精读6 课后练习paraphrase

Lesson 1 How to get the poor off our conscience

Virtue is ... self-centered.

By right action,we mean it must help promote personal interest. ...(poverty) was a product of their excessive fecundity...

The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children. ...the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration. The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.

It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.

It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature of to human society.

It declined in popularity, and references to its acquired a condemnatory tone.

People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy,love and friendship.Therefore,when it was mentioned,it was usually the target of criticism.

...the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it was only suspended.

The desire to find a way to justify the unconcern for the poor had not been abandoned,it had only been put off.

...only rarely given to overpaying for monkey wrenches, flashlights,

coffee makers, and toilet seats.

Government officials,on the whole ,are good,it is very rare that some would pay high prices for office equipment to get kickbacks.

This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction.

It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it is not true.

Belief can be the servant of truth---but even more of convenience.

Belief can be useful in the search for truth,but more often than not it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.

George Gilder... Who tells to much applause that the poor must have the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort...

George Gilder advances the view that only when the poor suffer from great misery will they be stimulated to make great efforts to change the situation,in other words,suffering is necessary to force the poor to work hard.

Lesson 2 The woods were tossing with jewels

But these marks of wild country called to may father like the legendary siren song.

Though the place was not pleasant or disagreeable,my father was deeply attracted to it precisely because of its unexplored,uncultivated natural state,and the challenge.

"I'm afraid the day's going to catch us," I explained, wondering what

great disaster might befall us if it did.

As a little girl,I believed my father's words ,and was genuinely afraid of the possible disaster--if we didn't hurry up,the day would catch us and terrible things might happen.

...from time to time he was halfheartedly sought for trial, though few crimes seemed to lead directly to his door.

In this place,though the police wound make some effort without real earnest to investigate Watson and bring him to court,there seemed to be little concrete evidence to prove that he was responsible for certain illegal activities.

The stranglehold Watson had over this section of Florida was not dissimilar to the unscrupulous activities of certain lawmen, other legal crooks, and even governors that our state was to suffer through its history. The control Watson had over this part of Florida was much similar to the dishonest or illegal activities of the law-enforcing officials and governors which Florida witnessed in the 20th century.

There was the little shack, not the most gracious of living quarters, and there was a murderer for our nearest and only neighbor, about thirty miles away.

Before the family built their own house,they lived in a shabby cabin at Gopher Key,close to the merciless Watson.

King Richard in his gluttony neer sat at a table more sumptuous than ours

was three times a day...

We had abundant food on the island,and even the meals enjoyed by King Richard,who was famous for his love of food,couldn't possibly compare with ours.

Despite the unrelenting heat, we were happy to be let off from our hours of school indoors, sessions which our mother kept every day, rain or shine.

Although it was very hot outside in the sun,we were happy to be dismissed from my mother's sessions indoors.we would have to read and write with her every day no matter what the weather was like. lesson 3 At war with the planet

But this image, now repeatedly thrust before us in photographs, posters, and advertisements, is misleading.

The Earth we see in photos,posters,and ads,which appears so beautiful,is not the true reflection of the world we live in ,such image lulls us into complacency.

The technosphere has become sufficiently large and intense to alter the natural processes that govern the ecosphere.

Human activities have taken place over such large areas and with such intensity that they have already caused disastrous effects on ecology. ...which could establish itself only because it fitted properly into the preexisting system.

the fish could play its role because it became a necessary link with the processes preceding it and the processes following it in the ecological system.

Defined so narrowly, it is no surprise that cars have properties that are hostile to their environment.

when cars are produced to serve such narrow purposes,it is not surprising that some of their characteristic qualities are harmful to the environment.

22.Yields rose, but not in proportion to the rate of fertilizer application... the farmer applied more and more fertilizer,and the production did rise but did not increase at the same rate of the fertilizer.

23...their waste is flushed into the sewer system altered in composition but not in amount at treatment plant...

people eat plants and animals,and their waste is flushed into the sewer system.After being processed,the waste is still waste.the residue will go into rivers,oceans,and will have harmful effect on the aquatic ecosystem.

24.Left to their own devices, ecosystems are conservative...

if the ecosystems are not upset by outside intrusion,they will remain the same with very little change

25.In contrast to the ecosphere, the technosphere is composed of objects and materials that reflect a rapid and relentless process of change and variation.

the characteristics of the objects and materials in the technosphere are rapid change and great variety.

