proberbs and sayings及其英文解释
Proverbs andsayings
1. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.Whatever you have is better than
whatever you don't have.That is, be happy and content with what you have already got.Treasure what you have，after all, whatyou don't have doesn’t belong to you,which means nothing to you.
2. A fool and his money are soon parted.笨蛋难聚财.This proverb reminds us
that foolish people do not know how to hold on to their money! So even a fool have too much money, but he doesn’t how to deal with his money, he will lose his money quickly.
3. A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水.The friendship
between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken.It means good friendsshould keep a certain distance between each other, and they should leave enough private and independent space for each other.Only in this way, the friendship between people
4. A penny saved is a penny earned.节省一分等于挣到一分.This means that not
spending money is almost the same as earning it because it will still be in your pocket!Many a little make a mickle.
5.Absence makes the heart grow fonder.距离产生美.Our feeling for those who we
love increases when we are apart from them.
6.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩.It Emphasizes the importance of
actions.Words and actions are two kinds of emotional behaviors. It is ironic（讽刺
的）that some people are always talking. But they are doing nothing.And in the end, they get nothing.In conclusion, words is nothing but words. Actions is the way to make people admire you. Do not talk much, just act, because actions speak louder than words.
7.Adversity leads to prosperity.Adversity can actually be one of the main
determinants of success in life if we take a right attitude towards it , even though it is commonly thought to be undesirable and unwelcome . It is natural that everyone of us may face depression and setbacks in life , but we can definitely overcome any obstacles as long as we are diligent , determined , optimistic and always hope for the best . On the contrary , if we try every means to avoid , rather than confront hardships in life , we are doomed to be abandoned be desting ----- we will be defeated by adversity . Therefore , if we take on the challenge form adversity , we win ; if we flee from it , we lose .
8.All good things must come to an end.天下无不散的宴席.It is used to express
that everything will come to an end,regardless of whether people will be willing to accept the coming.
9.All is fair in love and war.在爱情和战争中一切都是公平的.It means, in love, as
in war, you can use whatever means/methods you desire to achieve your purpose. That usually includes "playing dirty."War is cruel, love is blind, in which in order to survive, people will use unscrupulous divisive tactics even violate the current rules because of the impulse.
10.All that glitters is not gold. 会发光的不都是金子.Not everything that is shiny
and superficially attractive is valuable. Some things may be gorgeous on the
surface , but they may not really counts.
11.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩,聪明的孩子也会变傻.It
is important for everyone to relax from time to time and enjoy some form of recreation.
12.An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.预防胜于治疗。This expression
means that is is better to try to avoid problems in the first place, rather than trying to fix them once they arise.
13.Beauty is only skin deep.美貌不过一张皮.It's natural for people to be attracted
to beautiful things. It follows, therefore, that most people, especially women desire nothing but to look beautiful..However ,they should be reminded that beauty is only skin deep.Instead , they should pay more attention to their character and mature, because when your have character, your have class .And that is what gives one inner beauty.
14.Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚.It means birds work together, and
even play together because they share the same ideology and interests. Similarly, when used to describe people, birds of a feather flock together points to the fact that people of similar hobbies and interests tend to congregate and go in for the same causes, political or social, recreational. That's why it is often said that you can check out a person by getting to know the kind of friends he keeps.L
15.Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。In modern society, the proverb "blood is
thicker than water" is used to imply that family ties (blood) are always more important (thicker) than the ties you make among friends (water). It generally means that the bonds of family and common ancestry are stronger than the
bonds between unrelated people (such as friendship).
16.Charity begins at home.仁爱始于家.例句：It's all very well giving up all your free
time to the youth club, but your family hardly ever sees you; charity begins at home, you know.你把所有的空余时间都花在青年俱乐部，这固然很好，但是你的家人却很少看到你，你要知道，施舍先及亲友。
17.Custom is a second nature.习惯是第二天性。
18.Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. 不要过早打如意算
盘.Before things have not come to an end,don't expect too early
19.Do not cross that bridge until you come to it.船到桥头自然直。Sometimes
worries are unnecessary and useless, when the real trouble come, everything will be ok.
20.Do not judge a book by its cover. 不要以貌取人. People often think they have
known a certain person enough by his or her appearance,speech and behaviors and therefore tend to draw their conclusions on what this person is like in nature.Nonetheless, this could be misguiding, if we don't see how he or she reacts at the turning point of matters that concern not just him or her,but also others.Time reveals a person's heart. Don't make your judgment about a book by its cover until you have read it through.
21.Do not put all your eggs in one basket.不要孤注一掷.When we do something,
we shouldn’t be limited to a way of thinking, instead, we should broaden our thinking, or we maybe come to a dead end.
22.Even Homer sometimes nods.人非圣贤，孰能无过。
23.Every cloud has a silver lining. 黑暗之中总有一丝光明。Thereisalways light at
the end of the dark.
24.Every dog has its day每个人都会走运的.Not everyone is always in the dark,he
will eventually have his day.
25.God helps those who help themselves.
26.Good things come in small packages.
27.Man propose, God dispose.
28.Haste makes waste
29.He who would climb a ladder must begin at the bottom.
