比较和对照的英语写作方法(2012)
Comparison and Contrast
比较和对照的写作方法
一．目标、重点和难点
目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较着重相似点，而对照强调不同之处）；
重点：熟悉比较和对照写作方法的特点、模式及相关写作语块（词组、结构及句子）；
难点：训练学生对作文主题的思维拓展以及相关语言表达的总结。
二．A Brief Introduction
1. Definitions of comparison and contrast
Comparison: You are asked to explain how two or more things are alike.
Contrast: You are asked to explain how two or more things are different.
2. Two methods to organize a comparison and contrast essay
使用比较和对照写作方法的一般是说明文与论说文，常见的比较对照有两种方式
1）逐点比较方式Point-by-point method(or alternating arrangement): You alternate
points about A (one thing) with comparable points about B (another thing). AB交错，
即A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3...。
2）块状比较方式Item-by-item method (or block arrangement): You discuss all of A, then all of B. 先A后B，即A1, A2, A3...；B1，B2，B3...。
3. structure
Usually, comparison and contrast essay writing consists of three parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion.
Introduction often begins with a sentence that will catch the reader’s interest. Then name the two subjects and state that they are very similar or quite different, having many important (or interesting) similarities or differences.
Body discusses how both subjects are different or similar with the two methods (alternating or block arrangement).
Conclusion gives a brief, general summary of the most important similarities and differences. End with a personal statement, or a prediction.
4．Samples
Sample1 Country Life and City Life
It is really hard to say which is better than the other, city life or rural life. Both have their merits and shortcomings.
Living in the city has a great many advantages. First, you can enjoy various
kinds of foods, both foreign and domestic. Second, there are more cultural activities in the city – you can go to the concert, the theatre, the movies or the disco club after a day’s hard work. But city life has many problems, too.The overcrowded population, traffic jam, industrial pollution, and the lack of understanding between people may result in disease and unhappiness. Living in the country, however, you can watch the magnificent sunrise and sunset and listen to the bird singing in the tree. If you want, you can certainly have a huge garden when a small green space seems a luxury in the city. In the country, you don’t have so mucn worrie s. You can enjoy the pleasure of work by planting seeds in the earth and watching them grow into flowers and finally into fruits or food. But rural life may not be that perfect. Things are going so slowly that sometimes you may feel that you are absolute left behind in some remote corners of the world. Y ou may again miss the parties, friends and movies in the city.
Like anything else, country life and city life have their advantages and disadvantages. The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasures of both lives and get rid of their inconveniences.
Sample2 Middle School Life and College Life There are many differences between middle school and the college.
First，in middle school，we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college，we must study by ourselves before class. If not，we couldn't follow the teacher. Second，there are lots of rules in middle school. For example，we should wear the uniform，the girls must have their hair cut short，and we are not allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However，in college，we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third，in the middle school，we must study first. That means we could do nothing but study.
In contrast，we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.
Sample3 The Senate and the House of Representatives [Introduction]As we all know, in the USA, Congress is responsible for making laws. Congress is made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In this essay, you will learn the differences between the two houses of Congress.
[Body]There are many differences between the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Vice President of the United States is the head of the Senate. He must vote in the Senate if there is a tie (平局). On the other hand, the head of the House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House, who is elected by representatives. Another difference is that the Senate is made up of 100 senators, two from each state. The House of Representatives, however, is made up of 435 representatives. The number of representatives from each state is determined by that state’s population. A thir d difference is that senators are elected to serve six-year terms, while representatives are elected to serve two-year terms.
[Conclusion]Although Congress is made up of two types of lawmakers, they must work together for the benefit of all Americans.
三．写作步骤
1. 写前阶段：写作提纲
1) 对两个对象或一个对象的两个方面进行比较与对照分析，找出相似点/不同之处。
如分析Online shoping or in-store shopping（网络购物还是店内购
2. 写作阶段：利用相关资料，组织结构与内容
1) Useful words and phrases:
（1）Similarity: like, similar to, also, similarly, in the same way, likewise, again, in like manner，in the same manner, equally
（2）Difference: unlike, compared to, in contrast, by contrast，contrasted with, on the contrary, conversely，different from, instead, but,
（3）Other: yet, still, but, nevertheless, at the same time, regardless, despite, while, whereas, however, otherwise, on the one hand … on the other hand 2）Useful expressions
Just like a coin has two sides, everyting has its advantages and disadvantages, and …is no exception.
