AnOuineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要

A n O u i n e o f A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y美国历史纲要

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An Outline of American History

Chaper 1 Early America

?The First Americans

?Beringia

?The First Europeans:

?The first Europeans to arrive in North America -- at least the first for whom there is solid evidence -- were Norse, traveling west from

Greenland .

?In 1497, just five years after Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean looking for a western route to Asia, a Venetian sailor named John Cabot arrived in Newfoundland on a mission for the British king.

Although fairly quickly forgotten, Cabot's journey was later to provide the basis for British claims to North America. I t also opened the way to the rich fishing grounds off George's Banks, to which European fishermen, particularly the Portuguese, were soon making regular visits.

?Among the most significant early Spanish explorations was that of Hernando De Soto, a veteran conquistador who had accompanied Francisco Pizzaro during the conquest of Peru.

?While the Spanish were pushing up from the south, the northern portion of the present-day United States was slowly being revealed through the

journeys of men such as Giovanni da Verrazano. A Florentine who sailed for the French, Verrazano made landfall in North Carolina in 1524, then sailed north along the Atlantic coast past what is now New York harbor. ? A decade later, the Frenchman Jacques Cartier set sail with the hope -- like the other Europeans before him -- of finding a sea passage to Asia.

Cartier's expeditions along the St. Lawrence River laid the foundations for the French claims to North America, which were to last until 1763. ?Following the collapse of their first Quebec colony in the 1540s, French Huguenots attempted to settle the northern coast of Florida two decades later. The Spanish, viewing the French as a threat to their trade route along the Gulf Stream, destroyed the colony in 1565. Ironically, the leader of the Spanish forces, Pedro Menendez, would soon establish a town not far away -- St. Augustine. It was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States.

?In 1578 Humphrey Gilbert, the author of a treatise on the search for the Northwest Passage, received a patent from Queen Elizabeth to colonize the "heathen and barbarous landes" in the New World which other European nations had not yet claimed. It would be five years before his efforts could begin. When he was lost at sea, his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, took up the mission.

?I n 1585 Raleigh established the first British colony in North Amer ica, on Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina. It was later

abandoned, and a second effort two years later also proved a failure. It would be 20 years before the British would try again. This time -- at Jamestown in 1607 -- the colony would succeed, and North America would enter a new era.

?Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression, to seek the freedom to practice their religion, or for

adventure and opportunities denied them at home. Between 1620 and 1635, economic difficulties swept England. Many people could not find work.

Even skilled artisans could earn little more than a bare living. Poor crop yields added to the distress. In addition, the Industrial

Revolution had created a burgeoning textile industry, which demanded an ever-increasing supply of wool to keep the looms running.

?Landlords enclosed farmlands and evicted the peasants in favor of sheep cultivation. Colonial expansion became an outlet for this displaced

peasant population.

?Majestic rivers -- the Kennebec, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac and numerous others -- linked lands between the coast and the

Appalachian Mountains with the sea.

?Only one river, however, the St. Lawrence -- dominated by the French in Canada -- offered a water passage to the Great Lakes and into the heart of the continent. Dense forests, the resistance of some Indian tribes and the formidable barrier of the Appalachian Mountains discouraged

settlement beyond the coastal plain. Only trappers and traders ventured into the wilderness. For the first hundred years the colonists built their settlements compactly along the coast.

?Political considerations influenced many people to move to America. In the 1630s, arbitrary rule by England's Charles I gave impetus to the migration to the New World. The subsequent revolt and triumph of

Charles' opponents under Oliver Cromwell in the 1640s led many cavaliers -- "king's men" -- to cast their lot in Virginia.

?In the German-speaking regions of Europe, the oppressive policies of various petty princes -- particularly with regard to religion -- and the devastation caused by a long series of wars helped swell the movement to America in the late 17th and 18th centuries.

?In contrast to the colonization policies of other countries and other periods, the emigration from England was not directly sponsored by the government but by private groups of individuals whose chief motive was profit.