30.Honesty is the best policy.诚实为上策。This proverb signifies the importance of
honesty. Honesty is the awareness of what is right and appropriate in one’s role, one’s behavior, and one’s relationship. Honesty is regard as the traditional virtue of our Chinese nation. Through the ages, people stress sincerity, praise highly sincerity. It has already incorporated the blood of our national culture. To sum up, honesty not only brings us honor and friendship, but also material gains. Honesty is the best policy we can take.例句："Honesty is the best policy" was his creed in all his business dealings.
31.Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.抱最好的希望，做最坏的打算。
Nobody can be successful the whole life. There do exist some times when we can’t foresee the consequences and feel worried. But don’t be depressed, just take a positive attitude towards them. Preparing for the worst helps us relieve the pressure and it also enables us to laugh at the bad results we may get.
Hoping for the best, on the other hand makes us feel confident. Follow the tips and even the worst thing in the world won’t depress you.
32.If life gives you lemons, make lemonade.当生活给你柠檬,就做杯柠檬。Lemons
taste sour, but they make nice juice when you mix their juice with sugar and water.The expression "If life gives you lemons, make lemonade" means you should always try to make the best of a bad situation.When facing troubles or failures,you should always be positive.
33.If you risk nothing, then you risk everything.如果你不冒任何风险，那么你的风
险是一切。Only after a lot of things,youcan learn a lot of experience of life,and only after you experience enough difficulties and setbacks,you can learn how to deal with these troubles. If you have not experienced enough,everything in your life will be your stumbling block, no matter where you will run into a wall.
34.If you want something done right, do it yourself.靠谁都不如靠自己。你始终可
以信赖的人就是你自己。It is you yourself that you can always depend on. 35.Kill two birds with one stone. To do two things at the same time using the effort
needed to do only one.Another meaning get a double advantage just using the effort needed to do only one thing.
36.Let sleeping dogs lie.不要没事惹事∕别自找麻烦Don't trouble sleeping dog,
because the sleeping dogs do not bite. In other words: if your actions to take may lead others or yourself to trouble, it is best to maintain situation, don't take action.Leave him alone.
37.Love is blind.爱情使人盲目. 爱情使人缺乏理性.Love can make people become
blind and irrational.
38.Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.There are many people who
like putting off the things that should do today until tomorrow. They have no
plans for their work and their time. As a result, they will not accomplishtheir goals in the end. Please remember: Work today, for you don’t know how much you may be hindered tomorrow. Seize the present day，cherish every minute you have now and trust the tomorrow as little as possible.
39.Once bitten, twice shy吃一次亏，学一次乖。Once you have a deficit, you will
take great care the second time.
40.One man's meat is another man's poison.萝卜青菜各有所爱~
41.Penny wise and pound foolish;小事聪明，大事糊涂A penny is a small amount of
money and a pound is a larger amount. "Penny-wise, pound-foolish" is to be cautious (wise) with small amounts of money but wasteful (foolish) with larger amounts. People sometimes worry about spending small amounts of money;
then they carelessly spend much larger amounts.
42.People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.住在玻璃房子里的人
不该扔石头。自己有短处，不要揭别人的短处.
43.Short accounts make long friends.好朋友，勤算账Good friendsshould always
keep their account clear,
44.Tell me who walks with you, and I'll tell you who you are.
45.The apple does not fall far from the tree. 苹果不会掉在离树很远的地方有其
父，必有其子Like father, like son
46.The early bird catches the worm.
47.The good seaman is known in bad weather. 惊涛骇浪，方显出英雄本色。
48.There are plenty of other fish in the sea天涯何处无芳草lovelorn失恋
49.There is no such thing as a free lunch
50.There is no use crying over spilled milk覆水难收
51.Think twice, act wise.三思而后行
52.Too many cooks spoil the broth.人多误事。The old proverb “Too many cooks spoil
the broth” means that sometimes, a committee can be inefficient; it’s sometimes best if one person takes charge and makes decisions.
53.Two wrongs do not make a right.别人错了，不等于你对了。
54.You are what you eat.If a person maintains a healthy diet for a long time, she / he
will be healthy. If a person eats hamburgers, junk food, his / her skin, hair, body condition looks bad.
55.You can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.This means that it is easier
to persuade people if you use polite arguments and flattery than if you are confrontational.
56.You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink.师傅领进门，学修
行在个人The master teaches the trade, but the skill is self-made.
57.You can never teach an old dog new tricks. 很难让一个人改变他旧有的做法it
is difficult to make someone change the way they do something when they have been doing it the same way for a long time.
58.You can't have your cake and eat it, too.鱼和熊掌，不能兼得；別想把(好处)便
宜都占尽。You want to get a pay raise and reduce your work hours? I'm sorry, but you can't have your cake and eat it too!你想要加薪又想要減少工作时间？
抱歉，別想把(好处)便宜都占尽！
59.Your defeat now is your victory in the future.吃一堑，长一智。It means you can
learn from your mistakes. This will help you do better when facing similar
situations in the future.
