人教版初升高中英语衔接教材教案讲义

暑期初高中衔接英语教学资料

一、十大词类

英语中的词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征可分为十大词类。

名词（n.）noun

"名"就是名称--人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称:人名--Mike,Li Ming;地名—America ,China 动物名--pig,dog;植物名--tree,wheat.抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意),victory(胜利),knowledge(知识). 名词可分为两大类：1、普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：Teacher、 market、 rice；

2、专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。例如：Hemingway Russia。名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。名词可做主语、表语、定语、补语、同位语。如：My sister is reading a novel. (主语)

She is my sister.(表语) Iinvite my friend to dinner.(宾语)

代词(pron.) pronoun

何谓“代” ？即是替代的意思，主要是来替代名词，有时代替数词。所以说名词和代词关系是很近的，或者说代词的实质就是名词，正是这种血液关系，绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起的作用是一样的。如：She(主语) brought me(宾语) these books, so they are mine.(表语)

动词（v.）verb

"动"就是动作或状态--人的五官动作:walk(走),jump(跳),swim(游泳);人的大脑动作(心理活动):think(想),imagine(想象).也有些动词是表示静止的，如：am，is，are。动词根据起意义和作用可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。作谓语。如：He can’t underdtand (谓语) what he said. 形容词(adj.) adjective

形容词是用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。例如：yellow(黄色的)，wonderful(惊人的)，strong(强大的)。形容词一般放在它所修饰的名词之前，例如：busy streets(繁华的街道)，public relations(公共关系)，young men(年轻人)等。作宾语、表语、宾补、主补、独立成分。如：The house was found empty. (主补)

He made his mother angry.(宾补)

副词（adv.）adverb

表示行为特征或性状特征的词，主要修饰动词，也可修饰形容词、副词、介词短语或全句，表示时间、地点、方式、程度，也表示说话人的态度等。作状语、表语、主补、宾补和定语。如：He speaks English quite fluently.(状语) I must be off.（表语）We saw him out.（宾补）

数词（num.）numeral

表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者称为基数词，例如：one(一)，twenty (二十)，thirty-five(三十五)，one hundred and ninety-five(一百九十五)等；后者称为序数词，例如：first(第一)，twentieth(第二十)，fifty-first(第五十一)等。作主语、表语、定语。如：Five (主语)plus seven (宾语)is twelve.

冠词（art.）article

放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。英语中只有三个冠词：a\an (不定冠词)the (定冠词)，不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指。

介词(prep.)preposition

又叫前置词，放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面，表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系. 介词根据其构成，可分为简单介词，如：in, at, for, since等；复合介词，如：into(进入), as for(至于), out of(出自)；二重介词，如：until after(直至...之后), from among(从...当中)；短语介词，如：according to(根据), because of(因为), in front of(在...之前), in the event of(如果)；分词介词，如：regarding(关于), considering(考虑到), including(包括)。

介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语(prepositional phrase)。介词短语作状语、定语、表语。如：The women stood near the window in silence. (状语) The teacher in silence is middle-aged.(定语)

连词(conj.)conjunction

连词的作用是连接词、短语、从句或句子。连词是虚词，不能在句中单独作句子成分。

根据连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质，可分为并列连词和从属连词。

并列连词是连接并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词，例如：and(和), or(或者、否则), but(但是), for(因为), not only...but also(不仅...而且), neither...nor(即不...也不)。从属连词是连接主从复合句的主句和从句的连词，例如：that, if(如果), whether(是否), when(当...时候), although(虽然), because(因为), so that(结果)。如：

The boys and (连接词)the girls are working hard at school and（连接短语）at home because （连接从句）they know what （连接从句）they study,

感叹词(interj.) interjection

主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情的，比如：oh/ ah /well 等等，这一词类在十大词类中并不重要，了解即可。

二、英语句子成分讲解及练习

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。

1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。

The sun rises in the east （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）

To see is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。

We study English. He is asleep.

(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词

① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

A. will be

B. meeting

C. the library

D. afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast

3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher. （名词）Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）

Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词）

His father is in.（副词）The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）

The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）

（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）……

It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.

Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.

The door remains open. Now I feel tired.

(三) 挑出下列句中的表语

① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim?

③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：

I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）

How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式）Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）

2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.

3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）

He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.

(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词）

We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词)

Please make yourself at home. （介词短语）Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）He is our friend. （代词）

We belong to the third world.（数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)

The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）

I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）

(六) 挑出下列句中的定语

① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.

② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）

I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.

If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.

Though he is young, he can do it well.

(七) 挑出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

① Please tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.

④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.

⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

三、句子的分类

按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法，分为肯定句和否定句。如：

Light travels faster than sound.The film is rather boring.He can’t speak Chinese.

2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：

a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：

Can you finish the work in time?

b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：

Where do you live?How do you know that?

c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：

Do you want tea or coffee?

d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：

He doesn't know her, does he?

3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：

Sit down, please. Don't be nervous!

4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：

What good news it is!

根据句子的内部结构，特别是句子与句子之间的关系来划分，可以分为三种主

3、两句之间是因果关系

用下列词连结的句子是因果关系：so , therefore , hence 等。

I've got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now.

You are in the right , therefore we should support you.

三)、复合句

复合句也是由两个或两个以上的句子连结而成的。但与并列句不同的是，这两个句子不仅在意义上“紧密”联系，在语法结构上也是“紧密”联系在一起的。“紧密”的程度达到了：两个句子谁也离不了谁，如果分开了，不仅语法结构不完整，而且句子的意思也不完整。这是其一。

在复合句中，两个句子之间虽然联系紧密，但其中有一个主要的句子，它是全句的中心所在，而另一个句子是次要的、从属的，它只是主要句子中的一个成份。主要的句子就叫“主句”(Main Clause)，从属的句子就叫“从句”(Subordinate Clause)。所以，有的书干脆把复合句叫做“主、从复合句”。

我们在分析英语长句子的时候，首先要弄清楚主句的主、谓、宾、定、状、补等成份，然后再分析其中主语可能又是一个从句，那它就叫“主语从句”，主语从句只是主要句子的一个成份即主语。同样的方法，在确定了主句的主、谓、宾等之后，其中宾语可能是一个从句，它就叫宾语从句，换句话说，宾语从句虽然也是一个句子，但它只是主要句子里的一个宾语成份。

这样的分析，说起来似乎有点儿拗口，但它却是我们理解、掌握复合句的最关键之处。如果这个没搞不清楚，主从复合句可能越学越糊涂。所以，大家一定要仔细体会、用心理解。

概括一下，主、从复合句有两个特点：一是如果主句与从句分开单独说的话，两句的意思都不完整；二是从句虽然是一个句子，但它只是主要句子里的某个成份。

英语句子的成份有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。从句除了不

能做谓语之外，它可以做任何成分，因而就有了主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等等名称。

1. 主语从句

Whether he comes or not doesn't make any difference to me.

What he said was true.

2. 表语从句

China is not what it used to be.

3. 宾语从句

I have no idea about whether I can raise the money for buying a car.

There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money

is measured.

4. 定语从句

Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government.

5. 状语从句

Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at moviesas well.

6. 同位语从句

Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals ?

四)、并列-复合句子

并列-复合句子，指并列句、复合句混合在一个句子里，英语叫Compound-Complex Sentence。或者说，一个句子里包含着多种关系：既有并列关系，又有复合关系。例如：

I admire Tim, but he doesn't admire me, although I try hard to impress him.

我羡慕Tim, 但他并不羡慕我，尽管我努力想给他留下好印像。

前1、2两句是并列关系，而1、2与第3句之间又是主、从复合句关系。

Even if you fail, at least you tried, and you're a better person for it.

即使你失败了，但至少你试过了，而且你是做这件事的理想人选。

前1、2两句是主、从复合关系，而1、2与第3句之间是并列关系。

My parents are coming tomorrow, but I hope they won’t stay very long, because I have a date tomorrow night.