?Jamestown:The first of the British colonies to take hold in North America was Jamestown.

?It was not long, however, before a development occurred that revolutionized Virginia's economy. In 1612 John Rolfe began cross-

breeding imported tobacco seed from the West Indies with native plants and produced a new variety that was pleasing to European taste. The

first shipment of this tobacco reached London in 1614. Within a decade it had become Virginia's chief source of revenue.

?MASSACHUSETTS

?During the religious upheavals of the 16th century, a body of men and women called Puritans sought to reform the Established Church of England from within. Essentially, they demanded that the rituals and structures associated with Roman Catholicism be replaced by simpler Protestant

forms of faith and worship. Their reformist ideas, by destroying the

unity of the state church, threatened to divide the people and to

undermine royal authority.

?In 1620, a group of Leyden Puritans secured a land patent from the Virginia Company, and a group of 101 men, women and children set out for Virginia on board the Mayflower. A storm sent them far north and they landed in New England on Cape Cod. Believing themselves outside the

jurisdiction of any organized government, the men drafted a formal

agreement to abide by "just and equal laws" drafted by leaders of their own choosing. This was the Mayflower Compact.

?In December the Mayflower reached Plymouth harbor; the Pilgrims began to build their settlement during the winter. Nearly half the colonists died of exposure and disease, but neighboring Wampanoag Indians provided

information that would sustain them: how to grow maize. By the next fall,

the Pilgrims had a plentiful crop of corn, and a growing trade based on furs and lumber.

?Massachusetts Bay was not the only colony driven by religious motives.

I n 1681 William Penn, a wealthy Quaker and friend of Charles II,

received a large tract of land west of the Delaware River, which became known as Pennsylvania. To help populate it, Penn actively recruited a

host of religious dissenters from England and the continent -- Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, Moravians and Baptists.

?When Penn arrived the following year, there were already Dutch, Swedish and English settlers living along the Delaware River. It was there he

founded Philadelphia, the "City of Brotherly Love."

?Georgia was settled in 1732, the last of the 13 colonies to be established.

CHAPTER 2: The Colonial Period

?NEW ENGLAND

?New England shippers soon discovered, too, that rum and slaves were profitable commodities. One of the most enterprising -- if unsavory --

trading practices of the time was the so-called "triangular trade."

Merchants and shippers would purchase slaves off the coast of Africa for New England rum, then sell the slaves in the West Indies where they

would buy molasses to bring home for sale to the local rum producers.

?THE MIDDLE COLONIES

?THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

?THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

?SOCIETY, SCHOOLS AND CULTURE

?Of equal significance for the future were the foundations of American education and culture established during the colonial period. Harvard College was founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

? A few years later, the Collegiate School of Connecticut, later to become Yale College, was chartered.

?The first immigrants in New England brought their own little libraries and continued to import books from London. And as early as the 1680s, Boston booksellers were doing a thriving business in works of classical literature, history, politics, philosophy, science, theology and belles-lettres. In 1639 the first printing press in the English colonies and the second in North America was installed at Harvard College.

?I n 1704 Cambridge, Massachusetts, launched the colonies' first successful newspaper.By 1745 there were 22 newspapers being published throughout the colonies

?EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

?In all phases of colonial development, a striking feature was the lack of controlling influence by the English government. All colonies except Georgia emerged as companies of shareholders, or as feudal

proprietorships stemming from charters granted by the Crown.

?For their part, the colonies had never thought of themselves as subservient.

?The colonists -- inheritors of the traditions of the Englishman's long struggle for political liberty -- incorporated concepts of freedom into Virginia's first charter . It provided that English colonists were to exercise all liberties, franchises and immunities

?it was generally accepted that the colonists had a right to participate in their own government.

? in the mid-17th century, the English were too distracted by the Civil War (1642-1649) and Oliver Cromwell's Puritan Commonwealth and

Protectorate to pursue an effective colonial policy.

?The remoteness afforded by a vast ocean also made control of the colonies difficult.

