旅游业概论
一．distance
?The National Resources Review Commission, USA: ≥50 miles (one way)
?US Census Bureau（美国户口普查局）: ≥100 miles (round trip)?Canadian government: ≥25 miles (from the boundaries)
?English Tourism Council: ≥ 20 miles &3 hours
二. Characteristics of Tourist Products
1.Intangibility无形性
It is a(n) service/experience rather than a tangible可触摸的good.
2.Inhomogenety易变性
It tends to vary in standard and quality over time and under different circumstances情境.
3.Simultaneity between production & consumption产消同步性
It can not be brought to the consumer; rather, the consumer must be brought to the product.
三．Purpose
?Holidays (VFR)
?Business (meetings, conferences会议, etc.)
?Other (study, religious pilgrimages宗教朝拜, health, etc.) 四．Tourism is the sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents and are not connected to any earning
(旅游是非定居者的旅行和暂时居留而引起的现象和关系的总和。这些人不会导致长期定居，并且不从事任何赚钱的活动。) 五．Various forms of tourist destinations
-seaside resort 海滨度假地-town or city城镇-Countryside乡村
-Mountains山岳-Lakes湖泊
第二章
一．The earliest forms of leisure touri
1.Babylonian: 6th C. BC：historic antiquities’museum
2.Egyptian: 6th C. BC：Many religious festivals were held
various services sprang up Graffiti 涂鸦(2000 BC)
3.Greeks: 3rd C. BC：Traveled to the sites of healing gods
Traveled by water --seaports
Religious festivals
4.Athens：5th C. BC：Famous destination: sports, religion
Parthenon ['pɑ:θin?n]巴特农神殿Inns—palette
Courtesans
二．Early Guides and Guidebooks
-484~424 BC, Herodotus：the worl d’s first significant travel writer(P18LR)
-4th C. BC, guidebooks appeared: Pausanias
三．Travel in the Middle Ages
1.Travel became more dangerous, difficult and considerably less attractive, and more synonymous with travail (分娩之痛，阵痛)
2.Most pleasure travel was undertaken close to home.
3.International travelers were mostly:
merchants(商人) strolling players（巡回表演者）minstrels（吟游诗人）
4.Holidays played an important role in the life of the public
A break from work 33 holy days(圣日) a year
四．The ‘Grand Tour’
1.Early 17th century: from Britain to continental countries
?Travel for reasons of education
?Learn from the continental countries: Renaissance
2.18th , it became institutionalized for the gentry (贵族)
3.Popular countries and places are:
?France, Italy, Paris, Venice and Florence
?Aix en Provence艾克斯普罗旺斯- 『法国南部』
?Montpellier蒙彼利埃- 『法国南部』
?Avignon亚维浓
4.Napoleonic war (In the early 19th century )Napoleonic [n?p?uli'?nik]拿破仑战争
Inhibited travel within Europe for some 30 years
五The Development of the Spas
-1562, Dr. William Turner published a book drawing attention to the
curative powers（治疗作用）of the waters at Bath and on the Continent.
-1626, Dr. Edmund Deane wrote a book which drew attention to sulphur springs（硫磺泉）in Great Britain. ['s?lf?]
-Main reason:The therapeutic（治疗性的）qualities of mineral waters （矿物质水）
六．The Rise of the Seaside Resort
-Until the Renaissance, bathing in the sea found little favor in Britain. -Only when the sea became associated with certain health benefits did bathing gain popularity.
-1752, Dr Richard Russell’s book
○1Demand increased greatly，○2inland spas VS seaside resort
-No fast, cheap transport，poor accommodation
六．The 19th century
-Early 19th：○1The railways ○2The steamships ○3Fast, safe, comfortable and convenient transportations are available from then on
-Late 19th：○1Bike○2Suntan['s?nt?n]n. 晒黑○3 Thomas CookTravelers cheques ○4Photography ○5Hand-books 七．Motivating/Enabling factors are more important for the development of tourism.
第三章
一．The origins of mass tourism(1900-1920s)
-1902-, Post-Victorian period后维多利亚时期
○1Population/market: more wealthy, curious and outgoing;
○2Trip: safer; politically stable;
○3Documentation: uncomplicated; do not need passport
-1914, The Great War/ WW I (一战)
○1Only a brief hiatus *hai‘eit?s] n. 空隙,裂缝: passport
○2Arouse a sense of curiosity about foreign travel.
