything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。 There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 Is there anything that I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗？ That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这么多。 （2）当先行词被the very（恰恰,正好）the only, any, few, little, no, all修饰时。 This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。 The only thing that is constant is change. 唯一不变的是变化。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。 （3）当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 （4）当先行词是first，last，next等序数词或被序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？（5）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的
英语语法英语从句完全汇总
英语语法: 英语从句完全汇总 一.主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that …事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+从句 It is natural that…很自然… It is strange that…奇怪的是… (3) it is +不及物动词+从句 It seems that…似乎… It happened that…碰巧… (4) it +过去分词+从句 It is reported that…据报道… It has been proved that…已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…, It occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that 则不
高中状语从句导学案 (2)
状语从句 思维导图 易考易错点总结 语法功能。具体来说主要包括： 1．考查状语从句的连接词。要掌握各个连词的含义及其用法，还 有它们之间的区别。
如：时间状语的连词有while,when，as，assoonas，until，not…until，before,after,since等；条件状语从句的连词有if，unless,incase,onconditionthat,provided(that),supposing,s uppose(that)等；结果状语从句的连词有so…that(如此……以至于),such…that(如此……以至于)等。 …， 3 在时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中，常常省略相同的主语或作主语的代词it以及be动词，保留现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式等成分。如果从句中有“itis＋形容词” 结构，也可以省略itis。
6．考查状语从句、宾语从句、简单句和并列句的句式结构。 如：when引导时间状语从句意为“当……的时候”，引导宾语从句意为“什么时候”；if引导条件状语从句意为“如果”，引导 宾语从句意为“是否”等。
练习题 1.WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreet,Ifoundmanybeatifulbuildings() 2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.() 3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.（） 4.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.() … ） HehadlearnedalittleChinese____hecametoChina. ____hefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory. Hewasill______Isawhim. Nosoonerhadsheheardthenews____hecried.
英语语法讲解之定语从句
英语语法讲解之定语从句 时间：2016-08-12作者：来源：学习方法网 一．几个基本概念 1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。 2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。 4.引导词：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。 ﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as ﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why 5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】 6.引导词的功能(作用)： ﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。 ﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语)。 7.定语从句的类型： ﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。 ①直接由引导词引导定语从句 The man who you’re talking to is my friend. ②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导 The man to whom you’re talking is my friend. I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如： The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century. ﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。 ①直接由引导词引导定语从句。 ②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。 I live in a house far away from the city，in front of which is a big tree. There is an apple tree standing at the gate，on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book. ③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指 人用whom，指物用which)引导。One，some，any，none，all，both，several，many，most，neither，either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。 He has five children，two of whom are abroad. (比较：He has five children，and two of them are abroad.) We have three books，none of which is/are interesting. (比较：We have three books，but none of them is/are interesting.) 除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
高中英语语法定语从句总结全
高中英语定语从句详解 Ⅰ、概念: (１) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语得从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词（antｅcedｅｎt)后面。 (2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰得成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语，或整个主句。 (3)引导定语从句得词叫关系词,分为关系代词与关系副词。 关系词得作用: 1) 引导定语从句，连接主句与从句,相当于一个连词; ２) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语，状语) 常用得关系代词: ｔhat、wｈｉcｈ、wｈo、whom、wｈosｅ,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词可以省略。 常用得关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when(时间状语）、why(原因状语)、wｈe ｒｅ（地点状语） 可以修饰人得关系代词:thａt, ｗho，wｈｏｍ,whosｅ 可以修饰事得关系代词:tｈat, whｉcｈ, as，whose, The studeｎt who answerｅd ｔhe ｑuestion was John、 Ｉkｎow thｅｒeasoｎwhy he wａｓso angｒy、 The bｏy （wｈom) ｙou are taｌkｉnｇｔo is myｂrotｈｅｒ、 Ｉ'd likｅ a ｒoｏｍwhose window fａｃesｔｈe sea、 定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词; 第二瞧先行词在定语从句中得语法功能（做主语、宾语、表语或状语); 第三选择合适得关系词。 