内科学名词解释
内科学名词解释 1.肺源性呼吸困难：是指呼吸系统疾病引起病人自觉空气不足，呼吸费力，并伴有呼吸频率、深度和节律的改变。 2.三凹征：胸骨上凹、锁骨上凹和肋间隙。 3.咯血：指喉以下呼吸道或肺组织的出血经口咯出，可以从痰中带血到大量咯血。 4.体位引流：是利用重力作用使肺、支气管分泌物排出体外，又称重力引流。 5.急性上呼吸道感染：是鼻腔、咽、喉部急性炎症的总称，是呼吸道最常见的传染病。 6.急性气管、支气管炎：是由感染、物理、化学因素刺激或过敏反应等引起的气管、支气管黏膜的急性炎症。 7.慢性支气管炎：是指气管、支气管黏膜极其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。以慢性反复发作的咳嗽、咳痰或伴有喘息为临床特征。 8.慢性阻塞性肺气肿：是指终末细支气管远端（呼吸细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊、肺泡）的气道弹性减退、过度膨胀、冲气和肺容积增大，或同时伴有肺泡壁破坏的病理状态，是肺气肿中最常见的一种类型。 9.缩唇呼吸：用鼻吸气用口呼气，呼气时口唇缩拢似吹口哨状，持续慢慢呼气，同时收缩腹部。 10.慢性肺源性心脏病：是由于肺、胸廓或肺动脉血管慢性病变所致的肺循环阻力增加，肺动脉高压，进而使右心肥大、扩大、甚至发生右心衰竭的心脏病。 11.支气管哮喘：是一种慢性气道炎症性疾病，以嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞反应为主的气道变应性炎症和气道高反应性为特征。 12.支气管扩张症：是由于支气管极其周围肺组织的慢性炎症和阻塞，导致支气管管腔扩张和变形的慢性支气管化脓性疾病。临床表现为慢性咳嗽伴大量脓痰和反复咯血。 13.肺炎：指肺实质的炎症。 14.肺炎球菌肺炎：指又肺炎球菌索引起的肺实质的炎症。 15.肺炎支原体肺炎：是由肺炎支原体引起的呼吸道和肺组织的炎症。 16.军团菌肺炎：事由革兰染色阴性嗜肺军团杆菌引起的一种以肺炎为主的全身性疾病。 17.病毒性肺炎：是由于上呼吸道病毒感染向下蔓延，侵犯肺实质而引起的肺部炎症。 18.肺脓肿：是由于多种病原体引起的肺部化脓性感染，早期为肺组织的感染性炎症，继而坏死、液化、外周有肉芽组织包围形成脓肿。临床特征为高热、咳嗽、咳大量脓臭痰。 19.肺结核是由结核杆菌侵入人体引起的肺部慢性感染性疾病。 20.原发性支气管肺癌：是最常见的肺部原发性恶性肿瘤，起源于支气管黏膜及腺体。 21.气胸：任何原因使空气进入胸膜腔造成胸腔积气和肺萎陷。 22.人工气胸：用人工方法将滤过的空气注入胸膜腔所引起的气胸。 23.外伤性气胸：由胸外伤等引起的气胸。 24.自发性气胸：在没有外伤或认为的因素下，因肺部疾病使肺组织和脏层胸膜自发破裂，空气进入胸膜腔所致的气胸。 25.呼吸衰竭：指各种原因引起的肺通气和或换气功能障碍，不能进行有效的气体交换，造成机体缺氧伴或不伴二氧化碳潴留，因而产生一系列病理生理改变的临床综合症。 26.I型呼吸衰竭：即有缺氧不伴有二氧化碳滞留或二氧化碳降低。 27.II型呼吸衰竭：即有缺氧又有二氧化碳滞留。 28.ARDS：是指病人原心肺功能正常，由于肺内、外致病因素（如严重感染、休克、创伤、大手术、DIC）而引起肺微血管和肺泡上皮损伤为主的肺部炎症综合症。 29.机械通气：是借助呼吸机建立气道口与肺炮间的压力差，给呼吸功能不全的病人以呼吸支持，即利用机械装置来代替、控制或改变自主呼吸运动的一种通气方式，30.心力衰竭（心功能不全）：是指在静脉回流正常的情况下，由于原发的心脏损害导致心排血量减少，不能满足机体代谢需要的一种综合症。临床上以肺循环和或体循环淤血及组织血液灌注量不足为主要特征。 31.急性心功能不全：指由于某种原因使心排血量在短时间内急剧下降，甚至丧失排血功能，导致组织器官供血不足和急性淤血的综合症。 32.心律失常：是指心脏冲动的频率、节律、起源部位、传导速度与激动次序的异常。 33.窦速：
EA常用英文单词解释
EA常用英文单词解释 EA 即Expert Advisors 的英文缩写，中文意思专家顾问，俗称智能交易系统。 1. 逻辑符号。 AND, NOT, OR. 与非或 2. MQL 4语言指令。 Array数组, Begin开始, Break中断, Continue继续, Define预定义, Downto递减循环, Else否则, End终止, Exit退出函数,
For增量循环, If条件如果, Input输入, Then于是（与if配合）, To到（与For配合）, Variable变量, While（条件循环）。界定语言指令结构的固定字也叫做关键字。 3. 内置函数。 Abs绝对值, AccName, AccountName帐户名称, Alert报警, Ceil, CloseOrder订单出场, Comment屏幕注释输出, Cos, CurTime当前时间,
DayOfWeek星期的数字, DeleteOrder删除订单, Exp, Floor, Highest最高, iADX内置指标函数, iATR内置指标函数, iBANDS内置指标函数, iCCI内置指标函数, iMA内置指标函数, iMACD内置指标函数, iMFI内置指标函数, iMOM内置指标函数, iRSI内置指标函数, iSAR内置指标函数, iSTO内置指标函数, iWPR内置指标函数,
IsDemo帐户是否模拟型, IsIndirect, LastTradeTime最后价格时间, Log, Lowest最低, Mod, ModifyOrder订单修改, MoveObject移动屏幕上的对象, NumberToStr小数变字符串, Ord, OrderValue订单数字, Pow, Print打印输出（在标签栏）PrintTrade输出订单状况, Rand, Round, ServerAddress服务器地址, SetArrow设定数组使用的箭头样式, SetObjectText设定对象上的文字, SetOrder设定订单, SetText设定文字, Sin, Sqrt, Srand, Symbol货币名字, T
国际贸易术语中英文
外销员辅导物流货运费英文术语大全 海运费 ocean freight 集卡运费、短驳费 Drayage 订舱费 booking charge 报关费 customs clearance fee 操作劳务费 labour fee or handling charge 商检换单费 exchange fee for CIP 换单费 D/O fee 拆箱费 De-vanning charge 港杂费 port sur-charge 电放费 B/L surrender fee 冲关费 emergent declearation change 海关查验费 customs inspection fee 待时费 waiting charge 仓储费 storage fee 改单费 amendment charge 拼箱服务费 LCL service charge 动、植检疫费 animal & plant quarantine fee 移动式其重机费 mobile crane charge 进出库费 warehouse in/out charge 提箱费 container stuffing