翻译课讲义(下)

Unit 8 The Passive Voice

Section One The Passive Voice in E-C Translation

1 Introduction

1) The passive voice is more commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology.

2) When the agent is not necessarily told or known, the passive voice is used. Sometimes it is used for the sake of connection of the context.

In E-C translation, passive voice→active voice (But the version must be made idiomatic and smooth)

2 Translation methods

1) Converting the passive voice into the active

a) keeping the original subject unchanged

?His pride must be pinched.

他这股傲气应该打下去。

?Whenever two objects are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from

one object to the other.

当两个物体相摩擦时，电子便从一个物体转移到另一个物体。

?When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place.

当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化。

b) changing original object into subject

?The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.

下一章提供了有关的数据资料。

?The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was

replaced by mechanical power.

蒸汽机发明的结果是，机械力代替了人力。

c) changing the passive into “是…的” structure

?Footprints on the sands are not made by sitting down.

沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。

?Poets are born, but orators are made.

诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。

?The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。

d) adding a proper subject to make the Chinese version smooth

?I have not been told that he will come.

没人告诉我他要来。

?The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.

人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行彻底的探索。

?She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was

committed.

有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。

Some sentence patterns:

It is believed that…有人/人们认为(相信)

It is well-known that…大家知道/众所周知

It is suggested that…有人建议

It is claimed that…有人主张；人们要求

It is asserted that…有人主张（断定）

It is alleged that…人们断言

It is generally considered that…大家（一般人）认为

It is generally accepted that 人们普遍认为/大家公认

It will be said that…有人会说

It was told that…有人曾经说

1) changing the passive voice into a subjectless sentence

Omission of the subject is one of the typical features of Chinese syntax. ?If water is heated, the molecules move more quickly.

如果把水加热，水分子就运动得更快。

?Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.

有了钱，就会以钱谋权。

“it is + v-ed + that ”: “据…”

It is said that…据说

It is believed that…据信

It is estimated that…据估计

It is reported that…据报道

It must be kept in mind that …必须记住

It must be realized that…必须了解（认识、明白）

It has been found that…已经发现

2) keeping the passive structure unchanged

Sometimes, we my keep the passive voice unchanged, especially when it comes to something unpleasant.

“被”, “给”, “遭”, “受”, “挨”, “为…所”, “由”, “让”, “得以”, “加以”, ”予以”, etc.

?The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops.

敌人很快就被我军包围了。

?Up to now, sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious

of these pollutants.

到目前为止，二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中最严重的一种。

?Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colors.

自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。

?These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer

space.

这些讯号是由外空中的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。

?In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the

unsuccessful career.

近四十岁时，由于事业上的挫折，他几乎为失意所毁。

?He was praised by his teacher.

他得到了老师的表扬。

?Problems should be resolved in good time.

问题应及时加以解决。

?The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.

运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。

3) replacing the passive voice with other means

(adjust or remold the whole structure)

?You are wanted on the phone.

有人给你打电话。

?Meat processing has not been given the same focus as cattle rearing.

肉加工没有得到与牲畜饲养同样的关注。

?He can be heard weekdays on over 600 radio stations.

有600多家电台平日播出他的节目。

Section Two The Passive Voice in C-E Translation

1 passive structure (labeled / unlabeled)

1) Chinese sentences with passive labels →corresponding passive structures in English

?他平白无故地被骂了。He was scolded for nothing.

?他常被派做这项工作。He is often sent to do this work.

?我们被他的坚强毅力所感动。

We are moved by his perseverance.

?我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。

Our clothes were soaked with sweat.

?他们去年遭了灾。

They were hit / stricken by a natural calamity last year.

2) without passive labels

C: pay less attention on the form, on the relationship between subject and verb Sometimes, subject can be the patient of the action (active in form, but passive in meaning)

?这事做得好。It was well done.

?人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。

As a person cannot be judged by his appearance, so can the sea not be measured with a bushel.

?历史是人民创造的。History is made by the people.

In English, sometimes active structures may also have passive meaning

e.g. The books sell well. (=are sold)

The food tastes sweet.

This kind of cloth washes very well.

2 active structure --- subject is the agent of the action (also active in meaning) Converting it into passive for the sake of coherence

?他在台上出现，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.

?现代工业耗用大量燃料。

Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry.