Ⅱ、几个关系代词得基本用法: ●tｈat:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于whｏ或wｈｏｍ;指物时,相当于whiｃh)（一般不用于非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语) 如: 1、A lｅtteｒthaｔ／which is wrｉtｔen in peｎcｉl is diffiｃult ｔo ｒead、（主语) 2、Do yｏu kｎｏw tｈe gentleman ｔhａｔ/ｗｈｏspoke just ｎｏw? 3、Ｙou can takｅａnything ( ｔhat)you like、(宾语) 4、Whaｔｉs thｅquestiｏｎ(ｔhat/whｉｃh) they aｒｅｔalｋing about? 5、Hｅreｉs theｍan （wｈo／whom/ｔhat) yｏu want tｏsee、 6、Ｓhe＇s no longeｒthe girl( that) sｈeｕsｅd to ｂe befｏre、（表语） 7、Ｏuｒhometｏwn iｓno ｌonger ｔhｅoｎe (thａt)it usｅｄto ｂe、(=Ｏｕr homeｔｏｗn iｓｎot tｈe sａｍe as it uｓed tｏｂe、 = Our hｏmｅtｏwn is diffeｒenｔfrom what iｔｕｓｅｄtｏｂe。 =Ouｒhometｏｗn ｉs notｗhａt it uｓed to ｂe、) ●which：指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。如： 1、Thｅboｏk which/thａｔwas ｏn the ｄeｓkｗａsｂought bｙｍy fatｈer、(主语) 2、Tｈｅboｏk(whiｃh/tｈaｔ) Ｉｂｏught yesteｒdaｙｉs very
英语语法从句讲解
从句 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类: 即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。 引导从句的词称作关联句. 一、名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词 who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,wh ose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。 其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分, 而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示]
1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语) 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
状语从句的学案.doc
语法专项复习（十五）状语从句I 第一部分 I整体感知 状语从句是英语复合句的重要组成部分,其种类繁多 ,结构也较为复杂。纵观历届高考试题，状 语从句也是考查的热点语法项目之一。同学们学习状语从句的重点在于对各种引导状语从句的关 联词的掌握，难点在于意思相近关联词用法的辨析及某些词的特殊用法。 II高考真题 1.(’08 全国 II) A small car is big enough for a family of three ___ you need more space for baggage. A. once B. because C. if D. unless 2. (’09 北京 ) You may use the room as you like_____ you clean it up afterwards. A. so far as B. so long as C. in case D. even if 3.( ’09 湖南 ) _____ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him. A. Although B. As long as C. If only D. As soon as 4. (’09 陕西 ) My parents don ’t mind what job I do _____ I am happy. A. even though B. as soon as C. as long as D. as though 5. (’09 四川 ) Owen wouldn ’t eat anything _____ he cooked it himself. A. until B. since C. unless D. while III考点直击 1. 九种常见的状语从句及其从属连词的选用； 3. 状语从句的省略； 2. 时间、条件等状语从句中时态的正确使用； 4. 状语从句及其他从句的区别。 IV试着翻译翻译下列句子吧！ 1.应当鼓励老人到敬老院居住，这样他们可以享受到专业的照料和一流的设施。 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.如果我们继续无视广州日益增多的垃圾，有可能在不久的将来广州将成为巨大的垃圾场。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3.应该禁止饲养宠物，因为它们可能会传播疾病，有损市容。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4.当每个人充分意识到水资源的短缺，并采取有效措施，我相信我们一定能解决好这个问题。 ________________________________________________________________________ 第二部分 精品文档（一）时间状语从句 一、常引导时间状语从句的词有： 1.___________________________________________________________________ 2.“一?就”： _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Eg.①We sent the injured to the First-aid Centre_____ the accident happened. A. shortly B. hurriedly C. quickly D. immediately ②No sooner ____ he ____ to bed ____ the doorbell rang. A. did; go; when B. had; gone; than C. did; go; than D. had; gone; when ③--- Have you told Professor Smith the news? ---Yes. I told him___ I saw him the other day. A. while B. the minute C. until D. suddenly ④The new secretary is supposed to report the manager as soon as he____. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving 二、时间状语从句的要点& 难点 1. when , while , as 1）when ① _______ I got to the station, the train(已经走了 ) ②_______ I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. ③ We were having a meeting ________ someone broke in. ④ 我们正准备出发，突然下起大雨来。 _________________________________________________________________ ⑤It was foolish ___ you to take a taxi _______ you could easily walk there in 5 minutes. 小结： when 的用法：① ② ③ 2）while ①Don’ttalk so loud ________ others are working. ② He likes pop music_______ I(喜欢古典音乐) ③________ the grandparents love the children, they are________ _______ them (严格要求 ) 小结： while 的用法：① ② ③
定语从句语法讲解教学内容
Unit 9语法导学案：定语从句专题讲解 基本概念: 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is th^ouse where h e lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who （宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系畐寸词包括where, when，why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语 从句的重要成分。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来决定。 三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性 定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法 时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that 作主语）The coat （that）I put on the desk is blue我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 （that作宾语） 2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The buildi ng which sta nds n ear the train stati on is a supermarkets 于火车站附近的那
语法知识—定语从句的图文答案