charge 滞期费 demurrage charge 滞箱费 container detention charge 卡车运费 cartage fee 商检费 commodity inspection fee 转运费 transportation charge 污箱费 container dirtyness change 坏箱费用 container damage charge 清洁箱费 container clearance charge 分拨费 dispatch charge 车上交货 FOT ( free on track ) 电汇手续费 T/T fee 转境费/过境费 I/E bonded charge 空运方面的专用术语 空运费 air freight 机场费 air terminal charge 空运提单费 airway bill fee FSC (燃油附加费) fuel surcharge SCC（安全附加费） security sur-charge 抽单费 D/O fee 上海港常用术语 内装箱费 container loading charge(including inland drayage) 疏港费 port congestion charge 他港常用术语
国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.
内科学名词解释
内科学名词解释 阿司匹林哮喘：无论既往是否有哮喘病史，当口服阿司匹林后数分钟内或数小时内出现诱发的哮喘发作，称阿司匹林哮喘。 气道高反应性：指气管、支气管树对多种抗原或非抗原（物理或者化学的刺激）的过度反应，主要表现为支气管平滑肌痉挛、收缩增强、气道粘膜腺体分泌增多。 右中叶综合症：因局部支气管或者肺部炎症或者淋巴结肿大压迫右中叶支气管，使管腔狭窄，引起的中叶体积缩小，不张，慢性炎症导致的临床症状 类癌综合症：在肺部肿瘤中，可见到因分泌5-羟色胺过多而引起的哮喘样支气管痉挛，阵发性心动过速，皮肤潮红，水样腹泻等症状，以燕麦细胞癌和腺癌多见 弥漫性泛支气管炎：指两肺终末细支气管及肺呼吸性细支气管呈弥漫性慢性炎症。大环内酯类对其有效。 Pancoast综合症：Pancoast综合症指由于位于肺尖和肺上沟的肺肿瘤导致臂从神经和颈交感神经受累，临床上以Horner综合症及肩部和上肢的疼痛等为表现 睡眠呼吸暂停综合症：指平均每晚7小时睡眠中呼吸暂停反复发作次数在30次以上，或呼吸紊乱指数大于5次以上。 呼吸暂停：睡眠中口鼻气流停止超过10s 呼吸紊乱指数：平均每小时睡眠中，呼吸暂停＋低通气指数大于5次 低通气：呼吸气流降低幅度超过气流的50％以上，并伴有4％以上的血氧饱和度下降。 Picknickian syn：肥胖，嗜睡，周期性呼吸三联症。 盘状肺不张：指亚段以上的肺不张，多位于膈顶上方，约2－6cm长，扁平条状阴影，外端达胸膜表面，不穿过叶间裂 干性支气管扩张：以反复咯血为主要症状，而无咳嗽，咳脓痰表现的支气管扩张 Kartagener syndrome:指具有内脏转位（右位心），支气管扩张，副鼻窦炎三联症的先天性疾病。 支气管哮喘：指由嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和T细胞等多种细胞参与的气道慢性炎症。这种炎症使易感者对各种激发因子具有气道高反应性，引起气道痉挛，表现为反复发作的呼气性呼吸困难，出现广泛多变的可逆性气流受限，大多可自行或经治疗后缓解。
大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总
大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总1. 中国经济发展 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy
《国际贸易术语解释通则)
2000年《国际贸易术语解释通则》－－FOB（中英文版） FOB 船上交货 （……指定装运港） “船上交货（……指定装运港）"是当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。这意味着买方必须从该点起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。FOB术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。 该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。如当事各方无意越过船舷交货，则应使用FCA术语。 A 卖方义务 B 买方义务 A1 提供符合合同规定的货物 卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。 B1 支付价款 买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。 A2 许可证、其他许可和手续 卖方必须自担风险和费用，取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理出口货物所需的一切海关手续。 B2 许可证、其他许可和手续 买方必须自担风险和费用取得任何进口许可证或其他官方许可，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物进口和在必要时从他国过境的一切海关手续。 A3 运输合同和保险合同 a）运输合同 无义务。 b）保险合同 无义务。 B3 运输合同和保险合同 a）运输合同 买方必须自付费用订立从指定的装运港运输货物的合同。 b）保险合同 无义务。 A4 交货 卖方必须在约定日期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。 B4 受领货物 买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时受领货物。 A5 风险转移 除B5规定外，卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至货物在指定的装运港越过船舷为止。 B5 风险转移 买方必须按照下述规定承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险： ●自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷时起；及 ●由于买方未按照B7规定通知卖方，或其指定的船只未按时到达，或未接收货物，或较按照B7通知的时间提早停止装货，则自约定交货日期或交货期限届满之日起，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下，即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限。 A6 费用划分 除B6规定者外，卖方必须支付
国际贸易名词解释新