?我在乡下长大，而且一直住在那里。

I was raised in the country and have always lived there.

3 Some idiomatic Chinese sentences

据悉it is learned that…据信it is believed that

据推测it is supposed / predicted that 据谣传，据估计，据报道…

人们有时会问it is sometimes asked that…人们希望it is expected that …

可以肯定it may be confirmed that

可以有把握地说it may be safely said that…

Unit 9 Nominal Clauses

Section One Translation of English nominal clauses

Step One introduce English nominal clauses (function, type)

4 types: subject clause, object clause, predicative clause, appositive clause Step two Translation of English nominal clauses

1 subject clauses

1) subject clauses introduced by pronouns (such as what, why, where, whatever, whoever, etc.): keep the original order

Examples:

?Whatever is worth doing should be done well.

任何值得做的事情都应该做好。

?Whether he comes or not makes no difference.

他来不来都没有关系。

?That energy can be neither created nor destroyed is a very important law

in physical science.

能量既不能创造也不能消灭，这是物理学一条很重要的定律。（add“这”）?Why metals can conduct electricity is an interesting problem.

金属为什么能导电是一个有趣的问题。

?When it was first invented is not known.

它最初是什么时候发明的，现在还不知道。(tense)

?Where the water has gone can easily be answered.

水到哪里去了，这很容易回答。

In English, only nouns, pronouns, nominal clauses, infinitive phrases, -ing phrases→subject

In Chinese, subject: more flexible; can be any word or language unit (verb phrases, subject-predicate)

2) “It” functions as a formal subject

Attention: sentence order; whether translating “it” or not

Examples:

a) It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than

they are in air.

众所周知，物体在水中比在空气中轻。(original order)

b) It is no longer a question whether man can fly to the moon.

人能否飞上月球，现在已不再是什么问题了。(reversed order)

c) It is certain that we shall produce this kind of engine.

毫无疑问，我们将生产这种发动机。(original order; affirmative→double negation)

d) It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.

真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。

奇怪的是…

P107 it is translated into “这”

2 object clause

Q: What kind of sentence element may be followed by an object clause? Function: object of transitive verbs, prepositions, adjectives.

1) object clauses introduced by that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if, etc

?I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.

我告诉他，由于最后那个条件，我只得谢绝。

?Can you hear what I say?

你能听见我说的吗？/我的话

?We all know that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health and that

alcohol abuse can kill.

我们都知道吸烟对健康有害，我们也知道酗酒会危害人的生命。

?He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposals.

他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。

Sometimes, “说” is added before the object clause

?Smith replied that he was sorry.

史密斯回答说，他感到遗憾/抱歉。

?He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but

by lots of others.

他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。

2) “It” as formal object

Keep the original order in most cases, but sometimes a change of order is necessary.

Examples:

?I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10

o’clock in the morning.

我向他们讲清楚了, 明天上午十点前必须交论文。(no change of order)

?Nutritional experiments have made it evident that vitamins are

indispensable for one’s health and growth.

营养实验证明，维生素对人们的健康和生长是不可缺少的。

?We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the

outside world.

打开国门，实行开放，我们认为这是绝对必要的。(translate “it”as “这”;

change order)

我们认为，打开国门，实行开放是绝对必要的。

?I owe it to you that I’m still alive.

我能活着，这全靠/多亏你。

3 Predicative Clauses

Generally they are translated without changing order.

Examples:

?That is why Jack got scolded.

这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。

?The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.

问题依然是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。

?What he emphasized again and again was that no matter how difficult it

might be, they should never retreat even for an inch.

他再三强调的就是，不管多困难，他们都不应该后退半步。

?One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science

continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

4 Appositive Clauses☆

Function: used to describe words or phrases that refer to the same person or thing and have the same relationship to other sentence elements.

Used after nouns such as: belief, fact, hope, idea, doubt, news, rumor, evidence, suggestion, problem, order, answer, decision, truth, thought, statement, possibility, etc.

1) keep the original order (put it after the main clause)

Examples:

?There is possibility that he is a spy.

有可能他是一个间谍。

?As an obedient son, he had accepted his father’s decision that he was to be

a doctor, though the prospect didn’t interest him at all.

作为一个孝顺儿子，他接受了父亲的决定，要当个医生，虽然他对这样的前途毫无兴趣可言。

2) Translating the way of attributive clause (put it before the nouns as

pre-modification) or into an independent clause

Examples:

?The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.