○3New forms of communication：cinema, radio, TV
-1920s, New forms of travel
○1Railway/steamship: gradually decline
○2Motor car:1885; free; 1920s, popular among middle class
○3Airline: 1919, the first commercial air routes; 1930s, transatlantic route; signaled the end of long-distance rail services and great steamships
二．Holiday camp(1930s) 假日野营地
-Created in 1930s
-Aimed at low-income market for holidays
-The camp offers 24-hour entertainment at an all-inclusive price, child-minding
-Sponsored(发起) by Billy Butlin, 1936
Youth Hostels (青年公寓) Association (1929) : encouraged outdoor holidays and healthy recreation
三Movement to the seaside (early 1940s)
-Out break of WWII: travel remained domestic;
-Seaside holiday: firmly established as traditional annual destination for the mass of British
-Suntans: were seen as a status symbol, allied to health and time for leisure
四．Government involvement, around 1940
-Switzerland：○1recognized the importance of inbound tourism (入境旅游)
○2involved in tourism promotion overseas and gathering statistics
-Britain：○11929, Britain Travel and Holiday Association.（英国旅行和假日协会）○21939, tourism & balance of payment （收支平衡）tourism & health and efficiency of workforce○31938, Holidays with Pay Act.（带薪假法案）
-France：1936, introduced holidays with pay.
五．the aviation industry航空业
-One outcome of WWII: aircraft
-1945, commercial transatlantic flight (from N.Y. to Bournemouth, Douglas DC4)
-1950s, jet, more comfortable, safer, faster (36-44)
-1957, passengers crossing the Atlantic by air exceed those by sea
-1958, Boeing 707: air travel for the mass (76)
-1970s, supersonic（超声波）aircraft
六．the development of package tour,1950-1970
-second hand fans: charter aircraft, faster, as cheap as…
-1950, Vladimir Raitz, the mass charter air era
-1960s, package to the Mediterranean had become an established product for the mass
-1970, Boeing 747s, >400, cheaper fares
七．The movement to the sun
North America Mexico
North Europe
Japan
八．The growing of business travel
-the growth of world trade
-The rise of business travel
○1The per capita revenue from the business traveler greatly exceeds that of the leisure traveler.
○2Business travel often compliments leisure travel in time and locations. ○3Business travel is more price-inelastic(价格弹性小)
九．The all-inclusive holiday 包价假日/全包式假期
-Meaning:The holiday includes everything –food, alcoholic drinks, water-sports and other entertainment at the hotel.
-Attractions: Offering better value
○1pay up front ○2Know the budget in advance
○3No money exchange ○4No cash
第四章
一．The international tourist market
○1Leading tourism-generating countries,1997(based on tourism expenditure)
1USA 2Germany 3Japan 4UK 5Italy 6France 7Canada 8Austria 9Netherlands 10China
○2Leading tourism-receiving countries,1998(based on provisional receipts)
1USA 2France 3Italy 4Spain 5UK 6Germany 7China 8Austria 9Canada 10Turkey
○3World’s Top 10 Tourist Destinations & Tourism Earners (Year-2004) Arrivals:1France 2Spain 3USA 4Italy 5China 6UK 7Austria 8Mexico 9Germany 10Canada
Receipts:1USA 2Spain 3France 4Italy 5Germany 6UK 7China 8Austria 9Turkey 10Greece
○4The World's Top Tourism Destinations (international tourist arrivals)2006
1France 2Spain 3USA 4China 5Italy 6UK 7Germany 8Mexico 9Austria 10Russian Federation
○5Top ten international tourism destinations in 2010
1France 2USA 3China 4Spain 5Italy 6UK 7Turkey 8Germany 9Malaysia 10Mexico
二．The economic impact of tourism
A. Income：○1wages, salaries;○2interest, rent of tourism business;○3 profit;○4taxes○5income multiplier (收入乘数)
B. Employment：○1normal portion of job opportunity is 5:1
-that is: averagely, we need 1 staff, if we receive every 5 visitors, to work directly meeting the need of tourists.
-we need even more people to serve the tourists indirectly.
○2travel agencies, tour operators, intermediaries (中介), hotel, transport, destination
○3most are seasonal or part-time
C. Balance of payment
○1The total value of receipts minus the total payments made during the year represents a country’s balance of payments.一个国家在一定时期内（一年）国际经济往来的全部收入和支出，称为国际收支。D. Investment and development
○1high-risk investment
○2There may be an unwillingness to invest until a flow of tourists to the area can be demonstrated（证明）.
三P55图
第五章
一．Physiological(生理) and Psychological（心理）Needs
-Physiological needs are essential for our survival(生存): we need to drink, to eat, to sleep, to keep warm and to reproduce.
-Psychological needs are important for our well-being（康乐）: the need to love and be loved, the need for friendship, and the need to value ourselves as human beings and to have others value and respect us. 二．Innate and Learned Needs
-Innate needs are inherited(继承) by us at birth, include : biological（生物的）and instinctive（本能的）needs such as , breathing, eating and drinking. And some genetic traits inherited from our parents. (genomes 基因组)
-Learned needs arouse from the society we are raised, such as:the need for friendship, and the need to value ourselves as human being and to have others value and respect us
三．Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Basic needs生理，基本需要Air, water, food, shelter, warmth
Safety needs安全需要Security, stability, freedom from fear
Social needs 社会需要Affection, family, love, friendship etc
Ego needs自我需要Self-respect, achievement, recognition, status, etc Self-actualization自我实现Self-fulfillment, pursue inner talent, creativity, etc
四．P66The motivation process图
五．Tourist Motivation
1-General motivation：○1It is aimed at achieving a broad objective, for example that of getting away from the routine and stress of the work place to enjoy different and a healthy environment. ○2Why one goes to travel.