国际贸易名词解释 1.象征性交货：是指卖方按合同规定装运货物后，向买方提交包括物权 凭证在内的有关单证，就算完成交货义务，无需保证到货。实际交货：是指卖方按合同规定将货物实际交给买方 2.询盘：是指为了试探对方对交易的诚意和了解其对交易条件的意见。 因多数是询问价格，故通常称之为询价。 3.发盘：是指交易一方即发盘人向另一方即受盘人提出购买或出售某种 商品的各项交易条件，并表示愿意按这种条件与对方达成交易订立合同的行为。 4.还盘：是指受盘人不同意或不完全同意发盘人在发盘中提出的条件， 为进一步协商对发盘提出修改意见。 5.接受：是指受盘人接到对方的发盘或还盘后，同意对方提出的条件， 愿意与对方达成交易并及时以声明或行为表示出来。这在法律上称作承诺。 6.品质机动幅度：是指允许卖方所交货物的质量指标在一定的幅度内有 所机动。 7.品质公差：是指在工业制成品中，国际同行业公认的产品品质误差。 8.对等样品的含义是：当买卖双方采用凭样成交时，卖方为了减少交货 时的风险可根据买方提供的样品，加工复制出一个类似的商品交买方确认，这种经确认后的样品，称为对等样品，也有的称其为确认样品或回样。 9.以毛作净：指的是以毛重作为计算价格和交付货物的计量基础，这种
计重方法在国际贸易中被称为“以毛作净”。 10.标准回潮率：纤维材料及其制品在标准温度、湿度条件下达到吸湿 平衡时的回潮率。 11.公量：是指用科学方法抽干商品中所含水分，然后再上一定标准的 水分所得出的重量。 12.溢短装条款——卖方在交货时，可按合同中的数量多交或少交一定 的百分比，他一般是在数量条款中加订的。（散装货：粮食、矿砂等）13.运输标志又称（Shipping Mark），它通常是由一个简单的几何图形 和一些英文字母、数字及简单的文字组成 14.FAQ是FarAverageQuality的简称，它表示一定时期内某地出口货 物的平均品质水平，习称“良好平均品质”，一般是指中等货或大路货而言。 15.中性包装——即不标明生产国别、地名、厂商名称，也不标明商标 或者品牌的包装。（无牌中性包装、定牌中性包装） 16.滞期费：是指在规定的装卸期限内，租船人未完成装卸作业，给 船方造成经济损失，租船人对超过的时间向船方支付一定的罚金。17.速遣费：如果按约定的装卸时间和装卸率提前完成装卸任务，使船 方节省了船舶在港的费用开支，船方将其获利的一部分给租船人作为奖励，叫速遣费。 18.划拨：货物正式划归合同项下的行为。 19.装运合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在装运时间前或装运时间的 合同。 20.到岸合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在货物到达目的地时的合
内科学名词解释和简答题
内科学复习资料一、名解 呼吸系统 1.医院获得性肺炎（HAP ）：是指患者入院时不存在，也不处于潜伏期，而于入院48小时后 在医院（包括老年护理院、康复院）内发生的肺炎。 2.社区获得性肺炎（CAP）：是指医院外罹患的感染性肺实质炎症，包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎。 3.原发综合征：指原发灶、引流淋巴管炎、肿大的肺门淋巴结统称为原发综合征。 4.Koch 现象：机体对结核菌再感染与初感染所表现出不同反应的现象，称为Koch 现象。 5.肺性脑病：由于呼吸功能衰竭所致缺氧、二氧化碳储留而引起的精神障碍、神经系统的综合征。但必须除外脑动脉硬化、严重电解质紊乱、单纯性的碱中毒、感染中毒性脑病。 6.LTOT ：即长期家庭氧疗。对COPD 慢性呼吸衰竭者可提高生活质量和生存率。目的是使 患者在海平面，静息状态下，达到P a O2大于或等于60mmHg和或S a O2升至90%以上。 7.肺心病：是指由支气管-肺组织、胸廓或血管病变致肺血管阻力增加，产生肺动脉高压，继而右心结构和功能改变的疾病。分为急性和慢性。 8.慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD ）：是一组气流受限为特征的肺部疾病，气流受阻不完全可逆，呈进行性发展，但是可以预防和治疗的疾病。 9.慢性支气管炎（chronic bronchitis ）：是气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。诊断依据：咳嗽、咳痰，或伴有喘息，每年发病持续 3 个月，并连续2 年或2 年以上， 并排除其他慢性气管疾病。 10.慢性肺源性心脏病：简称慢性肺心病，是由肺组织、肺血管或胸廓的慢性病变引起肺组织结构和（或）功能异常，产生肺血管阻力增加，肺动脉压力增高，使右心室扩张或（和）肥厚，伴或不伴右心功能衰竭的心脏病，并排除先天性心脏病和左心病变引起者。 11.呼吸道高反应性（AHR ）：指气道对各种刺激因子出现的过强或过早的敏感性增高反应称为AHR ，其气道炎症是其产生吸道高反应性的基础。 12.支气管哮喘：简称哮喘，是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病。这种慢性 炎症导致气道高反应性相关，为可逆性气流受限。 13肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）:是指来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支所致的疾病，以肺循环和呼吸功能为其主要临床表现和病理生理特征。 14.肺栓塞（PE）：是以各种栓子阻塞肺动脉系统为其发病原因的一组疾病或临床综合症的总称。
最常用2000英语单词_含音标+中文翻译
**最常用2000英语单词** One 1 the [e?, ei:] art.这，那 ad.[用于比较级；最高级前] 2 be [bi:,bi] aux. v.(am,is,are之原型) vi.是;在 3 of [?v, ?, ?v] prep.…的；由…制成的；关于；由于 4 and [?nd, ?nd] conj.和；那么;然后;而且 5 a [ei, ?, ?n, ?n] art.一(个)；任何一(个)；每一(个) 6 to [tu:, tu, t?] prep.向；对；趋于；直到…为止；比；到 7 in [in] prep.在…里；以；穿着；由于 ad.进；到达 8 he [hi:, hi] pron.他；(不论性别的)一个人 9 have [h?v,h?v] aux. v.已经 vt.有；进行；经受；吃；取得 10 it [it] pron.它；这；那 11 that [e?t] a./ pron.那，那个； ad.那样，那么 12 for [f?, f?:] prep.为；对，供，适合于；向 conj.因为故 13 they [eei] pron.他(或她、它)们 14 I [ai] pron.我 15 with [wie, wiθ] prep.和，跟，同；具有；用；关于；随着 16 as [?z, ?z] ad.同样地 prep.当作 conj.随着;因为 17 not [n?t] ad.不，没，不是 18 on [?n] prep.在…上；向；处于；在 ad.上；向前 19 she [?i:, ?i] pron.她 20 at [?t, ?t] prep.在;向;以;处于;因为;从事 21 by [bai] prep.被；凭借；经由；由于 ad.在近旁；经过 22 this [eis] a.这，这个；今，本 pron.这，这个 23 we [wi:, wi] pron.我们 24 you [ju, ju:] pron.你，你们 25 do [du, du:] aux. v.[代替动词] v.做，干，行动 26 but [b?t,b?t] conj.但是；而(是) prep.除…以外 ad.只 27 from [fr?m,fr?m] prep.出自；离；去除；从；因为；由；与 28 or [?:, ?] conj.或，或者；或者说；否则，要不然 29 which [wit?] pron./ a.哪一个(些)；[关系代词]那个(些) 30 one [w?n] num.一 pron.一个(人) a.一个的；一体的 31 would [wud] aux. v.[will的过去式]；总会；也许；请 32 all [?:l] a.全部的；尽量的 ad.很 pron.全部 33 will [wil] aux. v.将；愿意 n.意志；遗嘱 vt.用意志驱使
国际贸易常用术语(中英)