关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。

?The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in this region

has been discussed.

关于我们应该开发本地区自然资源的建议已经被讨论过了。

?We all know the fact that bodies possess weight.

我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。

?But I knew I couldn’t trust him. There was the possibility that he was a

political swindler.

但我知道不能轻信他。他是政治骗子这种可能性还是存在的。

?So far there is no proof that UFOs or spaceships from other planets do

exist.

究竟有没有不明飞行物或者来自其他行星的宇宙飞船，迄今为止尚无法证实。

(change the original order; translate into an independent clause)

迄今为止尚无证据表明，确实存在不明飞行物或者来自其他行星的宇宙飞船。

3) Using punctuation marks (such as colon, dash) and specific words like “这

样”, “这种”, “这一”, “即”

Examples：

?We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing

truth.

我们已经得出这样的结论：实践是检验真理的标准。

?Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste

material could be turned into plastics.

不久前，科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现——可以把这种废物变成塑料。

?But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical

point of view, irrational.

但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看，他们今天仍是不合理的。

?Influenced by these ethics, the new generation lives under the delusion that

money does no t stink.

受这种道德观念的影响，青年一代生活在这样一种错觉中，以为金钱总是香喷喷的。(negative→affirmative)

4) Changing it into a subjectless sentence

P109

Practice:

1) What was once regarded as impossibl e has now become a reality.

过去认为不可能的事现在已经成为现实。(subject clause→noun phrase)

2) What someone chooses to observe and the way one observes it must, after

all, in part be a reflection of experience and of ideas as to what is significant 一个人选择观察的事物和他观察的方式，终究在某种程度上反映这个人的经历和他对于重大事件的看法。

3) It isn’t much whether he works; the question is whether he works at all.

他做多少并不重要，问题是他到底有没有做。(subject clause: order change) 4) I wonder whether he will come on such a bad day.

我不知道这样糟糕的天气里他还会不会来。

5) When we will begin to work has not been decided yet.

什么时候开始工作还没决定呢。

6) That’s where we differ.

这就是我们的分歧所在。

7) That you should have done such a stupid thing was incredible.

你竟然做这么傻的事情，（这）真叫人难以置信。

Section Two The Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences

Step One: Comparison of Chinese and English complex sentences

1) about these two languages

E: Indo-European family

synthetic 综合型+ analytic 分析型

synthetic: the relation between the words in the sentence are revealed through inflexions, such as case, tense markers

e.g. book-books; write-writing-writes-wrote

analytic: word order; auxiliary

e.g. I shall write a letter tomorrow.

C: Sino-Tibetan family

Mainly analytic分析型(relations between words are revealed by “word order” & “empty word’)

e.g. 他昨天坐车到郊外& 他昨天到郊外坐车；不怕辣—辣不怕—怕不辣

very few inflexions

e.g. 着(progressive)—唱着，跳着

了，过(perfect tense)—吃（过）了，看了

化(adj.→v.)—现代化，工业化

About the mode of thinking

How do people of these two nations learn things?

C: combine parts of a concept/object together as a whole, emphasizes wholeness and intuition, good at imaginal thinking;

E: learn by analyzing each part, emphasizes individuality, good at logical thinking,

2) syntax

English sentence: many complex long sentences, like a tree or a bunch of grapes, stresses hypotaxis, form-pivot形式主轴(e.g.

subject-predicate-prominent); rigid grammar rules

Chinese sentence: short and loose, like a bamboo/ flowing water, the

sentences are placed one

after another; stresses parataxis, thought-pivot意念主轴

meaning rather than structure

grammar: more flexible, no fixed sentence pattern Hypotaxis: marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationships between them (I’m tired because I have kept working for a long time.)

E: emphasizes overt cohesion显性衔接,

Parataxis: the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions

(I’m tired; I have kept working for a long time.) semicolon

C: emphasizes covert cohesion隐性衔接,

Attention:

1) Paratactic Features of the English Language

In proverbs/idiomatic expressions (parallel structure)

Man proposes, God disposes.

No pains, no gains.

Out of sight, out of mind.

Nothing venture, nothing gain.

Omission of conjunctions

Had you taken more exercises, you would be more healthy.