-“Push” factors
2-Specific motivation：○1It reflects the means by which a specific attraction satisfy the consumer’s needs and wants, e.g. the unique culture of Mount Tai
○2Why one chooses A as his destination instead of others.
-“Pull” factors
六．Factors Influencing Tourist Motivation(psychological and sociological)心理及社会因素
1.Psychological factors 心理因素○1Personal factors
1）Socio-demographic factors社会人口学因素
2)Personality traits 个性特征
3)Lifestyle 生活方式
○2Process of Buying behavior and decision making
2.Sociological factors 社会因素
○1Pressures from society 社会压力
○2Fashion and taste 时尚与品位
七AIDA model: Process of buying behavior
Awareness Interest Desire Action
※Some theories of decision making
-Extensive problem solving: wide range
-Limited problem solving: restrict choice
-Routinized response behavior: brand-loyal
-Impulse
八．P71The life cycle of a resort图
第六章
一．P77图6.1和图6.2
二．Common-interest Tourism organizations
○1Sectoral organizations ○2Destination organizations ○3Tourism organizations
三．Horizontal integration：1. One form is the integration between two companies offering competing products.(同类产品)
○1Merge(吞并)the takeover of one company by another.
○2Unite(合并，联合)a.voluntary agreement to merge and obtain the benefit of the larger organization. b.Voluntary unions can allow the companies concerned to maintain their autonomy(自主权). c.This is also called consortium（合伙，合作）: an affiliation (联盟) of independent companies working together to achieve a common aim or benefit.
2.A second form of integration occurs between companies offering
complementary rather than competing product.（互补产品）○1Hotels and transport sector○2Airlines buy into or form their own hotel division○3Airlines of different routes○4Retailing level○5Tour operating 三．Vertical integration ：1.Vertical integration is said to takes place when an organization at one level in the chain of distribution
unites with one at another level.
2.The integration can be forward (or downward in the direction
of the chain) or backward (or upward against the direction of the chain).
第7-9章
一．The airline services
1.Scheduled services定期航班○1They operate on a fixed /defined
route at fixed time, regardless of the passenger load factors (载
客率).○2They are provided by some 650 airlines world wide.
2.Charter services包机○1They do not operate according to
published timetables. ○2They charted to intermediaries (often
tour operators) for a fixed charge.○3The intermediaries are
responsible for selling the tickets.○4The intermediaries can
change departures or cancel flights.
3.Air taxi services空中“的士”○1They are privately chartered
aircraft accommodating between 4-8 people, and used particular by business travellers.○2The route can be tailor-made for passengers.
二．Water-borne passenger transport
1.Ocean liners (远洋定期客轮) ★○1An ocean liner is a ship
designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule.○2 Ocean liners typically were strongly built with high freeboards （干舷）to withstand sea storms and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean, and had large capacities for fuel, foods, and other stores.
2.Cruising (巡航船) ★★○1A cruise ship or cruise liner is a
passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience. ○2 Cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their originating port. ○3Cruise routes P123图
3. Ferry (渡船) A ferry is a form of transport, usually a boat or ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and their vehicles across a body of water. ○2Ferries are also used to transport freight (in lorries卡车and sometimes unpowered freight containers) and even railroad cars.
○3Most ferries operate on regular, frequent, return services. characteristics：○1Ferry is usually used for short-distance travel ○2Most of the ferry are designed to provide an essential service for local commuters(往返) ○3They also provide important attractions for
tourists. ○4The key ferry routes for tourists are those major links between countries.
4.Coastal and inland waterways tourism (沿海及内地水路旅游)Inland waterways mainly refer to lakes, rivers, and canals(运河). ○2They usually can provide exceptional opportunities for recreation and tourism. ○3The major waterways of the world have long attracted the tourist.
P139 table8.3 Most popularrivers for cruising
1）The Nile River (尼罗河·Egypt) 2）Rhine（莱茵河·Holland and Germany）3）Danube (多瑙河·Germany and Rumania)
4）Volga and Neva 5) Seine and Rhone（塞纳、罗纳河·French）6)others including Po,elbe,Yangtze, Missisippi (密西西比河·America),Murray,Douro
5．Seagoing pleasure craft (远洋游艇)
三．The Channel Tunnel and the railways海底隧道
●It is the underwater rail traffic.