国际贸易（International Trade） 国际贸易惯例（International Trade Practice） 《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERM 2000） FOB ( Free On Board ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/698496873.html,d port of shipment FOB 也称“离岸价”，实践中的使用通常为“FOB……港（出发地）按FOB成交，由买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物装上买方指定的船只，并及时通知买方。货物在装船时越过船舷，风险即由卖方转移至买方。 成员图片(4张) FAS ( Free Alongside Ship ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/698496873.html,d port of shipment FAS(Free Alongside Ship)是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS2000）对其规定如下：“船边交货（……指定装运港）”是指卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。买方必须承担自那时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。 FCA ( Free Carrier ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/698496873.html,d place FCA是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS 2000）free carrier“货交承运人对其规定如下：需要说明的是，交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货，若卖方在任何其他地点交货，卖方不负责卸货。 该术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。 “承运人”指任何人在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。若买方指定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行了交货义务。 CFR ( Cost and Freight ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/698496873.html,d port of destination 在《2000年通则》中，明确规定CFR术语只能适用于海运和内河航运。如合同当事人不采用越过船舷交货，则应使用CPT术语。 CIF ( Cost Insurance and Freight ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/698496873.html,d port of destination CIF到岸价即"成本、保险费加运费"是指在目的港当货物越过船舷时卖方即完成交货。 FOB、CFR和CIF三种术语的换算： 1.FOB价换算为其他价CFR价=FOB价+国外运费CIF价=(FOB价+国外运费)/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 2.CFR价换算为其他价FOB价=CFR价－国外运费CIF价=CFR价/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 3.CIF价换算为其他价FOB价=CIF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率)－国外运费CFR价=C IF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率) 4. CFR计算报价 1．净价CFR=FOB+F 2．含佣价CFRC=CFR/(1-Rc)=FOB+F/(1-Rc）
内科学复习名词解释汇总(完美打印版)讲课稿
内科学复习名词解释汇总(完美打印版)
1、呼吸膜：呼吸膜指肺泡与血液间气体分子交换所通过的结 构，又称为气-血屏障，依次由下列结构组成：①肺泡表面的液体层；②Ⅰ型肺泡上皮细胞及其基膜；③薄层结缔组织；④毛细血管基膜与内皮。 2、肺牵张反射：由肺扩张或肺缩小引起的吸气抑制或兴奋的反 射为黑-伯反射（Hering-Breuer reflex）或称肺牵张反射。它有两种成分：肺扩张反射和肺缩小反射。 3、氧离曲线：氧离曲线或氧合血红蛋白解离曲线是表示PO2与 Hb氧结合量或Hb氧饱和度关系的曲线。该曲线即表示不同PO2时，O2与Hb的结合情况。曲线呈“S”形，因Hb变构效应所致。曲线的“S”形具有重要的生理意义。4、肺性脑病：是由于慢性肺胸疾患伴有呼吸衰竭，出现低氧血 症、高碳酸血症而引起的精神障碍、神经症状的一组综合 征。 5、慢性支气管炎：是指气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性 非特异性炎症。临床上以咳嗽、咳痰或伴有喘息及反复发作的慢性过程为特征。 6、阻塞性肺气肿：阻塞性肺气肿(obstructive pulmonary emphysema，简称肺气肿)是由于吸烟、感染、大气污染等有害因素的刺激，引起终末细支气管远端(呼吸细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊和肺泡)的气道弹性减退、过度膨胀、充气和肺容量增大，并伴有气道壁的破坏。 7、慢性肺源性心脏病：慢性肺源性心脏病(chronic pulmonary heart discase)是由肺组织、肺动脉血管或胸廓的慢性病变引 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2