?Added to this was the character of life itself in early America. On such

a continent, natural conditions promoted a tough individualism, as

people became used to making their own decisions.

?Equally important, John Locke's Second Treatise on Government (1690) set forth a theory of government based not on divine right but on contract, and contended that the people, endowed with natural rights of life,

liberty and property, had the right to rebel when governments violated

these natural rights.

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

?France and Britain engaged in a succession of wars in Europe and the Caribbean at several intervals in the 18th century. Though Britain

secured certain advantages from them -- primarily in the sugar-rich

islands of the Caribbean -- the struggles were generally indecisive, and France remained in a powerful position in North America at the

beginning of the Seven Years War in 1754.

?By that time France had established a strong relationship with a number of Indian tribes in Canada and along the Great Lakes, taken possession

of the Mississippi River and, by establishing a line of forts and

trading posts, marked out a great crescent-shaped empire stretching from Quebec to New Orleans. Thus, the British were confined to the narrow

belt east of the Appalachian Mountains.

?The French threatened not only the British Empire but the American colonists themselves, for in holding the Mississippi Valley, France

could limit their westward expansion.

?An armed clash took place in 1754 at Fort Duquesne, the site where Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is now located, between a band of French

regulars and Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington, a Virginia planter and surveyor.

?England's superior strategic position and her competent leadership ultimately brought victory in the Seven Years' War .

?In the Peace of Paris, signed in 1763, France relinquished all of Canada, the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley to the British.

The dream of a French empire in North America was over.

?Having triumphed over France, Britain was now compelled to face a problem that it had hitherto neglected -- the governance of its empire.

It was essential that London organize its now vast possessions to

facilitate defense, reconcile the divergent interests of different areas and peoples, and distribute more evenly the cost of imperial

administration.

CHAPTER 3: The Road to Independence

? A NEW COLONIAL SYSTEM

?To put a new system into effect, and to tighten control, Parliament had to contend with colonists trained in self-government and impatient with

interference.

?The Royal Proclamation of 1763

?One of the first things that British attempted was the organization of the interior. The conquest of Canada and of the Ohio Valley necessitated policies that would not alienate the French and Indian inhabitants. But here the Crown came into conflict with the interests of the colonies.

Fast increasing in population, and needing more land for settlement, various colonies claimed the right to extend their boundaries as far west as the Mississippi River.

?The British government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke a series of Indian wars, believed that the lands should be opened to colonists on a more gradual basis. Restricting

movement was also a way of ensuring royal control over existing

settlements before allowing the formation of new ones. The Royal

Proclamation of 1763 reserved all the western territory between the

Alleghenies, Florida, the Mississippi River and Quebec for use by Native Americans.

?Thus the Crown attempted to sweep away every western land claim of the

13 colonies and to stop westward expansion. Though never effectively

enforced, this measure, in the eyes of the colonists, constituted a

high-handed disregard of their most elementary right to occupy and

settle western lands.

?More serious in its repercussions was the new financial policy of the British government, which needed more money to support its growing

empire. Unless the taxpayer in England was to supply all money for the

colonies' defense, revenues would have to be extracted from the

colonists through a stronger central administration, which would come at the expense of colonial self-government.

?The first step in inaugurating the new system was the replacement of tihe Molasses Act of 1733, which placed a prohbitive duty, or tax, on the import of rum and molasses from non-English areas, with the Sugar Act of 1764. This act forbade the importation of foreign rum; put a

modest duty on molasses from all sources and levied duties on wines, silks, coffee and a number of other luxury items.

?The hope was that lowering the duty on molasses would reduce the temptation to smuggle it from the Dutch and French West Indies for

processing in the rum distilleries of New England.

?Both the duty imposed by the Sugar Act and the measures to enforce it caused consternation among New England merchants. They contended that payment of even the small duty imposed would be ruinous to their

businesses. Merchants, legislatures and town meetings protested the law, and colonial lawyers found in the preamble of the Sugar Act the first intimation of "taxation without representation," the slogan that was to draw many to the American cause against the mother country.

?Later in 1764, Parliament enacted a Currency Act "to prevent paper bills of credit hereafter issued in any of His Majesty's colonies from being made legal tender." Since the colonies were a deficit trade area and

were constantly short of hard currency, this measure added a serious burden to the colonial economy. Equally objectionable from the colonial viewpoint was the Quartering Act, passed in 1765, which required

colonies to provide royal troops with provisions and barracks.

STAMP ACT

?The last of the measures inaugurating the new colonial system sparked the greatest organized resistance. Known as the "Stamp Act," it

provided that revenue stamps be affixed to all newspapers, pamphlets, licenses, leases or other legal documents, the revenue (collected by American customs agents) to be used for "defending, protecting and

securing" the colonies.

?Trade with the mother country fell off sharply in the summer of 1765, as prominent men organized themselves into the "S ons of Liberty" -- s ecret organizations formed to protest the Stamp Act, often through violent means.

TOWNSHEND ACTS

?Charles Townshend, British chancellor of the exchequer, was called upon to draft a new fiscal program. Intent upon reducing British taxes by making more efficient the collection of duties levied on American trade, he tightened customs administration, at the same time sponsoring duties on colonial imports of paper, glass, lead and tea exported from Britain to the colonies.

?The so-called Townshend Acts were based on the premise that taxes imposed on goods imported by the colonies were legal while internal

taxes (like the Stamp Act) were not. The Townshend Acts were designed to raise revenue to be used in part to support colonial governors, judges, customs officers and the British army in America. In response,

Philadelphia lawyer John Dickinson, in Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, argued that Parliament had the right to control imperial

SAMUEL ADAMS

?During a three-year interval of calm, a relatively small number of radicals strove energetically to keep the controversy alive, however.

They contended that payment of the tax constituted an acceptance of the principle that Parliament had the right to rule over the colonies. They feared that at any time in the future, the principle of parliamentary rule might be applied with devastating effect on all colonial liberties. ?The radicals' most effective leader was Samuel Adams . Adams's goals were to free people from their awe of social and political superiors, make them aware of their own power and importance and thus arouse them to action.

?In 1772 he induced the Boston town meeting to select a "Committee of Correspondence" to state the rights and grievances of the colonists. The committee opposed a British decision to pay the salaries of judges from customs revenues; it feared that the judges would no longer be dependent

on the legislature for their incomes and thus no longer accountable to it -- thereby leading to the emergence of "a despotic form of

government." The committee communicated with other towns on this matter and requested them to draft replies. Committees were set up in virtually all the colonies, and out of them grew a base of effective revolutionary organizations. Still, Adams did not have enough fuel to set a fire. BOSTON "TEA PARTY"

?In 1773, however, Britain furnished Adams and his allies with an incendiary issue. T he powerful East India Company, finding itself in critical financial straits, appealed to the British government, which granted it a monopoly on all tea exported to the colonies. The

government also permitted the East India Company to supply retailers directly, bypassing colonial wholesalers who had previously sold it. ?After 1770, such a flourishing illegal trade existed that most of the tea consumed in America was of foreign origin and imported, illegally, duty- free.

?By selling its tea through its own agents at a price well under the customary one, the East India Company made smuggling unprofitable and threatened to eliminate the independent colonial merchants at the same time. Aroused not only by the loss of the tea trade but also by the

monopolistic practice involved, colonial traders joined

? A Quartering Act required local authorities to find suitable quarters for British troops,in private homes if necessary. Instead of subduing and isolating Massachusetts as Parliament intended, these acts rallied its sister colonies to its aid.

?The Quebec Act, passed at nearly the same time, e xtended the boundaries of the province of Quebec and guaranteed the right of the French

inhabitants to enjoy religious freedom and their own legal customs. The colonists opposed this act because, by disregarding old charter claims to western lands, it threatened to hem them in to the North and

Northwest by a Roman Catholic-dominated province. Though the Quebec Act had not been passed as a punitive measure, it was classed by the

Americans with the Coercive Acts, and all became known as the "Five Intolerable Acts."