2) hypotactic devices of the Chinese language

e.g. use of conjunctions

Step Two: introduce Chinese complex sentence

1 Definition: Chinese complex sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences which are related to each other in meaning.

2 Characteristics: each sentence connected in meaning, but one cannot be sentence member of the other

3 Classification (two categories):

1）combined sentence (联合复句)

compounded sentences of coordination, succession, progression, selection

并列，顺承，递进，选择

2) sentence containing a modifier (偏正复句)

transitional, hypothetical, conditional, causal complex sentence & complex sentences of purpose转折，假设，条件，原因，目的

4 Comparing with English complex sentences

English complex sentence:

Adverbial clause

Nominal clause

Relative clause

Step Three: Translation Strategies

1 sentence combination

Chinese sentences: short, brief and loose

English sentences: long with clauses embedded one in another

Examples:

?在我看来，原因有二，而两者之间又有明显的深浅之分。（progression clause

→attributive clause）

It seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.

?这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们撑着雨伞，攀沿一个弯曲

的山间小道去拜访一位隐居在深山的朋友。

They walked with umbrellas up a winding mountain path on a drizzling and windy autumn afternoon for a visit to a friend living in seclusion.

?两小时的面试起初定在6月2日，但后来推迟了举行。这次面试组织得很好，

让人满意。

(A) The two-hour interview, originally scheduled for June 2, but later postponed,

was satisfactorily organized. (袁晓宁译)

(B) The two-hour interview was originally scheduled for June 2，but later

was postponed. It was well and satisfactorily organized.

?这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的

是斯特朗先生。

This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.

?我满怀希望来参加会议，以为我们的改革一定会得到支持，但讨论来讨论去，

结果未免大失所望。

The expectation with which I came to the conference that our reform would win full support turned out to be in vain/disappointing after the repeated fruitless discussions

?目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，应仔细研究，认真考虑，反复推敲才是。

Target priorities should be very carefully studied.

2 Sentence Sequence

Different sequence: different stress

Examples:

?浙江省是中国古代文明发祥地之一，有悠久的历史。

1) (As) one of the cradles of ancient civilization in China, Zhejiang has a long

history.

2) With a long history, Zhejiang is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization

in China.

Analysis:

Different stress; choice of the translation depends on the context.

Unit 10 Attributive Clauses

Section One Translation of English Attributive Clauses

Step One: 1) Have a review of Unit 9 (translation of English nominal clauses and Chinese complex sentences)

2) briefly introduce the content of this unit—the translation of English

attributive clauses

Step Two: Compare English attributive structures with Chinese ones

E: types—adj., n., -ing, -ed, infinitives, attributive clauses

(ask what is attributive clauses?)

features—an English sentence can be followed by an unlimited number of attributive clauses

C: put before the nouns it modifies; a limited number

Step Three: Restrictive Attributive Clauses

1 What is restrictive attributive clause?

Form: no comma to separate it from the main clause

Meaning: closely related to its antecedents;

if it’s deleted, then the meaning is not complete

2 Translation strategies

1) Combination

If the clause is not very long→put it before the antecedent as pre-modification,

use “…的…” structure

Examples:

?He who doesn’t want to be a general isn’t a good soldier.

不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。

?Harmonious interpersonal relationship is the primary reason why I enjoy

working here.

融洽的人际关系是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。

同事关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。

?He is not the one who will give up easily.

他不是一个轻易服输的人。

?Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.

我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。

2) Division

Note: Used when the clause it too long or too complicated

How? Divide the whole sentence into several parts and put the attributive clause after the principal clause; the antecedent can be either repeated or not Examples:

?I met an old man last year who was once regarded as the best master of

Chinese painting.

我去年遇到一位老人，这位老人曾经被认为是中国顶尖的国画大师。

(repetition)

?He has great determination and courage which I need badly as a manager.

他为人果敢，而我作为经理，缺的正是这一点。(substitution)

?China and Japan reached agreement on the issue of agriculture which was

a major barrier for their bilateral relations since 1996.

中日两国就农业问题达成协议，而农业问题自1996年起就是两国关系(发展)的主要障碍。(or 该问题)

Sometimes, the antecedent need not be repeated.

?I gave him a gift which he didn’t see at all.

我送了他一份礼物，他竟然看都没看。

?There is somebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends

from your hometown.