起肺组织结构和功能异常，产生肺血管阻力增加，肺动脉压力增高，使右心扩张、肥大，伴或不伴右心衰竭的心脏病。 8、支气管哮喘：是气道的一种慢性变态反应性炎症性疾病。它 是由肥大细胞、嗜酸细胞、淋巴细胞等多种炎症细胞介导的气道炎症。它的存在引起气道高反应性（AHR）和广泛的、可逆性气流阻塞。 9、呼吸衰竭：是各种原因引起的肺通气和(或)换气功能严重障 碍，以致在静息状态下亦不能维持足够的气体交换，导致缺氧伴(或不伴)二氧化碳潴留，从而引起一系列生理功能和代谢紊乱的临床综合征。 10、Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭：缺氧而无CO2潴留(PaO2<60 mmHg， PaCO2降低或正常)。见于换气功能障碍(通气／血流比例失 调、弥散功能损害和肺动静脉样分流)的病例，如ARDS 等。 11、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭：缺O2伴CO2潴留(PaO2<60 mmHg， PaCO2>50 mmHg)，系肺泡通气不足所致。单纯通气不足，缺O2和CO2潴留的程度是平行的，若伴换气功能损害，则缺O2更为严重。如慢性阻塞性肺疾病。 12、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）：ARDS是在严重感染、 创伤、休克等打击后出现的以肺实质细胞损伤为主要表现的临床综合征。临床特点：严重低氧血症、呼吸频速、X线胸片示双肺斑片状阴影。病理生理特点：肺内分流增加、肺顺应性下降。病理特点：肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞损伤导致的广泛肺水肿、微小肺不张等。 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢3
最常用2000英语单词(全部标有注释)
最常用2000英语单词 adv.表示副词 prep.表示介词 vi.不及物动词 vt.及物动词 其他有： prep = 介系词；前置词，preposition的缩写 pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写 n = 名词，noun的缩写 v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写conj = 连接词，conjunction的缩写 s = 主词 sc = 主词补语 o = 受词 oc = 受词补语 vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写 vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写 aux.v = 助动词，auxiliary的缩写 a = 形容词，adjective的缩写 ad = 副词，adverb的缩写 art = 冠词，article的缩写 num = 数词，numeral的缩写 int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写 u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写 c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写 pl = 复数，plural的缩写 语气词 int. 缩写词 abbr. One 1 the [e?, ei:]art.这，那 ad.[用于比较级；最高级前] 2 be [bi:,bi]aux. v.(am,is,are之原型) vi.是;在 3 of [?v, ?, ?v]prep.…的；由…制成的；关于；由于 4 and [?nd, ?nd]conj.和；那么;然后;而且 5 a[ei, ?, ?n, ?n]art.一(个)；任何一(个)；每一(个) 6 to [tu:, tu, t?]prep.向；对；趋于；直到…为止；比；到 7 in [in]prep.在…里；以；穿着；由于 ad.进；到达 8 he[hi:, hi]pron.他；(不论性别的)一个人 9 have[h?v,h?v]aux. v.已经 vt.有；进行；经受；吃；取得 10 it [it]pron.它；这；那 11 that[e?t]a./ pron.那，那个； ad.那样，那么 12 for[f?, f?:]prep.为；对，供，适合于；向 conj.因为故 13 they[eei]pron.他(或她、它)们 14 I[ai]pron.我 15 with[wie, wiθ]prep.和，跟，同；具有；用；关于；随着 16 as [?z, ?z]ad.同样地 prep.当作 conj.随着;因为 17 not[n?t]ad.不，没，不是 18 on[?n]prep.在…上；向；处于；在 ad.上；向前 19 she[?i:, ?i]pron.她 20 at [?t, ?t]prep.在;向;以;处于;因为;从事 21 by [bai]prep.被；凭借；经由；由于 ad.在近旁；经过 22 this [eis]a.这，这个；今，本 pron.这，这个 23 we[wi:, wi]pron.我们 24 you [ju, ju:]pron.你，你们 25 do[du, du:]aux. v.[代替动词] v.做，干，行动 26 but[b?t,b?t]conj.但是；而(是) prep.除…以外 ad.只 27 from[fr?m,fr?m]prep.出自；离；去除；从；因为；由；与 28 or[?:, ?]conj.或，或者；或者说；否则，要不然29 which[wit?]pron./ a.哪一个(些)；[关系代词]那个(些) 30 one[w?n]num.一 pron.一个(人) a.一个的；一体的 31 would [wud]aux. v.[will的过去式]；总会；也许；请 32 all [?:l]a.全部的；尽量的 ad.很 pron.全部 33 will [wil]aux. v.将；愿意 n.意志；遗嘱 vt.用意志驱使 34 there [e??]pron.[与be连用，“有”] ad.在那里 35 say [sei]v.说；表明 ad.比如说，大约 n.发言权 36 who [hu:]pron.谁，什么人；[关系代词]…的人 37 make [meik]vt.做，制造；产生；成为 n.品牌，类型 38 when[wen]ad./ pron.什么时候；在…时 conj.当…时 39 can[k?n,k?n]aux. v.能；可以 n.罐(头) vt.把…装罐保存 40 more [m?:r]ad.更(多) a.更多(大)的 n.更多的人(或物) 41 if[if]conj.如果，假如；是否；即使；无论何时 42 no [n?u]ad.不，不是，没有 a.没有的；不许的 43 man[m?n]n.(成年)男人；人，人类 vt.给…配备人员 44 out aut]ad.出，向外；在外；出现；完；过时 45 other[??e?]a.别的；其余的 pron.另一个人(或物) 46 so [s?u]ad.那么，非常；如此 conj.所以；以便 47 what[w?t, wɑ:t]pron.什么；[关系代词] a.多么；什么 48 time[taim]n.时间；次；倍[ pl.]时期 vt.为…安排时间 49 up[?p]ad./ a.向上(的) prep.沿…往上；在…上面 50 go[g?u]vi.去；变得；进行；放；通往；消失 n.尝试 51 about[??baut]prep.关于；在…周围 ad.大约；在附近 52 than[e?n, e?n]conj.比 53 into[?intu, ?int?]prep.进，入，到…里；成为；很喜欢 54 could[kud]v. aux.can的过去式；[虚拟语气等]可以(能) 55 state [steit]n.状态；国家，政府；州 vt.陈述，说明 56 only[??unli]ad.只；反而 a.唯一的；最好的 conj.可是 57 new[nju:]a.新的，新出现的，新生产的；生疏的 1 / 18