?At the suggestion of the Virginia House of Burgesses, colonial representatives met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, "to consult upon the present unhappy state of the Colonies." Delegates to this

meeting, known as the First Continental Congress, were chosen by

provincial congresses or popular conventions.

?Every colony except Georgia sent at least one delegate, and the total number of 55 was large enough for diversity of opinion, but small enough for genuine debate and effective action. The division of opinion in the colonies posed a genuine dilemma for the delegates. They would have to give an appearance of firm unanimity to induce the British government to

make concessions and, at the same time, they would have to avoid any show of radicalism or spirit of independence that would alarm more

moderate Americans.

? A cautious keynote speech, followed by a "resolve" that no obedience was due the Coercive Acts, ended with adoption of a set of resolutions,

among them, the right of the colonists to "life, liberty and property,"

and the right of provincial legislatures to set "all cases of taxation and internal polity."

?The most important action taken by the Congress, however, was the formation of a "Continental Association,"

?away, Gage sent a strong detail from the garrison to confiscate these munitions.

?After a night of marching, t he British troops reached the village of Lexington on April 19, 1775, and saw a grim band of 70 Minutemen . The leader of the Minutemen, Captain John Parker, told his troops not to fire unless fired at first. The Americans were withdrawing when someone fired a shot, which led the British troops to fire at the Minutemen. ?The British then charged with bayonets, leaving eight dead and 10 wounded. It was "the shot heard 'round the world." While the alarms of Lexington and Concord were still resounding, t he Second Continental

Congress met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 10, 1775. By May 15, the Congress voted to go to war, inducting the colonial militias into