一、选择题 1．The foreigner teaches English in our school is from England. A．what B．which C．who 2．Do you know the girl_______ is drawing a picture? A．when B．whose C．which D．who 3．-- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you. -- We will. Miss Chen. A．which B．whom C．who D．whose 4．The TV play is about a true story_______ happened in a small village a few years ago. A．what B．when C．where D．that 5．After retiring, my teacher Mr. Dai moved to the village he was born sixty years ago. A．when B．which C．where D．what 6．Mrs. Green is proud of her daughter, a nurse ______________is hard-working and looks after patients well. A．who B．whose C．whom 7．The film _____________ I like best is Frozen. A．who B．where C．which 8．Yuan Longping is a Chinese scientist __________ is leading a research to develop sea rice. A．whose B．which C．who 9．— Have you heard of the famous Huawei company? —Sure. It’s one of the greatest companies ________ make us Chinese proud. A．which B．that C．what D．who 10．A detective is someone ____________looks for clues to something important. A．whom B．who C．what D．which 11．Yang Liwei is the first Chinese astronaut ___________went into space. A．which B．who C．whose D．whom 12．—Yesterday was my birthday. My father sent me a CD _____was made by TF Boys. —You must be very happy to receive it. A．who B．whom C．which D．what 13．-Linda, can you tell me something about Mo Yan? -Sure. He is the writer _____________won the Nobel Literature Prize. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 14．That ________ does not kill us makes us stronger. A．that B．what C．who D．which 15．Please remember to bring the clothes_________you bought yesterday.
时间状语从句导学案
甘南二中高二英语时间状语从句复习导学案 班级：二年七班时间：2017年 3 月 22 日 ●Learning goals:①To master the use of adverbial clauses of time; ②To recite the subordinating conjunctions; ③ To improve students` ability in test. ●Important points: To master the use and the subordinating conjunctions of adverbial clauses of time. ●Difficulties: To remember the special use of the subordinating conjunctions. ●Learning methods: Self-studying & Cooperation. ●Test focus: when since before ●Learning Procedure: Step 1. Review Time Step2 . Presentation 从属连词 (A)When while as 常见用法： when特殊句型： 例句： (B)since 用法 句型： 注意： 例句： (C)before用法 句型：(1) (2) (D)until 用法 not…until句型注意(1)______句 (2) ______句 例句： (E)after 例句： Step3. Summary Step4. Test Step5. Homework
定语从句语法讲解教学内容.docx
Unit 9 语法导学案：定语从句专题讲解 一、基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is thehouse where h e lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有： that, who, whom, whose, which， as 关系副词有： when, where, why. 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括 that，which，who（宾格 whom，所有格 whose）等，关系副词包括 where，when，why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从 句的重要成分。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来决定。三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定 语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍 完整。 四、关系代词的用法 关系代词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人，也指物主语、宾语 which指物（相当于 that）主语、宾语 who指人（相当于 that）主语 whom指人宾语 whose既指人，也指物定语 1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语 时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle玛.丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（ that 作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue我.放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that 作宾语）
英语语法中从句的使用
} 定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 定语从句功能及位置 功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。 位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。 ① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。) ② 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。 ③ 关系代词或关系副词的作用： @ 关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which 指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。) 关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。) ④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)
高中状语从句导学案
思维导图 易考易错点总结 状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状 语从句、目的状语从句和结果状语从句。 对状语从句的考查主要集中在连接词上， 尤其要重 视as, until, before, since, when, in case 等连词的各种语义功能和语法功能。具体来说主要包 括： 1考查状语从句的连接词。要掌握各个连词的含义及其用法，还有它们之间的区别。 如: 时间状语的连词有 while, when , as , as soon as until , not …until , before, after, since 等；条件状语从句的连词有 if , uni ess, in case, on con diti on that, provided (that), suppos ing, suppose (that)等；结果状语从句的连词有 so …that(如此 .... 以至于),such …that(如此 ...... 以 至于)等。 2 ?考查固定搭配和习惯用法的连接词。 女口： no soon er …tha n …，hardly …whe n …，scarcely …before …，the mome nt/minute , directly 。 3. 考查不同性质的连词在不同的语境中所表达的不同意义。 女口： as 既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导原因状语从句和让步状语从句； where 能引导 地点状语从句和定语从句等。 4. 考查状语从句的时态。 主要考查在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时表将来及用一般过去时代替过去 将来时的用法。 5. 考查状语从句的省略。 状语从句