The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
Like anything else, it has its faults.
A and
B has several points in common.
A bears some resemblances to B.
However, the same is not applicable to B.
A and
B differ in several ways.
Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
The same is true of B.
Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
比较型作文常用句型）
首段
It is widely accepted / an undeniable fact that…
There used to be a heated discussion over …
Nowadays, there are two ways to…, such as A and B.
Some people prefer …., while others insist that…
Those who are in favor of A argue that…
But I am in favor of … / But I prefer to do…/But I agree with the former/latter one 中立的观点：
As for me, I ‘m in favor of a combination of A and B./ I prefer to combine A and B. Personally, I prefer to strike a balance between A and B.
主体部分
First and foremost,…What’s more,…,Last but not least,
First of all,…Moreover,…Most importantly,…
It is true that A is…,but B…
There are several strong points of A.
The advantages of A are much greater than those of B
However, the advantages of A outweigh it disadvantages.(利大于弊)
结尾段
For this reason, I like doing….
Of course, A has its own merits. But I’m still in favor of B.
中立的观点：
Therefore, we need both A and B. The former…, the latter….
Therefore, A and B are of equal importance. The former helps to…,and the latter
contributes to ….
The secret of …lies in the combination of both A and B.
3）Useful Writing Patterns
（1）块状比较模板：
模板一
It is really hard to say which is better than the other, A or B. Both have their merits and shortcomings.
A has a great many advantages. First, …. Second, …. Third, …. Wondering as A is , it has its drawbacks. First of all, …. Besides, ….
B is quite different from B in many ways. Its positive sides are as follows. Firstly, …. Sencondly, …. Like anyting else, B has its faults, such as….
Evidently, both A and B have their positive and negative aspects.The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasures of the both and get rid of their inconveniences.
模板二
The topic of ____ (主题) is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say _A__ is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ______(A理由一). What’s more, _____(A理由二). Moreover, _____(A理由三).
While others think that __B__ is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,______ (B理由一).Secondly/Besides, ______ (B理由二). Thirdly/ Finally, ______(B 理由三).
For my point of view, I think ______(我的观点). The reason is that _____ (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reason to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice.
模板三
There is a heated debate over ______(主题). It is commonly accepted that __A__ . In contrast, others think that __B___ .
Those who hold the first opinion suggest that ______(A理由一). In their view, ______ (A理由二). However, others think ______(B理由一).They argue that _______(B理由二) .
Considering one after another, I stand on the side of _A/B__ . First of all, ______(原因一). Furthermore, _______(原因二). Thirdly, ______(原因三). Therefore, I am in favor of the idea _____ (我的观点).
（2）逐点比较框架：
Both A and B are very popular in today’s society. Just like a coin has two sides, everyting has its advantages and disadvantages, and A and B are no exception.
There a re many differences between A and B. In the first place, A…. On the contrary, B…. In the second place，A …. Unlike A, B…. Last but by no means the least, A …. By contrast, B….
Both A and B have their strong points and weak points respectively. People can choose which way to use according to their own likes and dislikes.
3. 写作后阶段：检查与修改
1）词汇、结构、句型、时态、语法（方面的错误减到最低）；
2）句子之间的连接、段落之间的衔接（流畅；
3）整篇文章的内容（重点突出）、结构与层次（清晰、分明）；
四．You are required to write a composition with the method of comparison and contrast. You can choose one of the following topics.写作练习：请根据自己的能力和兴趣，用比较和对照写作方法完成一篇英语作文，题目如下：
1. By Car or By Bike
2. By E-mail or By Letter
3. Live On Campus or Off Campus
4. Package Tour or Travelling On Your Own
5. College Lectures or Discussion
6. Study Abroad or At Home
7. Beijing and Shanghai
8. My College Life and Middle School Life
五．范文
Where to Live—in the Country or in the City Where to live—in the country or in the city? Different people have different opinions. Some people enjoy the convenience of the city. First, there are many public places of entertainment, such as parks, cinemas, exhibitions, nightclubs and so on. And there ale also quite a number of schools, universities and scientific research institutions that provide good education. Second, the public transportation facilities are very convenient. Taxicabs, buses, trolley buses, and subways can quickly take people anyplace in the city. And third, shops and department stores are well stocked with goods of all kinds, high in quality and low in price.