26.But this is done only at the cost of understanding.

if we take side in the war of the two words, we are doing so at the risk of failing to have a clear understanding of the nature and cause of the war,thus,we lose the chance to really solve the grave environmental crisis. Lesson4 nettles

How all my own territory would be altered, ad if a landslide had gone through it and skimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike.

the impact of Mike's leaving on my life was beyond my imagination.I didn't expect that Mike's leaving would have such a tremendous power that it would change the meaning of my existence completely.All my thoughts were about loss of Mike.

During that time of life that is supposed to be a reproductive daze, with the woman's mind all swamped by maternal juices, we were still compelled to discuss Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and "The Cocktail Party".

At that time,we were young mothers,and we were supposed to lead a terribly busy life full of confusion and bewilderment caused by giving birth to and raising babies.and our minds were supposed to be fully occupied by how to feed the babies and things like that.However,in the midst of all this we still felt the need to discuss some of the important

thinkers of our time like Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and T.S.Eliot's sophisticated work"The Cocktail Party".

...I would be frightened, not of any hostility but of a kind of nonexistence.

I would be frightened,and my fear was not caused by my neighbor's visibly hostile and violent way of life,but by a kind of formless and hidden emptiness and meaninglessness of human existence.What happened around me was totally irrelevant to me,and I felt very isolated and alienated.

She did not ask me---was it delicacy or disapproval?---about my new life. She did not ask me about my new life,either out of subtle consideration for my feeling about this sensitive subject or out of disapproval for my new life style.

It would be a sleazy thing to do, in the house of his friends.

It would be a morally low thing,an indecent thing to commit infidelity in the house of a friend.

I knew now that he was a person who had hit rock bottom.

I knew that he was a person who had experienced the worst in life,the hardest experience a person might have to endure.

He and wife knew that together and it bound them, as something like that would either break you apart or bind you, for life.

They experienced the worst together and they knew what it was like and understood the meaning of that experience.such an experience posed the

gravest test to people.if they stood the test,their friendship or marriage would be strengthened,and a sacred bondage would be formed between them.but if they failed the test,their relationship would be broken and they would flow on gently and

Not risking a thing yet staying alive as a sweet trickle, an underground resource. With the weight of this now stillness on it, this seal.

If they acted on love,they would take risks.they wouldn't do that or go further in their relationship,but they would rather let their love remain as a sweet trickle,which would flow on gently and...

Lesson 5 The One Against the Many

1....the national rejection of dogmatic preconceptions about the nature of the social and economic order

there are such prejudices in an arrogant manner about the characteristic of the social order and economic order and they take it for granted.The country just rejected such prejudice.

2 Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently vulnerability to secular ideology ever after

No one can say that Americans have never been tempted by the approach of understanding ,preserving or transforming the world according to rigid dogmas.

.and any intellect so shaped was ...ever after

A mind influenced by Calvinist theology would surely find it somewhat

difficult to resist other ideological temptations to ideological thinking. Pragmatism is no more wholly devoid...experience

Pragmatism is not completely free from abstract ideas just as ideology is not completely free from experience,that is to say,abstract ideas have a place in pragmatism just as experience has a role in ideology.

As an ideologist,however,Jefferson....historical curiosity

As a man following a fixed set of beliefs,Jefferson is only an interesting historical figure.His beliefs are out of date and are irrelevant to present-day reality.

...whose central dogma is confided to the custody of an infallible priesthood

Their central beliefs are imprisoned by the whole body of priests who are always effective.

...where free men may find partial truths,but where ...on Absolute Truth In this universe a person whose mind is unconstrained may be able to discover relation truths but no man on earth can claim that he has already grasped the one and only truth.

But ideology is a drug; no matter how ...it still persists.

Ideology has the characteristic of a narcotic.In spite of the fact that it has been proved wrong many times by experience, people still long to commit themselves to ideology.

...the only certainty in an .....abuse

The only thing that is sure of a despotic system is the unrestricted exercise of power.

10. The distinctive human triumph...lies in the capacity to understand the frailty of human striving ...nonetheless

The most outstanding achievement of humanity is they know that no matter how hard they try,they cannot achieve Absolute truth,yet they continue to make great efforts and refuse to give up

Lesson6 Death of a pig

1.It is a tragedy enacted on most farms with ...The murder,being premeditated,is in the first degree..and the smoked bacon and ham provide...questioned

the tragedy has an ending---the killing of a pig and the serving of its meat.The killing deliberately planned and carried out efficiently,is the most type of murder.However,whether pigs should end their lives that way has never been questioned.