外面有人等你，我想可能就是你家乡的一个朋友。

3) Mixture

How? Combine the clauses into a single sentence without any distinction;

usu. adopted in translating “There be” structure

Examples:

?There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.

Paraphrase: a man downstairs wants to see you (main information)

楼下有人要见你。

楼下有个要见你的人。(? so what? )

?There are some students in the class who dislike studying.

班上有些学生不爱学习。

?In our factory, there are many people who are very interested in the new

invention.

在我们工厂里，许多人对这项发明很感兴趣。

?There have been good results in the experiments that have given him great

encouragement.

实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓励。

?This is the very knife which he used to murder the victim.

他就是用这把刀谋杀了受害人。

?Although there are some men who like children and may have considerable

experience with them, others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them.

尽管有些男人喜欢孩子并且对抚养孩子有相当多的经验，其他男人却不是特别关心孩子，几乎不和他们呆在一起。

Note:

If the principal clause is very simple and the attributive clause is emphasized→condense the principal clause into the subject & the attributive clause as predicate.

?We shall have a lot of people who will visit our college.

许多人将来我校参观/参观我们学校。

?We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from

your own.

我们的社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国不一样。

?He has great success in football which made him an idol in the eyes of

every football player.

他在足球领域的成功使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。

Step four: Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses

1. Introduce non-restrictive attributive clause

Form: no comma

Meaning: loose relationship with the antecedent; a supplementary part

2. Translation strategies

1) Division

Several methods of division are adopted in the translation of non-restrictive attributive clauses.

a) translating into compounded sentences by repeating the antecedents Examples:

?He has learnt French, which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the

world.

他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。

?This is a college of science and technology, the students of which are

trained to be engineers or scientists.

这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。

?Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet

understand.

也许，光是某种电波，其性质我们尚不清楚。

?The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the

distance between them.

分子之间存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们的距离。

When the relative pron./adv. refers to the whole clause→translate it into “这”，”这样”

?He admired Mrs. Brown, which surprises me most.

他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为惊讶。

?She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.

她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。

b) translating into compounded sentences by omitting the antecedents Examples:

?This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

这部小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。

?His wife, Betty, is Shanghai-born Chinese, who left China at the age of

eight, and whose book “Moon”, tells of her sister’s life in China.

他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人，八岁离开中国，写过一本名叫《月》的书，记叙了她妹妹在中国的生活。

(translate into verb phrases: indicating the time order & stressing her actions; “她” is not repeated: avoid being wordy)

?Cathy reached home in high good spirits, which she could scarcely

conceal.

凯西兴高采烈地回到家，想掩饰都掩饰不住。

(“feelings” is omitted, also omit the subject “she”; they are implied here)

c) translating into independent sentences

P122

2) Combination

Advantage: avoid a loose structure and take coherence into consideration Examples:

?His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.

他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。

?As I came in, Martin, who owned the taxi that used to stand at the corner of

our street, waved to me from a table.

我进去时，那个开出租车的马丁向我招手，他的车子就经常停在我们街角上。Step Five: Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials

Some attributive clauses may have a close logic relationship with the principal clause and indicate cause, result, purpose, time, condition, concession, etc.

1 Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Cause

Examples:

?Chaplin, whose mother was ill for many years, had to dance in streets to

earn money.

由于母亲病了好多年，卓别林不得不到街头表演去挣钱。

?No one in the company likes their boss, who is bad-tempered.

公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他脾气暴躁。

?The manager was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished

especially to talk to or to hear from.

经理只宴请了几个人，因为他特别想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。

2 Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Result

Examples:

?They quarreled with each other every day, which led to their divorce.

他们夫妻二人天天吵架，最终导致离婚。

?The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the

way for the further communication.

两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为（双方）进一步的交流铺平了道路。

3 Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Concession

Examples:

?My father, who thought it might not work, supported me.

尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但他还是支持我。

?My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing

his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.

虽然我的助手在实验之前已从头到尾阅读过说明书，但由于他死板硬套，所以不能得到满意的结果。

4 Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Condition or Hypothesis

Examples:

?Any one who works hard and never gives up will succeed.

任何人，只要努力工作，永不放弃，就能够成功。

? A new product, which has beautiful packing, good quality and advertising,

may very likely be a hit in market.