我父母亲明天要来了，但我希望他们不要在这儿呆太久，因为我明晚有个约会。

前1、2两句是并列关系，而1、2与第3句之间是主、从复合关系。

四、简单句的五种基本句型

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

英语五种基本句型列式如下：

一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）

二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）

三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）

四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）

主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！

谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）

1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。

2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。

3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。

4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。

5. Who │cares? 管它呢？

6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。

7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。

8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。

基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻

Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ

1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。

2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。

3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。

4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。

5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮

6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。

7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。

8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。

There be 结构：There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。

此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’

试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。

基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）

此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等

Ｓ│Ｖ（及物动词）│Ｏ

1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？

2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。

3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。

4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。

5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。

6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"

7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。

8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。

基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.

强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+ 直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。如：

Show this house to Mr.Smith.

若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.

Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）

1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。

2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。

3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。

4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。

5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片

6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。

7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。

8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。

基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。

宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。

名词/代词宾格+ 名词

The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.

名词/代词宾格+ 形容词

New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.

名词/代词宾格+ 介词短语

I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.

名词/代词宾格+ 动词不定式

The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.

名词/代词宾格+ 分词

I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.

Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（宾语）│Ｃ（宾补）

1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。

2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色

3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。

4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。

5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？

6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去

7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。

8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。

但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语

习题

一、指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分。

1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .

2. People’s standards of liv ing are going up steadily .

3. That was how they were defeated.

4.The nursery takes good care of our children .

5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow .

6.We are sure that we shall succeed .

7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .

8.There are many film that I’d like to see.9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?

10.I have a lot of work to do .

11.Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it .

12.I said it in fun .

13.We can send a car over to fetch you .

14.She had to work standing up .

15.Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .

16.Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .

17.The bus arrived ten minutes late .

18.We should serve the people heart and soul.

19.Spring coming on , the tree turned green .

20.Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .

21.We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting .

22.It’s strange that she doesn’t come today .

23.It was in the library that I come today .

24.He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working .

25.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.

二、找出下列句子的句式结构。

1. Happy birthday, Alice. So you have turned twenty-one already.

2. On hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine, she went pale.

3. I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.

4. Books of this kind sells well.

(完整word版)人教版高一英语必修二英语课文原文(2)

Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg.About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city . A FACT OR AN OPINION? What is a fact? Is it something that people believe? No. A fact is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact. Then what is an opinion? An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some people may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right. In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewit nesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence. Unit 2 AN INTERVIEW Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games.

初高中英语衔接教材核心部分

第一章语音知识及实践演练 一．语音复习26个字母复习 任务导学 学习任务一：熟练掌握26个字母的规范大小写 【学生活动】写出26个英文字母的大小写。 学习任务二：掌握26个英文字母按读音归类 【学生活动】两人一组进行讨论完成配套练习。 【配套练习】 1. There is______old woman in _____empty room. 2. I think it is______intersting story 3. It is necessary for a parent to write______after-school note for their children. 4. There is ______“F”in the word“flowers”. 5. I can see_____man over there. 6. In three years, I want to go to_____university. 7.Yesterday I bought ___useful dictionary and saw _____European in the bookshop. 【归纳】单词前表“一”用“a”的字母: 单词前表“一”用“an”的字母: 拓展导练【综合练习】填空 1.There is ___________“f”and _______“r”in the word” letter”. 2.He is such _______honest boy that we all like him. 3.If you’ve grown up in______big family, you are more likely to develop_______ability to get on well with the others. 二．48个英语国际音标 任务导学