A pig couldn't ask for anything better or none has, at any rate

A pig could not ask for any better living conditions;at least no pig has ever complained.In a word,my pig lived in a pleasant environment

You could see him down there at all hours, his white face parting (i)

stethoscope dangling ...and grinning his corrosive grin

Fred was quite excited about the event.He was down at the pigpen all the time.because of his swollen joints,he moved about unsteadily.His face set

apart the grass along the fence as he moved about.He was like a doctor,with his long ,drooping ears dangling like a stethoscope,and he scrabbbled on the ground as if he were prescibing some medicine.

When the enema bag appeared, and the bucket of warm suds, his happiness...full charge of the irrigation

When it was time to dose the pig,Fred became even more excited,and he managed to get through the fence,and acted as if he was taking charge of the medical treatment.

...and the premature expiration of a pig is...a sorrow in which it feels fully involved

If a pig dies before he is supposed to ,it is a serious matter for the whole community to remember.The whole community would share the sadness for his death.

I have written this account in penitence and in grief,as a man who...and to explain my...so many raised pigs

The purpose of this essay is to show that I am sorry for what has happened to my pig,since I have failed to raise the pig and cannot provide a reason why my pig could didn't grow the way other pigs have grown. The grave in the woods is unmarked,but ...and I know he and I...on flagless ..own choosing

The pig's grave in the woods doesn't have a tombstone,but whenever somebody wants to visit it,Fred will show him the way.I know we will

often visit it,separate or together,when we need to ponder over problems or when we are depressed.

Lesson 7 Inaugural address

For man holds in his mortal hands....and all forms of human life. rendering it uninhabitable and lifeless.

...unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights... We do not want to see or to allow the slow destruction of those human rights.

To those peoples in the huts and villages of half.....of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves...

To the people of the underdeveloped countries living in poverty in rural areas,we are committed to helping them to rid themselves of mass poverty by their own efforts.

But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.

But we should not let any communist power take advantage of this alliance for progress to expand its influence.

And let every other power know that this....of its own house.

We want to make clear to the communist powers that Americas are the Americas of the Americans.do not attempt to penetrate into this area. ...before the dark powers of destruction..... or accidental self-destruction. before the world is destroyed by a nuclear war launched in a preemptive

attack or caused by accident.

...yet both raing to alter the uncertain...of mankind's final war.

Yet both sides attempt to get an edge in the nuclear arms race so as to break the mutual deterrence which has so far prevented the outbreak of a nuclear war.

...civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.

To be ready to negotiate and establish friendly relations does not mean that we are weak or afraid.declarations of sincere intention have to be tested by actions.

Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Let the two sides use the fruits of science for the benefit of humanity rather than using high-tech weapons to kill and destroy.

...each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.

There have been occasions for each generations of Americans to be called upon to fight and die for their country.

Lesson 8 A rose for Emily

but garages and cotton gins had ...of that neighborhood...

the street used to house only the best families.But then great changes took place:garages and cotton gins were established on the street and their existence wiped out the aristocratic traces in that neighbouhood.

Not that Miss Emily would have accepted charity.

It would not be true to say that miss emily would have accepted charity. "Just as if a man-any man-could keep a kitchen properly," the ladies said....

What the ladies said meant that they did not in the least believe a man ,any man,could keep a kitchen properly.

It was another link between the gross, teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons.

The griersons regarded themselves as very important and the outside world as vulgar and full of people inferior to them.they belonged to two entirely different worlds.however,the complaints about the smell served as a link between the two different worlds and compelled miss emily to deal with the outside world.

The next day th received two more.....in diffident deprecation.

The next day the mayor received two more complaints.one of them was from a man who came and pleaded to the mayor in a shy and timid way. People in our town, remembering how old lady Wyatt.....a little too high for what the really were.

People in the town felt that the Grierson family regarded themselves more important than they really deserved to be.the fact that miss emily great-aunt,old lady wyatt,had gone crazy had to do with this blind,excessive self-importance.

Now she too would know the old thrill and the old despair of a penny more or less.

Ordinary people often become excited or worried when they get a penny more or a penny less.Being poor,now she would learn to appreciate the value of money like other people in the town.

But there were still other, older people, who...without calling it noblesse oblige.

But there were still others,older people,who said that no matter how sad miss emily was (over her father death),she should not forget she had certain obligations as a member of the nobility,though a real lady would not describe her self-restraint by the expression noblesse oblige

大学英语精读 第二册第一、二课 课文翻译

Unit1 The Dinner Party 关于男人是否比女人更勇敢的一场激烈争论以一种颇为出人意料的方式解决了 The dinner party 晚宴 1. I first heard this tale in India, where is told as if true—though any naturalist would know it couldn’t be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down. 我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像确有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，一家杂志曾刊登过这个故事。但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。 2.The country is India.A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests—officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist—in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda. 故事发生在印度。某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯；屋顶明椽裸露；宽大的玻璃门外便是走廊。跟他们一起就坐的客人有军官和他们的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。 3. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't. 席间，一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。 4. "A woman's reaction in any crisis, "the major says, "is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts." 他说：“一遇到危急情况，女人的反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。” 5. The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy's eyes widen：he quickly leaves the room. 那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。 6. Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors. 在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。 7. The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing—bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters—the likeliest place—but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are

现代设计方法习题答案

3.用梯度法求下列无约束优化问题：MinF(X)=x12+4x22，设初始点取为X(0)={2,2}T，以梯度模为终止迭代准则，其收敛精度为5。 1)求初始点梯度▽F(X) ▽F(X)={2x1,8x2}T▽F(X(0))={4,16}T (2)第一次搜索 |▽F(X(0))|=16.5,S(0)=- ▽F(X(0))/16.5=-{0.243,0.97}T α(0)=2.157 X(1)=X(0)+α(0)S(0)={1.476,-0.923}T ▽F(x(1))={2.952,-0.738}T |▽F(x(1))|=3.043<5.0 故满足要求，停止迭代。 最优点X*={1.476,-0.0923}T 最优值F(X*)=2.21 4.

5.

6. 用外点法求解约束优化问题： ()()12211221min ..0()0 f X x x s t g X x x g X x =+=-≤=-≤ ， 收敛准则：(1) ()0.10.01k k X X εδ+-≤=，约束容限＝ 解：（1）利用外点法惩罚法构造无约束优化问题 () ( ) 12()22()212121(min ,()() k k k x x X r x x r x x r x +??Φ=?++-+-??可行域内）（可行域外） （2）此例只是为了说明外点法的思路，用微分法求解上述无约束优化问题。 用极值条件求解： 在可行域内：偏导数不可能等于0，即可行域内无极值 在可行域外，令： ()2()11211 ()2122 14()2012()0k k k r x x x r x x r x x x ?Φ =+-+=??Φ =--=?

精读2期末考试paraphrase范围

1.I was fresh out of graduate school starting my first semester at the University of Kansas City. (Para. 1) I had just completed my graduate studies and began teaching at the University of Kansas City. 2.I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not in a drugstore-mechanics school, but in a college and that at the end of his course meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science. (Para. 2) I could have told him that he was now not getting training for a job in a technical school but doing a B.Sc. at a university. 3.You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. (Para. 5) You have to take responsibility for the w ork you do. If you’re a pharmacist, you should make sure that aspirin is not mixed with poisonous chemicals. As an engineer, you shouldn’t get things out of control. If you become a lawyer, you should make sure an innocent person is not sentenced to death because you lack adequate legal knowledge and skill to defend your client. 4.Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports your wife, and rears your children. (Para. 5) In addition to all other things these professions offer, they provide you with a living so that you can support a family—wife and children. 5.If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy. (Para. 12) If you are too anxious to make money, too ignorant to see your limitations, then you couldn’t regard those great people’s minds as a gift to your humanity, and thus you can’t be a developed human. 6.“Yes, different,” he snapped, angry with her resorting to this trick of repeating his words so that they sounded hypocritical. (Para. 16) “Yes, different,” he responded angrily and quickly and he hates it when she adopts this trick of repeating his words to make him sound false and mean. 7.While he was at it, he decided, he might as well mop the floor. (Para. 42) When he was doing the housework at that time of the night, he had better clean the floor as well. 8.He’d acted out of concern for her; he thought that it would be a nice gesture on her part not to start up the conversation again. (Para. 21) The husband had shown concern and care for his wife, and he hoped that she would show her concern in return by not continuing the unpleasant conversation. 9.Washington, the city of form and rules, turned chaotic by a blast of real winter and a single slap of metal on metal. (Para. 1) With a sharp and loud noise, Washington, the neatly well-designed city of order was thrown into a terrible confusion. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6512228694.html,st Wednesday the elements, indifferent as ever, brought down Flight 90. And on

现代大学英语精读1 UNIT10 Mandela27s Garden 课文翻译资料讲解

2014101018 第十单元 Translation of Text A 曼德拉的菜园 1 1977年初，当局宣布解除集体劳动，给我们安排了一些院内的工作，因此我们可以在自己的这片区域里打发时间了。结束了体力劳动就像解放了一样。现在我每天可以读书、谢辛和我的狱友讨论问题，或者准备法律文件。时间上的自由还得以让我继续从事在罗本岛上培养起来的两大爱好：园艺和网球。 2 为了在狱中生存，你必须使自己在日常生活中得到满足。你可以通过把衣服洗的特别干净，把门前过道打扫得一尘不染，或把自己的牢房整理出尽可能大的空间这些方法使自己感到充实。同一个在监狱外的人为自己完成重要任务而感到骄傲一样，监狱的人也可以完成未完成一件小事而同样感到自豪。 3 几乎刚在罗本岛被判刑时起，我就向当局提出申请，我在院子里开垦一块菜园。多年来，他们没有给出任何原因，却一直拒绝我的请求。但最终他们让步了，这样我们能够在远处墙根下一块狭长的地面上划出小片面积的地方做菜园。 4 院子里的土壤很干，而且石头很多。这个院子在建起来之前是个垃圾场，因此为了开辟这个园子，我的清除掉大量的石头，给植物留出生长的空间。当时，一些狱友开玩笑说我骨子里是个矿工，整天呆在一片荒地里，把自己的空闲时间都花费在挖院子里的地了。 5 狱方给我提供了种子。开始时，我种了番茄、辣椒和洋葱——都是些不需要肥沃的土壤或经常照料的生命力很强的植物。早期的收成不好，但很快状况就有了改善。狱方不会后悔允许我开辟菜园种菜的，因为菜园的蔬菜长的好起来后，我就经常给看守们一些最好的番茄和洋葱。 6 虽然我一直喜爱园艺，但直到入狱后我才得到一片属于自己的菜园。在园艺方面的第一次经历是在海尔堡，那是大学时作为体力劳动要求的一部分，我在一位教授家的院子里干活，在那里我享受着脑力劳动之余和土地之间的接触。但自从我到约翰内斯堡学习并工作以后，就在没有时间和没有地方种菜了。 7 我开始订阅一些关于园艺方面的书籍。从中学习了不同的园艺技术和不同种类的肥料。书中提及的许多材料我都没有，但经历了尝试和失败以后，我学到了很多东西。我曾用不同的土壤和化肥来试着种花生，但最终都失败了。这是我很少的几次失败之中的一次。 8 菜园是一个人在监狱中所能控制的仅有的几件事情之一。播下种子，看着它生长，照料它，然后收获果实，这一过程是人得到一种简单却持久的满足感。作为一小片土地的主人是我感到一丝的自由。

现代设计方法-习题集(含答案)

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U n i t1T e x tⅠT h i n k i n g a s a H o b b y Paraphrases of the Text 1.The leopard was Nature, and he was being natural.(3) The leopard symbolizes Nature,which stands for all animal needs or desires. 美洲豹象征着自然，它在那里显得很自然而已。 2.Nature had endowed the rest of the human race with a sixth sense and left me out.(15) Everybody, except me ,is born with the ability to thin 大自然赋予其余的所有的人第六感觉却独独漏掉了我。 3.You could hear the wind trapped in the cavern of his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments. His body would reel with shock and his ruined face go white at the unaccustomed visitation.(19) 你能听到风被他的胸腔堵住，遇到障碍物艰难前进发出的声音。他的身体因为不习惯这样的感觉而摇摇晃晃，脸色变得惨白。 4.In this instance, he seemed to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck.(20) Mr. Houghton’s deeds told me that he was not ruled by thought, instead, he would feel a strong urge to turn his head and look at the girls. 在这种情况下，我认为他不是受思想，而是受他后颈里某个看不到却无法抗拒的发条的控制。

外教社大学英语精读第三册 unit6 原文+翻译

Unit 6 一、课文 The small boy's illness seemed not too serious. Yet he was clearly very worried about something. Whatever was it? 小男孩的病似乎并不太重。但他显然在为什么事忧心忡忡。究竟是什么事呢？ A Day's Wait Ernest Hemingway He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move. 一天的等待 欧内斯特·海明威 他走进我们房间关窗户的时候，我们还未起床。我见他一副病容，全身哆嗦，脸色苍白，步履缓慢，好像一动就会引起疼痛。 "What's the matter, Schatz?" “你怎么啦，宝贝?” "I've got a headache." “我头痛。” "You better go back to bed." “你最好回床上去睡。” "No. I'm all right." “不，我没啥病。” "You go to bed. I'll see you when I'm dressed." “你先去睡。我穿好衣服来看你。” But when I came downstairs he was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. When I put my hand on his forehead I knew he had a fever. 可是当我来到楼下时，他已穿好衣服，坐在火炉旁。这个9岁的男孩，看上去病得厉害，一副可怜的模样。我用手摸了摸他的额头，知道他发烧了。 "You go up to bed," I said, "You're sick." “你到楼上去睡，”我说，“你病了。” "I'm all right," he said. “我没有病，”他说。 When the doctor came he took the boy's temperature. 医生来后，量了孩子的体温。 "What is it?" I asked him. “多少度?”我问医生。 "One hundred and two." “102度。” Downstairs, the doctor left three different medicines in different colored capsules with instructions for giving them. One was to bring down the fever, another a purgative, the third to overcome an acid condition. The germs of influenza can only exist in an acid condition, he explained. He seemed to know all about influenza and said there was nothing to worry about if the fever did not go above one hundred and four degrees. This was a light epidemic of flu and there was no danger if you avoided pneumonia. 下楼后，医生留下用不同颜色胶囊包装的三种药丸，并嘱咐如何服用。一种药退烧，另一种润肠、通便，还有一种是去酸。他解释说，流感细菌只能在酸性环境中生存。他似乎对流感很内行，并说，如果发烧不超过一百零四度，就用不着担心。这是轻度流感，只要当心不引起肺炎，就无危险。 Back in the room I wrote the boy's temperature down and made a note of the time to give the various capsules. 我回到房里，记下孩子的体温，并记下各种胶囊的服用时间。 "Do you want me to read to you?" “要不要让我读点书给你听?” "All right. If you want to," said the boy. His face was very white and there were dark areas under his eyes. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached from what was going on.

现代设计方法实验报告

《现代机械设计方法学》实验报告 班级： 学号： 姓名： 成绩：

实验一、有限元分析 （一）目的： 1、初步掌握有限元软件分析力学问题的过程，包括几何建模、网格划分等前处理功能，掌握各种计算结果的阅读。 2、掌握材料数据、载荷、约束的添加方法。 （二）要求：学生独立完成一个算例的有限元分析，并阅读其计算结果，提交一个算例的分析报告。 （三）计算实例 1、问题的描述 为了考察铆钉在冲压时，发生多大的变形，对铆钉进行分析。 铆钉圆柱高：10mm 铆钉圆柱外径：6mm 铆钉下端球径：15mm 弹性模量：2.06E11 泊松比：0.3 铆钉材料的应力应变关系如下： 应变0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.02 0.2 618 1128 1317 1466 1510 1600 1610 应力 /Mpa

1、有限元模型。

3、应力云图，可选主应力或σx、σy、τxy、V on Mises应力、Tresca应力之一输出结果图片，指明你所选的应力的最大值及其位置。 （三）思考题： 1、如果要提高边界处计算精度，一般应如何处理？ 答：在边界处划分网格 2、有限元网格划分时应注意哪些问题？ 答：选取的时候要将编号显示出来，这样就可以更好的选择，网格尽可能的小，这样结果就越准确。

实验二、优化实验 （一）目的： 初步掌握利用ANSYS软件或MATLAB软件对问题进行分析。 （二）要求： 学生独立完成一个算例的分析，并给出算例的计算结果。。 （三）算例 1.实际问题 梁的形状优化，优化目的是使梁的体积最小，同时要求梁上的最大应力不 超过30000psi，梁的最大挠度不大于0.5in,沿长度方向梁的厚度可以变化，但梁端头的厚度为定值t，采用对称建模。 使用两种方法进行优化，两种方法优化结果。 子问题近视法目标ANSYS 百分比（TVOL）体积in3 3.60 3.62 1.004 （DEFL）挠度max in 0.500 0.499 0.998 (STRS)应力max,psi 30000 29740 0.991 第一阶法目标ANSYS 百分比（TVOL）体积in3 3.6 3.61 1.003 （DEFL）挠度max in 0.5 0.5 1.001 STRS)应力max,psi 30000 29768 0.992