一种新产品，只要包装精美，质量优良，宣传得力，就能在市场中热销。

5 Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Purpose

Examples:

?This company, which wants to get their new product sold well in the market,

is trying hard to perfect its packing and workmanship.

为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进/完善工艺和外包装。

?But the Southern States wanted to set up a country of their own, where they

would be free to keep black.

但是南方各州却想建立他们自己的国家，以便（在那里他们）可以随心所欲地继续把黑人当作奴隶。

6 Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Transition

Examples:

?She is quite considerate and kind, which her younger sister never is.

她非常善良，体贴，而她的妹妹却从不这样。

?To succeed in this area, one needs profound knowledge and experience,

which few has.

要想在这一领域取得成功，需要渊博的知识及丰富的经验，而很少有人能具备这两点。

Exercises

?There are a lot of people who can operate the machine.

许多人会操作这台机器。

?There has never been a man around me who wrote so many articles.

我周围从来没有人写过这么多篇文章。

?They have had many people who have helped them in doing the work.

已有很多人帮助他们做这项工作。

?Abraham Lincoln, who led the American people in overthrowing the Negro

slave system, is considered one of the greatest American presidents.

亚伯拉罕·林肯领导美国人民推翻了黑奴制度，他被看作是美国最伟大的总统之一。

?It is a skillful workman that never blunders.

再熟练的个人有时也有疏忽。/无论怎样熟练的工匠，也会有失手的时候。/马有失蹄，人有失手。/智者千虑必有一失。

Analysis: It is + a/an + adj. + n. + that clause: 无论怎样…的…也不能…

Error: 熟练的工匠不会犯错。(misunderstanding)

Not “He is a skillful workman who never blunders.”

?It is a poor heart that never rejoices.

再不幸的人也会有生活的乐趣。

Unit 11 Adverbial Clauses

Section One Translation of English adverbial clauses

Step One Introduce English adverbial clauses

Types: adverbials of time, place, cause, condition, concession, purpose, etc

E-C Translation: 1) how to make the translation conform to Chinese usage

2) how to deal with the redundant conjunctives

Step Two Translation Strategies for each type

1 adverbial clause of time

Can be introduced by when（当...的时候），whenever（每当...），as（当...时），since（自从...），until（直到...，如果不....），till（直到...），before（在...前），after（在...后），as soon as（一...就），once（一旦...），the moment（一...就），immediately（一...就），the day（在...那天），no sooner... than（一...就），hardly(scarcely)... when（一...就），the instant（一...就），instantly（一...就），directly（一...就），the minute（一...就），the second（一...就），every time（每当...），by the time（等到....的时候）

1) Translating into Corresponding Adverbial Clauses (often placed at the

beginning of a sentence)

?When the history of the Nixon Administration is finally written, the chances

are that his Chinese policy will stand out as a model of good diplomacy.

最后为尼克松政府著书立传时，他的对华政策很可能会成为外交楷模。

?Hardly had we arrived when it began to snow.

我们一到就下雪了。(using “一…就…” pattern)

?Some psychologists claim that people may feel lonely when they are away

from home.

一些心理学家声称，人们出门在外时可能会感到孤独。

2) Translating into Chinese Compounded Sentences of Parallel Structures Examples:

?Mrs. Marine gazed at him, her eyes darkening with dislike and distrust, as

he silently turned away.

莫林太太盯着他，眼神越来越阴沉，显出厌恶和怀疑的表情，他只好默不作声滴把脸转了过去。

?While she spoke, the tears were running down.

她一边说话，一边流眼泪。

3) Translating into Chinese adverbial Clauses of Condition

Examples:

?We can’t start the job until we have the approval from the authority

concerned.

如果没有有关当局的批准，我们不能开始这项工作。

?When information exists in digital form or is transferred into digital form, it is

digitalized.

如果信息以数字形式存在，或被转化成数字形式，便是数字化了。

?When the molecules of a solid move fast enough, the solid melts and

becomes a liquid.

如果固体内的分子运动得足够快，固体就融化为液体。

?Stay here until I come back.

我不回来你就别走。

?When you have finished your homework, you can go and play ball-game.

做完作业，你就可以出去打球了。

?Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.

一旦机器发生故障，就把电门关上。

2 Adverbial Clauses of Place

1) Translating into Corresponding Adverbial Clauses

?Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.