初高中英语衔接教学探究

初高中英语衔接教学探究 江有燕四川省东电中学 内容摘要：由初中升入高一，学生之间英语水平相差较大，不同的学校班级，语音、语调也有所差异，加之新教材中的词汇量巨增，语法难度增大，老师又几乎完全用英语授课，使学生很难适应高一英语的学习。高一又是初中向高中过渡阶段，易造成两级分化，怎样才能使学生顺利完成从初中向高中英语过度呢？我认为高一英语老师要做两点：一，抓住英语的三要素：语音、词汇和语法。二、教授正确的学习方法，培养学生良好的学习习惯。 由初中升入高一，学生之间英语水平相差较大，不同的学校班级，语音、语调也有所差异，加之新教材中的词汇量巨增，语法难度增大，老师又几乎完全用英语授课，使学生很难适应高一英语的学习。而高一又是初中向高中过渡阶段，易造成两级分化，怎样才能使学生顺利完成从初中向高中英语过度呢？我认为高一英语老师要做两点：一，抓住英语的三要素教学：语音、词汇和语法。二、教授正确的学习方法，培养学生良好的学习习惯。 一，英语的三要素教学：语音、词汇和语法 1.语音教学 语言是交流思想的工具，而语言首先是有声的，也就是说，有声语言是第一性的。正是通过人的发音器官发出声音，凭借这有声语言，才能达到交流思想的目的。儿童学习祖国的语言，往往是从学拼音入手，掌握语言有声的方面。学一门外国语，也同样应从语音入手，这是学习这门外国语的基础。在英语中，语音和语法，构词法，拼法都有关系。要全面地，较巩固地学好一门外语，必须有声地来掌握该门语言，也就是，首先应该掌握语音。我们的很多学生初中时没有系统的学习语音。所以我们可以入校时从语音开始教学，从元音音素和辅音音素到词的音节和读法。反复练习典型词汇和绕口令，使学生迅速掌握发音。 2.词汇教学 对于中国学生来讲，无论是听、说、读、写，还是参加考试，必须掌握大量的词汇。词汇在外语学习中至关重要。首先巩固初中的词汇，因为中考后的假期让学生遗忘了很多。二是适当让学生掌握英语词语的结构，学会英语的构词法。这样能使词汇量扩大一倍，甚至两倍。 3.语法教学 学习任何一门外语，语法都是非常必要的。我们可以系统复习初中语法知识，相对高中语法来说还比较简单，但却是基础。如英语名词的单、复数之分，复数名词词尾加-s/-es，个别名词的复数变化不规则。格的变化很简单，只是所有格在名词后面加-’s和某些代词的变格。形容词、副词有比较级（原级后加-er）

初高中英语衔接学习材料

初高中英语衔接学习材料（2） 一: 词汇积累 1. The goods will be transported (transport 运送,运输)to Tokyo by air. 2.That sort of thing varies(vary v.变化variety n.种类 various adj.多种多样的) from person to person. 3.One swallow (swallow燕子) does not make a summer. 一燕不成夏。 The waves swallowed（swallow吞咽） up the little boat. 4. The discovery was significant (significant adj. 重要的). 5. It took a long time for him to recover(恢复, 重新获得) from a bad cold. 他患重感冒,很长时间才康复。 6. All our work was in vain(vain徒劳的). 我们的工作白干了. 7.He never touches alcohol( alcohol 酒精). 他从不沾酒. 8.She was upset (沮丧的)that she had not been invited 9.you had better ignore (忽视)his advice, because it’s not practical(切合实际的). 10.The country has gone through (经历, 经受)too many wars. 这个国家经历了太多的战争。