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美国发展史专题复习

美国发展史专题复习 一、美国独立战争（1775——1783年） 1.根本原因：英国殖民统治严重阻碍了美国资本主义的发展。（障碍） 2.任务：推翻英国殖民统治，取得民族独立，发展资本主义。（目的） 3.导火线：1773年，波士顿倾茶事件。 4.开始标志：1775年，列克星顿枪声。 5.重要文献：177 6. 7.4.大陆会议发表《独立宣言》。——宣告美国的诞生。 6.转折点：1777年萨拉托加大捷。 7.胜利标志：1781年，约克镇之战，英军向美军投降。 8.结束标志：1783年英美签订《巴黎合约》。英国正式承认美国独立。 9.性质：既是一场民族解放运动，又是一场资产阶级革命。 10.影响：使美国赢得了独立，也为美国资本主义发展扫清了障碍。(国内影响) 并对以后欧洲和拉美的革命起了推动作用。（国际影响） 11.1787年宪法：它规定美国是联邦制国家，并实行三权分立。 1789年4月华盛顿当选美国第一任总统。 12.华盛顿贡献：领导独立战争；建立和完善民主法制；创立“合众国银行”；统一货币；建立税制等。 13.评价华盛顿：由于华盛顿为美国民族独立和国家初创作出了卓越贡献，所以被誉为“美国国父”。 它不但是美国历史上著名的资产阶级革命家，而且是世界历史上杰出的资产阶级革命家。 14.胜利原因：战争的正义性；广大人民的积极支持；华盛顿的杰出领导； 大陆军的英勇奋战；国际援助等。 二、美国南北战争（1861——1865年） 1.根本原因：南北两种不同的经济制度之间的矛盾不可调和。（障碍） 2.南北矛盾：是指北方资本主义制度与南方种植园奴隶制之间的矛盾。 3.南北矛盾三个方面：奴隶制的存废（南北矛盾焦点）、关税问题、劳动力问题。 4.任务：废除黑奴制度，维护国家统一，进一步发展资本主义。（目的） 5.导火线：1860年，林肯当选总统(他主张废除黑奴制度)。 6.开始：1861年，南方叛乱武装挑起战争。 7.初期：因南方蓄谋已久，故北方节节失利。 8.转折：1862年，林肯政府颁布了《宅地法》和《解放黑奴宣言》。 其作用是提高了人民群众和黑人奴隶的革命热情，且使战争开始有利于北方。 9.结束：1865年，北方军队攻克南方叛军老巢里士满。 10.性质：它是美国历史上第二次资产阶级革命。 11.意义：它维护了国家统一，废除了黑奴制度，扫清了资本主义道路上的又一障碍， 也为以后资本主义经济的迅速发展(超过英、法)创造了条件。 12.林肯贡献：他为维护国家统一、废除黑奴制度以及解放黑人奴隶作出了重大贡献。 13.评价林肯：他是美国历史上杰出的资产阶级革命家、政治家。他适应了历史潮流，所以他也是 美国历史上受人爱戴和尊敬的总统。但它毕竟是资产阶级代表，其行为目的是维护 资产阶级利益的。 14.为什么说美国内战是美国历史上的第二次资产阶级革命？(为美国资本主义发展扫清了又一障碍？) 答：因为18世纪的美国独立战争，推翻了英国殖民统治，赢得了国家独立，为美国资本主义发展扫除了一大障碍。而19世纪的美国内战，废除了黑奴制度，维护了国家统一，因此又为美国 资本主义发展扫清了最大的内部障碍。 三、罗斯福新政（1933年）： 1.开始——1933年罗斯福就任总统，开始新政。 2.目的——为消除经济危机，巩固资本主义统治（根本目的）。 3.特点——加强国家对经济的干预和指导。（“新”在哪里） 4.措施——首先整顿银行（使银行恢复信用）；调整工业，实行“产业复兴法”；（中心措施） （防止盲目生产引起的生产过剩）调整农业；（缩减农业产量，稳定农产品价格） 创建公共工程。（以减少失业队伍，刺激消费和生产） 5.作用——使美国摆脱了经济危机，资本主义经济得到恢复，资本主义统治也得到巩固， 也为资本主义国家干预经济生活提供了范例。但危机的根源没有消除。（评价） 四、三次科技革命中的美国 1.第一次科技革命：18世纪60年代英国最先开始。美国紧随之后进行， 1807年美国富尔顿发明世界上第一艘汽船，使人类进入“汽轮时代”。 2.第二次科技革命：19世纪70年代从美、德开始。美国莱特兄弟最先发明飞机； 美国爱迪生（“发明大王”）最先发明电灯；使人类摆脱了“黑夜的煎熬”。3.第三次科技革命：20世纪40年代开始于美国。 1945年美国原子弹； 1946年美国第一台电子计算机； 1952年美国氢弹； 1969年美国载人飞船登月着陆； 1981年美国航天飞机“哥伦比亚”号。 五、两次世界大战中的美国（1914—1918年1939—1945年） 1.一战中的美国：保持中立，大发战争横财。 2.一战后的美国：积极参与战后分赃，推行强权政治，建立华盛顿体系。 3.二战中的美国：先是中立和观望态度，后因法西斯国家的猖狂激怒了美国，接着加入二战行列， 并积极组织世界反法西斯同盟，也为反法西斯战争最后的胜利作出了重大贡献。 4.二战后的美国：美国经济空前繁荣，并成为世界经济霸主。接着推行霸权主义政策（“冷战”）， 最终形成“两极格局”，从而严重威胁着世界和平与安全。 六、二战后的美国“冷战”政策 1.含义：美国对苏联等社会主义国家所采取的除战争以外的一切敌对行为。 2.开始：1947年“杜鲁门主义”出台。 3.措施：政治上---推行“杜鲁门主义”。（以防止共产主义渗透。） 经济上---实施“马歇尔计划”。（以达到控制西欧。） 军事上---成立北大西洋公约组织。(以对抗华沙条约组织。) 4.结束：1991年，苏联解体。 5.影响：使战后美苏两极格局形成，严重威胁着世界和平与安全。 七、二战后的美国经济发展动态 1. 发展动态： 五六十年代：高速发展→七十年代：缓慢危机→八九十年代：复苏繁荣