初中英语作文写作方法指导
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浅谈初中英语写作技巧和方法
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英语比较对比写作手法例文
Animation Industry i n Japan a nd America Rencently, young people seem to be crazy about an activity which is called C osplay.In the activity they dress up in some wired clothes and pose themselves as a character in a Japanese or American cartoon s. As we know, both Japanese and American cartoons are the most popular animation industry in the world. However, they have some differences due to their culture diversity.
More and more Japanese realize the problem that they have lots of good painter but are short of excellent marketers. Compared with Japanese cartoon,American cartoon has a complete matur e i ndustrial chain and perfect industrial structure. The Disney Company is a good example. The Disney Park built by the Disney Company has located in America, Japan, China and some European countries. You can find all the characters that exist in Disney cartoon in the park and have a good time. Although the two kinds of animation industry have developed to a high level in the world, there still are problems which prevent the industries from getting better. Maybe combine them together and strengthen their communication will be a good method. On Old People and Children A number of people have the feeling that they take care of their children easily, while they also will be subjected to their mothers’complain t s although they take care of their mothers thoughtfully. In fact,there are some similarities and differences between old people and children. As long as we learn about these below, we will deal with all of them relaxedly. First of all, old people and children have some similariies. In people have the same willfulness and the same love of
英语写作期末试题和答案解析
英语写作期末试题和答 案解析 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6514420763.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR
Part I M ultiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.” A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car.
英语基础写作指导与技巧(整理版)
基础写作指导 一、写一个完整的句子。 这几句是正确的句子吗? 如果你认为有误, 该怎么改? 1.The meeting will until 3:00. 2.Work hard, you will succeed. 3.I have a brother, who is a doctor. 4. There are only 4 students take part in the class. 二、句子类型。 简单句: 只包含一个主谓结构的句子. 并列句: 主谓结构+ 连词(and, but, so, or……) +主谓结构(或更多的主谓结构) 复合句: 引导词+主谓结构, 主谓结构 (从句) (主句) 三、五种基本的简单句。 1.主语+不及物动词 Birds fly. Buses run from dawn till midnight. We are studying hard. 2. 主语+及物动词+宾语 We have read many books. They do shopping at the weekend. We are learning English. 3. 主语+系动词+表语 We are students. He became a scientist. That sounds good. 4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 He gave Tom a present. He offered me a job. 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 We made him our monitor. The manager thinks the plan practical. He will have his bike repaired. I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that. 四、过渡词 （1）表并列关系的过渡词: and, also，as well, as well as，or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor （2）表递进关系的过渡词: besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more，what’s worse （3）表转折对比的过渡词： but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in s pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others
写好英语作文的方法有哪些
写好英语作文的方法有哪些 写好英语作文的方法 第一招：审题细心 审题好比驾驶员打方向，方向对了，哪怕开得慢点，也会顺利到目的地。如果审题不清，书面表达的成绩不知道会有多惨。学生真正开始写作前，必须花相当一部分时间做写前阅读、思考等准备，包含以下四方面： 1审体裁。根据情景提示首先要弄清写何种体裁文章。 2审结构。明确开始部分、正文部分和结尾部分，定好段落。 3审格式。如日记、便条、书信、通知的格式等。 4审内容。弄清什么必需写，哪些略写，尤其是图画式书面表达，要学会连贯性，读懂图的意思。 5审人称和时态。弄清书面表达要求用何种人称，根据材料确定短文的基本时态。 第二招：衔接流畅 恰当使用逻辑词语，使各要点间连贯，行文通顺。 表并列或递进:and,both…and...,neither…nor,not only…but also...; 表选择:or,either…or; 表转折或让步:but,although,though,however,even though,inspite of,on the contrary; 表对比:like,unlike,while; 表举例:for example,such as,that's to say; 表强调:in fact,of course,besides; 表时间顺序:when,after,before,as soon as,soon，after; 表因果关系:because,since,as,for,for this reason，as a result; 表结论:in a word,to sum up,in summary,in conclusion,on the whole. 第三招：短语地道
英语对比写作方式
关于对比 共同点 The two boys had so much in common that they soon became good friends. The two ideas and the rejections are parallel to each other. The two parts compare with each other in their similarity. Both of the ideas are incorrect and are followed by corrections. Although Grant and Robert were fierce rivals during the war, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, had a great deal in common. These three types generally have the same traits. This Church was the custodian of knowledge, as well as the main employer of literate men. Rapid changes, have forced most countries to reconsider the national goals of education; Great Britain is no exception. The two systems are, in effect, identical. The individuals and the government are of the same importance. People of all ages have been playing these games. He was consistent in his attitude. 他的态度是前后一致的。 Our packing will be on a par with that of the Japanese. 我们的包装可以与日本同行相比美。 不同点 The writer presented two different ideas, one about Gail’s mother’s early idea a nd the other about other people’s idea. The television western (西方影片) of several years ago differs greatly from the western of today. This part introduces to us the love between Gail, a White woman and Mark, a black man. There is a big/great distinction between working hard and being a workaholic. Workaholics, on the other hand, are often disorganized, always find reasons for working more, feel lost without work to do, hide from problems through work, don’t know how or when to relax, bring work home from th e office, can’t communicate well with fellow workers and family members, and have unbalanced, one-dimensional lives. We seem to be more in the fast lane than ever before. They are more comfortable being with fellow workers than with family and friends.
英语写作期末试卷
Part I Multiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.”? A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car. C. When I was ten, my grandfather died. D. None of the above. 10. Which one is not used as a transition word to give examples?
初中英语作文写作技巧
中考指导：五个步骤写好中考英语作文 书面表达是对学生在初中阶段英语学习的综合考查，涉及篇章结构、句子构成、短语使用和单词拼写等多方面内容，以下就中考书面表达的写作方法和注意事项进行指导： 一、认真审题，确定时态人称，同时关注题材格式时态：故事性文章一般用过去时，其中表达感受时可用现在时。说明性或议论性文章一般用现在时，举例时可用过去时。根据题目要求也会出现时态的交错使用，如过去和现在的对比等。如果句中出现了时间状语，时态则要遵循时间状语。如ago，last …——过去时next，in…——将来时等人称：注意在句子中人称的统一。例如：Thanks to the teachers，we have improved our English。其中we 和our 就是人称的统一。格式：注意书信格式的开头和结尾。 二、找全信息点，紧扣主题，突出重点切忌只看表格中或所列 1 、2、3 中的信息点。一定把题读全，找齐信息点，建议用铅笔标出，写完后再涂掉。根据题目，可适当增加合理内容。别注意文章要有开头和结尾。 三、成文时表述正确，文字流畅切忌与汉语提示的一一对应，使用所学表达方法将语义表达出来即可。首先考虑句子结构（如主谓宾，主系表等）。同时注意短语的正确使用和单词的拼写，最好使用课本上学过的短语和句式。 四、文章结构清晰，重点句型出彩，可使文章在得分上提高一个档次考虑文章的篇章结 构，使用适当的连接短语，使文章结构紧凑。 常用连接词： 1.表文章结构顺序：First of all，Firstly/First，Secondly/Second And then，Finally，In the end 2.表并列补充关系的：What ismore，Besides，Moreover，Furthermore，In addition 3.表转折对比关系的：However，On the contrary，but Although+clause（从句），In spite of+n/doing，On the one hand…，On the other hand… Some …，while others… 4.表因果关系的：Because，As，So，Thus，Therefore，As a result 5.表换一种方式表达：In other words 6.表进行举例说明：For example，句子；For instance，句子；such as+n/doing 7.表陈述事实：In fact 8.表达自己观点：As far as I know，In my opinion 9.表总结：In short，In a word，In conclusion，In summary 文中正确使用两三个好的句型，如：宾语从句、状语从句、动名词做主语等。宾语从句举例：I believe Tianjin will be more beautifulandprosperous。状语从句举例：If everyone does something for the environment，ourhometown will become clean and beautiful。 动名词做主语举例：Reading books in the sun is bad for our eyes。It' s bad for our eyes to read books in the sun 。 常用状语从句句型： 1）时间when，not…until，as soon as
英语写作方法研究
农村初中英语写作教学的策略与途径初探在成功的英语学习中，作文实在是必不可少的重要因素，可惜的是，在如今的英语教学中，这本应加强的一环反而受到了削弱。作文的好处如果用一句话来说，就是对读、听、说的最好反馈。这种反馈是其它学习形式，练习形式所代替不了的，因此，我认真学习新课程标准中的新理念，确立新的教学观，制定适应性强的教学目标，给予写作教学正确的定位。 一、我根据英语学科初中阶段各单元的教学目标，结合学生实际情况，脚踏实地实施写作教学步骤，细化内容，钻研教法和学法，帮助学生端正学习态度，激发学生学习热情，指导学生形成较为有效的写作策略。 （一）在听、说、读教学中渗透“写”的训练 《新课程标准》采用话题大纲和结构—功能大纲相结合的体系进行编排，每个单元都围绕着一个主题来展开听、说、读、写的四项技能的实践，突出了先输入后输出的特征，有利于我开展写作教学。1．加强听力训练，夯实写作基础 “不写没有读过的语言，不读没有说过的语言，不说没有听过的语言。”由此可见，通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受，在外语学习中是基础中的基础。我认为加强听力训练，必要时可以把听力材料改变成短文的形式，例如我在教授八年级下册Unit9 Can you come to my party ? Section B时，把听力材料进行了如下改编：Vince ______ play tennis with Andy. He _____ go to the doctor and study for a test
today. __________, he __________ soccer. After that, he has a piano ______. And he is _____ to babysit his sister ____________. 可以使学生获取更多信息，从而为写作表达打下基础。 2．创设说的平台，以“说”促“写” “学生的口语句型结构和表达方式往往是他们学习写作的基础”，我在写作教学同时，帮助学生提高和丰富口头表达技能，因为口语中常包含许多书面语的结构。 背诵也是学习英语的基本手段之一，重视背诵，尤其课文中的重点句型，也有利于学生口语、书面语言能力的提高和语感的增强，我指导学生平时要注意积累好词好句，适当使用英语佳句，可令文章增色不少。 3．注重拓展阅读，以“读”促“写” 古人云：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟”。广泛的阅读可增强学生的理解和吸收书面信息的能力，丰富学生的语言知识，了解英语国家文化背景，对英语写作会起到潜移默化的作用。我充分利用现有的教学资料，结合报刊、媒体、网络等资源，通过设计互动交流的学习任务，引导学生主动参与阅读和写作训练。 初中阶段的课本体裁常采用人物对话，在教学活动中，我要求学生采用将对话或听力材料改为语篇式的文章，缩写或仿写等形式，既巩固了课文，又利用了现成的素材进行写作训练。我还根据学生实际水平延伸阅读，启发交流，进行趣味写作。积极扩大课外阅读也是加强写作能力培养的有效途径之一。我提倡学生阅读英文报刊、杂志、
英语比较、对比类作文常用词,常用句型
比较/对比类作文常用词 v相同点 §Like, same, in the same way, similar to, similarly, both… and…, have …in common v不同点 §However, although, but, unlike, differ from, be different from, on the other hand, while, whereas 比较/对比类作文常用句型 As far as…is concerned…/ when it comes to the choice between… and…,/ whether to… or… is a problem we should give more thought to. v Some people maintain that … while others have opposing opinions. v While some people argu e for…, other people argue against…
Some people believe it’s beneficial to… while others think more disadvantages arise from v In the eyes of the first group of people… As to the second group of people… v In comparison…/by contrast v On (the) one hand, On the other hand v As far as I am concerned, I prefer to..
英语写作(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案
英语写作试题（一） I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Attaining Success in College Succeeding in college is not only important to getting and education, but also crucial in this day and age to success in the work place. To me, the three most important things for attaining a successful college experience are having smart classroom conduct, taking advantage of campus resources, and making college the first priority. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Making good use of campus resources is also of great importance to college success. The school library has many resources for the growth of the students’ mind. With computers and copy-machines for individual use, computer labs and writing labs are there not just for learning purposes but also for actual help with writing papers. The “office hours” will help the students build a close relationship with their professors and give them access to the professors’ mind. From the professors the students can acquire possible extra information that may put them ahead of their study. All these resources are free, since they are funded by student tuitions. So taking good advantage of the resources can only make the students’ education more attainable. Finally, any students who want to assure success must establish school as the top priority. Personally I have watched some students slowly loosen up; I have seen a pattern of partying and a lack of motivation. Many of the freshmen have no idea why they are in college, and their “eyes” often tell it all. This world is so rich in distractions that it is hard to keep a strong focus, especially if one is just starting his or her academic career. It is said that the first semester is often the most “unsuccessful” one. This certainly rings true for me. I made mistakes in this regard and eventually learned that, to achieve success, school must always be placed above other things. In my college experience, I have observed and learned how to achieve success. I wish someone had told me earlier the importance of having that smart classroom conduct, of fully utilizing the school resources, and of making college my top priority. Then, my college beginnings would not have been so rocky and tough. II. Write an outline (20 points) Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it. Smell Smell, as a means of nonverbal communication, is important. Odor communicates not only when we are face to face with another person, but also when the other personis not present. People from different cultures may have different attitudes toward body odors. Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or