完整word版,内科学名词解释英文
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests. In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. Upper respiratory tract infections are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the alveoli, pulmonary interstitial and final airway. It is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes such as immune injury, allergy, drugs and so on. Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the trachea, bronchi and their around tissues. It is defined clinically as a persistent cough with or not with sputum and mucus, for at least three months per year in two consecutive years without any indication of other lung and heart diseases. Cor pulmonale is changes of the structure or function of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs which is caused by pulmonary vascular disease, chest deformity and bronchus-lung diseases. （chronic pulmonary heart disease在which is caused by 后面加慢性病变） Horner's syndrome is the combination of drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) and constriction of the pupil (miosis), sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side; redness of the conjunctiva of the eye is often also present. It indicates a problem with the sympathetic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system. Respiratory failure, in medicine, is used to describe inadequate gas exchange and/or pulmonary ventilation by the respiratory system, with the result that arterial oxygen and/or carbon dioxide levels cannot be maintained within their normal ranges. Heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow or ventricular filling caused by various diseases in cardiac structure and/or function. The blood flow can’t meet the needs of the body due to the disorder of the ventricular systole. It can caused congestion in pulmonary circulation and/or systemic circulation. Sometimes the disorder of ventricular diastole function can also congestion in pulmonary circulation. Cardiac arrhythmia 是指心脏冲动的频率（rate）、节律（rhythm）、起源部位（primary pacemaker）、传导速度（speed of the conduction）或激动次序的异常。 Sick sinus syndrome, also called sinus node dysfunction, is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker. Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which slow arrhythmias and fast arrhythmias alternate. Preexcitation syndrome Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is a disorder of the heart in which the ventricles of the heart contract prematurely due to an accessory pathway which is mainly the bundle of Kent. This accessory pathway is an abnormal electrical communication from the atria to the ventricles. Primary hypertension is the form of hypertension that by definition, has no identifiable cause. Systolic