在有疑问的地方做个记号。

?Generally speaking, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

一般而言，有工厂的地方污染就很严重。

?Why don’t you put your photo where it can be seen.

为什么你不把照片挂在醒目的地方呢？

?I have a simple philosophy. Fill what’s empty. Empty what’s full. Scratch

where it itches.

我有一个简单的哲学：空即填满，满即清空，哪儿痒痒挠哪儿。

2) Translating into adverbial clauses of condition

?Where there is life, there is hope.

只要活着就有希望。

?Whenever he may be, he will be happy.

无论在什么地方，他都很快乐。

3 Adverbial Clauses of Cause

Introduced by because（因为），since（既然，由于），as（因为），now that （既然），seeing that（既然），considering that（考虑到，因为），in that（在某方面），in view of the fact that（鉴于）。

1) Translating into corresponding clauses of cause

?We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent.

由于很多人没有来，会议只好延期。

?Because we are both prepared to proceed on the basis of equality and

mutual respect, we meet at a moment when we can make peaceful cooperation a reality.

由于我们双方都准备在平等互相尊重的基础上行事，在这个时刻会晤就能够使和平合作成为现实。

?I could understand his point of view, in that I’d been in a similar position.

我能理解他的观点，因为我也有过类似的处境。

2) Translating into main clause / independent clause in Chinese

?She stuck to her love since she was convinced of the accuracy of his story.

她对他的话深信不疑，所以自始自终忠贞不渝。

3) Translating into coordinate clauses

?After all it does not matter much, for in 24hours, they are going to be free.

反正关系不大，二十四小时后他们就自由了。

?You took me because I am useful. There is no question of gratitude

between us.

我有用，你才收留我。咱们之间没什么感恩不感恩的。

4 Adverbial Clauses of Condition

Introduced by if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），providing that（假如），so long as（只要），on condition that（条件是），suppose that（假如），in case（如果），only if（只要），if only（但愿，要是...就好了）

1) Translating into clauses of condition or supposition

?If the negotiations among the countries make headway, it is intended that a

ministerial session in December should be arranged.

如果各国之间的谈判能获得进展的话，有可能在12月份召开部长会议。

?If you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide.

假如你把一切都告诉我，那么我就能够作出决定。

2) Translating into Chinese supplementary clauses

?No doubt I could earn something if I had really meant to.

毫无疑问，我本来是可以赚到一点的，如果我真有那样打算的话。

?This is the best choice if you understand what I mean.

这是最佳选择，如果你明白我的意思的话。

5 adverbial clauses of concession

Introduced by though（虽然），although（虽然），even if（即使），as（尽管），while（尽管），whatever（无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁），however（无论怎样），no matter（不论，不管），for all that（尽管），granted that（即使），in spite of that fact that（尽管），despite the fact that（不管）

1) Translating into corresponding clauses of concession

?Although she seems talkative and outgoing in public, Cathy is actually

withdrawn and introverted.

尽管凯西在公共场合热情而开朗，但她其实却是一个孤僻内向的人。

?For all that he seems so bad-tempered, I still think he had a very kind

nature.

尽管他好像脾气很坏，我仍然认为他心地善良。

?There is a definite number of grains of sand and a definite number of drops

of water, even though you don’t know what that number is.