2019人教版高中英语必修3电子课本 word版

普通高中课程标准实验教科书《英语》电子课本 Book 3 Unit 1 Festivals around the world B3U1P1-3 FESTIV ALS AND CELEBRATIONS Ancient Festivals Festivals and celebrations of all kinds are held everywhere. The most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of the cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. Other celebrations were held when hunters could catch animals. They would starve if food was difficult to find, so they celebrated when they had food. They lit fires and made music because they thought these festivals would bring a year of plenty. Festivals of the Dead Some festivals are held to honour the dead, or satisfy and please the ancestors, who could return either to help or to do harm. In Japan the festival is called Obon, when people should go to clean the graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. They light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth. In Mexico they have the Day of the Dead in early November. On this important feast day, people might eat food in shape of skulls, and cakes with “bones” on them. They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead. The festival of Halloween had its origin as an event in memory of the dead. It is now a children’s festival, when they can go to their neighbours’ homes and ask for sweets. They dress up and try to frighten people. If they are not given anything, the children might play a trick. Festivals to Honour People Festivals can be held as an honour to famous people or to the gods. One of these is the Dragon Boat Festival in China, which honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Yuan. Another is Columbus Day in the USA, in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America. In India there is a national festival on October 2 to honour Mahatma Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. Harvest Festivals Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy events. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter ,and because a season of agricultural work is over. In European countries it is the custom to decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and people get together to have meals. Some people might win awards for their animals, flowers, fruits and vegetables, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster. In China and Japan there are mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and give gift of mooncakes. Spring Festivals The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumplings, fish and meat, and may give children lucky money in the red paper. There are dragon dances and carnivals, and families celebrate the lunar New Year together. In some Western countries there are very exciting carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February. They might include parades, dancing in the streets day and night, loud music and colourful clothing of all kinds. Easter is an important religious and social festival in Christian countries. It celebrates the return of Jesus for Christians and it also celebrates the coming of spring. In Japan, the Cherry Blossom Festival happens a little later. The country is covered with cherry tree flowers so that it looks as though it might be covered with pink snow. People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun with each others. Festivals let us enjoy life, be proud of our customs and forget our daily life for a little while.

人教版高中英语课文原文和翻译必修

必修4 Unit 1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans. Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before. Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. Then we follow as they wander into the forest. Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. However, the evening makes it all worthwhile. We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family. Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. She spent years observing and recording their daily activities. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. Her work changed the way people think about chimps. For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system. For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. She is leading a busy life but she says: "Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It's terrible. It affects me when I watch the wild chimps. I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?" And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong. Once you have seen that you can never forget ..." She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women. WHY NOT CARRY ON HER GOOD WORK? I enjoyed English, biology, and chemistry at school, but which one should I choose to study at university? I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do some research on great women of China. By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women's diseases. She lived from 1901 to 1983. It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career, travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles. One of them

初高中英语教学衔接------开题报告

新课改背景下的初高中英语教学衔接的策略研究 开题报告 一、课题提出的背景 （一）现状需要 1.教学目标的差异 《新课标》要求初中英语教学在听、说、读、写方面达到五级要求。而高中英语教学需要达到八级，才能参加高考选拔性的考试。以词汇为例，初中阶段要求把握约1500个词汇，200—300个短语以及基本的语法知识。而高中则要达到3500个单词和300—400个习惯用语及固定搭配，语法结构也明显复杂起来。而且高中英语对学生口头和笔头的语言综合运用能力的要求明显提高。语言技能上，初中应侧重听说能力的培养，兼顾读写能力的训练。而目前一些初中学校，因受师资水平、学习环境、应试教育的残留思想与方法的影响，往往在教学过程中强调笔头上的应试，对学生语音、听力的培养有所忽视，从而导致学生听、说方面的基本技能差。而高中在兼顾听说能力训练的同时，侧重读写能力的培养，尤其是阅读能力的培养。由此，高中英语学习与测试的重点已从初中的基础知识转向语言能力的综合运用。 2.教学方法的差异 初中课堂教学容量较小，知识单一，教师讲解可能比较慢而细，甚至逐字翻译；而高中英语教师要求全英文授课，且课堂容量大，致使综合性强，侧重精讲精练。以语法、词汇学习为例，初中以讲解、归纳后记忆、操练和运用为主要形式；而高中则是在老师指导下，由学生通过积极尝试、自我探究、自主发现和主动实践等方式，从语言现象中归纳出规律，然后进行运用。除此之外，因高中学习环境的重新组合及多样化，教师的课堂教学更富于指导性，学生学习更趋于自主化，因此，学生如仍沿用初中学法而不进行预习、复习、总结等自主规划或调整，只会使初高中间的落差越来越大。 3.学习方法和习惯的差异