●The first direct rail link between Britain and France was
completed and opened in 1994.
●It offers passengers two forms of transport: ○1Euro-star ○2
Euro-tunnels
●Euro-star was carrying 60% passenger traffic between
London-Paris and 50% of the London-Brussels passenger market.
四.EU—TENS,France—TGV,Germany—ICE,Italy—Pendolino，
Spain--AVE
第十章
The hospitality sector
Hotel (groups/chains)
World famous hotel groups/chains
○1Six Continents Hotels/ Bass 六洲/巴斯○2Marriott International 万豪国际(马里奥特)○3Accor 雅高○4Groupe Envergure 智鸿集团○5Best Western International 最佳西方○6Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide喜达屋国际酒店集团○7Hilton Hotels Corp.希尔顿酒店集团○8Global Hyatt Corp.凯悦国际酒店集团○9 Shangri-La Hotel香格里拉酒店集团
Guest houses, B&B, farmhouses, inns
Self-catering accommodation – apartments, cottages, gites, etc Holiday centers, holiday villages
Second-home and time-share
Camping and caravan sites
Educational accommodation
Trains, aircraft, cruise liners, ferries, and medical facility accommodation
VFR
第十一章
一．P182左栏123
二．Various types of tourist attractions
1.Seaside resorts：Cape Town, South Africa；Honolulu, Hawaii；
Maldives马尔代夫；
2.Spa tourism ：one of the most beautiful parts of Sardinia撒丁岛
and of Italy
3.Urban tourism ：Paris
4.Rural tourism ：○1Water-based tourist activities
（boating, waterfalls, canals, waterways…… ）○2Mountain○3Battle fields ○4National park○5Agritourism(农业旅游)
5.Purpose-built attractions ：○1Ancient monuments and historic
buildings○2Gardens○3Archaeological sites(考古遗址)○4Industrial heritage（工业遗产）○5Industrial tourism（工业旅游）○6Theme and amusement parks（主题公园、游乐场）○7Wildlife attractions（野生动物园）
6.Cultural tourism ：In its widest definition, it encompasses both
“high” and “low” culture: ○1visits to museums and art galleries and to football matches; ○2performances of music, both popular and classical;○3pilgrimages to literary sites
7.Retail shopping
8.Events
三．“dark tourism” & “terror tourism
○1“dark tourism”, or “thanatourism” has been used to describe the tourist fascination (迷恋) with death and the macabre(令人毛骨悚然的, 以死亡为主题的).
○2“terror tourism” has been used to describe the growing trend for tourists to plan to visit countries beset by political disturbances or even civil wars.
第12-13章
一．The general roles of tour operators
1.They purchase separate elements of transport, accommodation and other services, and combine 组合them into a package which they then sell directly or indirectly to consumers.
2. Their position in the market can be demonstrated by the diagram图表P220
3.Roles：○1Some see them as wholesalers（批发商）.
○2Some see them as principals (主体) or suppliers
二．The specialized roles of tour operators
MMO : Mass Market Operator(大众市场经营商)
DO: The domestic operator
IO: The incoming operator
SO: Specialization operator
○1Mode of transport ○2Market/product ○3Geographic destination ○4 Age ○5Interest/activities/hobbies
三．The sales sequence
1.Establishing rapport with clients：○1Start a conversation;○2Gain
their trust.
2.Investigating clients needs：○1Ask open questions;○2Tease out
the real reasons
3.Presenting the product to the clients：○1Offer an alternative;○2
Handle objections.
4.Getting clients to take action：○1Get the client to call back;○2
Continue to show interest and concern after reservation.
第14章
一．Services to the tourists
1.Courier/guide services
2.Animateur
3.Financial services
4.Travel voucher旅游凭单
5.Duty-free shopping
二．Services to the supplier
1 Education and training services
2 Travel publications
3 Marketing services
第15章
一．The national government’s role in tourism
1.In the planning and facilitating of tourism, including the provision提供of financial and other aid;
2.In the supervision and control of the component sectors组成部分of the tourism industry
3.In direct ownership and operation of components of the industry;
4.In the promotion促销of the nation and its tourist products to home and overseas market.
二．Tourism research
○1.To assess the level of demand or potential demand to a region○2.To estimate估计the resources required to cater for the demand.○3.To determine how these resources should best be distributed.分配三．Social tourism 福利旅游
The furtherance of the economically weak or dependent classes阶层of the population and is designed to provide aid for low-income families, single-parent families, the elderly, handicapped残疾人and other deprived生活条件较差的minorities少数人群within a population
四．Control and supervision in tourism
1.Reasons:○1To restrain undesirable growth○2To maintain quality
standards○3To match supply and demand○4To protect tourists benefit 2.Methods:○1Refusal of planning permissions允许○2Refuse to expand the infrastructure○3Price mechanism○4Selective taxation○5Limiting