沙粒和水滴都是有数量的，尽管你不知道到底数量是多少。

英语讲义(附翻译)1

Final Guide to 2011 MBA T est --- A Bird’s Eye View T ype I Social Phenomenon (Debatable T opic) 1. 近两年，美国的大学入学考试进入中国，吸引了众多家长和中学生的关注。在一些大城市，申请参加考试的人数逐年增加。请对此现象谈谈看法。 Paragraph One Nowadays more and more Chinese high school students choose to apply for American college entrance test. This phenomenon has received immediate attention from our society. Relevant concern and discussion can be frequently found in media of every kind. (38 words) (第一段) 现今，越来越多中国高中生申请参加美国大学入学考试。这种现象立刻引起了全社会的关注。相关的关心和讨论能够频繁得出现在各种媒体上。 Paragraph Two Just as every coin has two sides, this phenomenon is no exception. People vary greatly in their viewpoint. Some argue that it’s understandable for Chinese students to take this action. They even add that American test is another good choice for those students. Of course, other people have radically different view. For them, American test comes as a competition to Chinese test system. They fear that our best students will be lost in this way. Besides, one more test means another burden to the students. (85 words) (第二段）正如每个硬币都有两面，这种现象也不例外。人们对这个现象观点不一。有些人认为中国学生这种行为是可以理解的，他们甚至认为美国考试对那些学生来说是另一种好的选择。当然，有些人持不同的观点，他们认为美国的考试对国内的考试体系构成竞争，他们担心我们会流失最好的学生。况且，更多的考试对学生存在不好的影响。 Paragraph Three It seems there is no ground for these two groups of people to reach an agreement on this phenomenon. As for me, it’s not bad to have another type of test. Therefore, I insist that there is no need to make a big fuss over the phenomenon. After all, it is up to the students to make the right choice. (60 words) (第三段)眼下看起来，上面的两种人，针对这种现象形成一致意见是没有基础的。就我而言，我认为多一种考试也不错。因此，我认为，针对这种现象，完全没有必要大惊小怪。毕竟，最终做决定的是学生。 2. 据中国青年报的调查，57%的大学生愿意毕业后从事保姆职业。也有33%的大学生认为这样的工作是对人才的浪费，不会选择这个工作。根据这个调查结果，请陈述自己的观点，并给大学生就业提出相关建议。 Paragraph One Nowadays more and more college graduates choose baby-sitting as their first job after graduation from college. This phenomenon has received immediate attention from our society. Relevant concern and discussion can be frequently found in media of every kind. (38 words) 第一段现如今，越来越多的大学生愿意毕业后从事保姆职业。这种现象立刻引起了全社会的关注，相关的评论和报道频繁的出现在各种媒体上. Paragraph Two While there is a heated discussion, even controversy, over the current issue of whether college graduates should do baby-sitting, my view is obvious enough: baby-sitting is a job, and

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币（一大笔钱）请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝，显然画家不喜欢这种绘画，因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然，这场贪图财利的婚姻，将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一（至少在绘画上如此），即：男人善于思考推理，女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新，也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上，拇指放于嘴中，瞪着眼睛若所所思，但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族，他不懂他们的语言，他又必须依赖他们的善良生存，而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美，因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”，而不是女性的，浴中人体艺术，正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk（‘total work of art’）.康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天，贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品，这一举动，拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

英语翻译技巧选修课讲义

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第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.

强化班翻译讲义--专升本

1.在我们做决定之前，必须确定我们已将所有相关的因素考虑在内。Before making the decision, we must make sure that we have taken all the related factors into consideration/account. 2. 他如果知道我的电话，就不用那么费事了。 If he knew my phone number, it would save a lot of trouble. If he knew my phone number, it would not take a lot of trouble. 3.就他的经验而言，他并不十分适合做校长。 As far as his experience is concerned, he is not very suitable for acting as a headmaster. 4. 我们最关心的是那个城市的饮水质量问题。 What we are concerned most is the quality of drinking water in that city. 5. 他的成就，赢得了人们的尊敬和仰慕。 His achievement earned him respect and admiration among people. His achievement won people’ respect and admiration. 6. 他刚到达就生病了。 No sooner had he arriv ed than he fell ill. 7. 坦率地讲，能在这么短的时间内完成这项任务，确实令人兴奋。Frankly speaking, to be honest, honestly speaking, it is very exciting to have the task finished/accomplished/fulfilled in such a short time. 8. 我们将尽可能地改进我们的工作。 We will make as many improvements as possible in our work. 9. 积极的休闲态度是鼓励大家创造性地利用空闲时间的基础。Positive leisure attitude is the basis of encouraging people to make creative use of their spare time. 10. 你越解释我越糊涂。 The more you explain, the more confused I am. 11. 总的来说，酸雨是工业发展的结果。 Generally speaking, acid rain is the result of industrial development. 12. 不管是否加热，这种材料不会在冰中融化。 whether (it is) heated or not, this material does not melt in ice. 13. 我在童年时候就发现没什么比读书对我更有吸引力。 Since my childhood, I have found that nothing is more attractive than reading to me. Since my childhood, I have found that reading is the most attractive thing for me. 14．他们已经答应对这个问题进行调查。 They have promised to investigate this problem. 15. 是我们应该做的和不应该做的影响着我们的未来。 所为和所不为 What we should do and what we should not do affects/determines our future.