初高中英语衔接教材核心部分

第一章?语音知识及实践演练 一.语音复习 26个字母复习 任务导学 学习任务一：熟练掌握26个字母的规范大小写 【学生活动】写出26个英文字母的大小写。 学习任务二:掌握2６个英文字母按读音归类 学习任务三：用“aｎ” 或“a”填空。 【学生活动】两人一组进行讨论完成配套练习。 【配套练习】 １. There ｉs__＿_＿_oｌd womaｎｉｎ _____eｍｐty ｒoom. ２. Ｉｔhink it is_＿__＿_interstinｇ story 3. It iｓneｃesｓary for a paｒenｔ to wｒite_＿____after-ｓchool notｅ for ｔheir ｃhiｌｄreｎ. 4. Thｅre ｉs _＿____“F”in ｔｈe wｏｒｄ“flｏwerｓ”． 5. I cａn see__＿__man over tｈere. 6. In thrｅe years, I wａｎt ｔｏ gｏ to_____ｕnivｅrsｉｔy． 7．Ｙesterday I bouｇht _＿＿useｆul ｄiｃtionarｙand saw ＿＿＿_＿Ｅuropean iｎ the ｂookｓhop. 【归纳】单词前表“一”用“a”的字母: 单词前表“一”用“an”的字母: 拓展导练【综合练习】填空

1.Thｅre ｉs __＿____＿__＿“f”ａnｄ _____＿_“r”in the word”ｌeｔter”. 2.He is suｃh __＿＿＿_＿honest boｙthａt ｗe all like ｈｉm. 3.Ｉf yｏu’vｅ gｒown up in___＿＿_big familｙ， yｏｕａre more liｋely to deveｌop______＿ａbilitｙｔo get ｏn weｌｌｗith ｔhe otｈers. 二．4８个英语国际音标 任务导学 学习任务一：掌握48个英语国际音标的正确书写和读音。 【学生活动】1、正确写出48个英语国际音标。2、反复练习４８个音标的读音。 学习任务二：拼读下列音标及单词。 各类音素的发音要领 1.元音： 单元音:单元音分三类——前元音、中元音、后元音 单元音又分长音和短音,加点的是长音,不加点的是短音。 前元音：/i：/ ／?/ ／e/ /?/ ／ i: /：he, streeｔ, mｅａt, receｉｖe，ｐeoｐle，ｋｅy，ｐoｌicｅ， tｈie ｆ /?/ :ｐaｌaｃe， deｓcribe， if, bｕsy， gyｍ ／ e / :aｎy， saiｄ，Ｆrｅｎch, heａｖy, frｉenｄ /?/ :ｂｌack ，gｌad 中元音:／з：/ ／? / /з：/：peｒsｏn ,learn， diｒtｙ，work ，turｎ / ? /: ａcrosｓ，ｃameｒa ，otheｒ,potaｔo，doctor 后元音:/ｕ/ ／u:/ /?/ / ?：/ ／?/ /ɑ:／ /u ／:coｏk, sｈould ，puｔ /u: / :ｌose ，zoｏ ,sｏup ，rｕle ,fruit /?/ :wａsh ，stop /?:/ ：waｌk ,ｗａｒm ,ａuｔumn ，ｄaughter ，saｗ，cｏrｎｅｒ,ｍｏr ｅ ,door ,bｏｕght ,your /?/ :money, young， summer /ɑ:/ :ｇｒａsｓ，half，ｍａrkｅt ，ａuｎt

人教版高中英语必修五电子课本

按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放 必修5 Unit 1 JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attend ed Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he tho ught about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly dise ase of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousand s of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted t o face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never b e controlled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera ki lled people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person die d. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed eviden ce. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enqu iry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gat her information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had liv ed. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the d eaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 a nd 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. H e immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle f rom the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed d own. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deat hs that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away f rom Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it deliver ed to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drin king the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with ce rtainty that polluted water carried the virus.

人教版高中英语必修五电子课本

按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放必修5 Unit 1 JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attend ed Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he tho ught about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly diseas e of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be contr olled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera kille d people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangero us gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the dis ease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evide nce. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his en quiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gat her information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had liv ed. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the de aths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 an d 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he mad e further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 C ambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water f rom the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He imm ediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away fr om Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certaint y that polluted water carried the virus. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source o f all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated. COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY