英语翻译总结
1 .in one's twenties
2 .fellow countrymen
3 .VIP
4 .on many occasions
5 .stand squarely
6 .hold up
7 .give birth to ...
8 .long for
9 .a man of letters
10 .traditional thinking
11 .福利工厂welfare factory
12 .聋哑人deaf mute
13 .手语sign language
14 .用平稳的语调in a level voice
15 .正式成员full member
16 .三十五六岁in one's middle thirties
17 .二十年代in the twenties
18 .主人公principal character
19 .不合理的制度irrational system
20 .最高境界the highest ideal
21 . Chu Teh remembered his age. He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned.
朱德想起自己的年龄，他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。
22 ."You mustn't use all that electricity to please me, " he protested.
他不满地说道：“你们不应该费这么多电，就为了让我高兴。”
23 . In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words. 往后我就这样学着拼写，虽然并不理解意思，却也拼出了许多词。
24 .
When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride.
我终于把这几个字母写对了，这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。
25 .Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years this junior.
顾不得拉过来的椅子，朱德端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前。
26 .我赶忙向男乘客作了解释，又用纸条写了一句话。
I told the man immediately what I was thinking and then I wrote a sentence on a slip of paper.
27 .从一九二九年到一九四八年这二十年中间，我写得很快，也写得多。
In the twenty years between 1929 and 1948, I wrote very quickly and wrote a great deal
28 .前两天有一位日本作家问我你怎么同时喜欢各种流派的作家和作品呢？
A few days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different schools.
29 . 我最近还在另一个地方说过：艺术的最高境界是无技巧。
I've also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness.
30 .女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛回手给了男乘客一拳。
Also irritated, the woman stared at him and hit back.
31 . The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.
午后的阳光透过覆盖在门廊上的茂密的金银花，照在我微微仰着的脸上。我几乎是无意识地用手抚摸着熟悉的叶片和花朵，这新长的叶片和刚开的花朵在南方迎来了芬芳的春天。但不
知今后等待着我的是什么，会使我欣喜，还是惊骇。几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。
32 .从此以后，我就特别注意聋哑人的特征，还从他们那里学会了一些常用的手语。比如，我可以用哑语问他们：“朋友，您好！”“您到哪里下车？”“您请往里走！”“谢谢”等等。这样，不仅我能更好地为他们服务，与他们进行感情交流，也减少了一些他们与其他乘客的误会和纠纷。
Since then I have paid special attention to those who look like deaf mutes. I have learned from them some sign language with which I can say such things as "Hello, how are you?""Where are you going?""Please move on!""Thanks!" In this way, I can render them better service and be friends with them and also reduce their misunderstandings and conflicts with other passengers. Unit 1 stories
1. He was thirty-six，his youth had passed like a screaming eagle，leaving him old and disillusioned.
他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。
2. average height 普通高度
3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉
4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄
5. Ignoring the chair offered him，Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was，what he had done in the past，how he had fled from Yunnan，talked with Sun Yat-sen，been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai，and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. 朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历：他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。
6. When both visitors had told their stories，Chou smiled a little，said he would help them find rooms，and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.
两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，暂时作候补党员。
7. Chinese Communist Party中国共产党
8. 两条要求，忠实——内容，通顺——语言
9. Several times on his trips to China，which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government，Bill‘s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.
以中国官方客人的身份，比尔来访中国已多次了，而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了。
10. ‘This is for you，’Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget——such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge，built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on，then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.
“这是为你安排的。”这句话比尔。莫诺听到过好几次，每一次都令他难以忘怀。有一次，他沿大运河乘船顺水而下，途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬。还有一次，他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥——以前没桥时，要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江。夜幕渐渐降临了，他被安排坐下，并被告知稍坐等候，然后突然间，整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊。11. The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher，Anne Mansfield Sulliven，came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.
在我的记忆里，安妮。曼斯匪尔德。沙利文教师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活与以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。
12. On the afternoon of that eventful day，I stood on the porch，dumb，expectant.
那天下午，我一声不响，怀着期待的心情站在门廊里。
13. Have you been at sea in a dense fog，when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you
in ，and the great ship，tense and anxious，groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen？
I was like that ship before my education began，only I was without compass or sounding-line，and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “light！Give me light！”was the wordless cry of my soul，and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.
不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方，大船上的人又紧张又着急，一面用铅锤探测深浅，一面向岸边慢慢驶去，你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。我在开始受教育之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测探绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。“光明！给我光明！”这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤，也就在这时候，爱心的光芒照到了我的身上。
14. Someone took it，and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me，and，more than all things else，to love me.
有个人握住了我的手，于是我被抱了起来，紧紧地抈在了她的怀里。正是她来到我的身边，将一切展切在我面前，更重要的是，是她将爱带给了我。
15. monkey-like imitation.猴子模仿似的
16. In the days that followed，I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words，among them pin，hat，cup and a few verbs like sit，stand and walk.
接下来的几天里，我在根本不知自己在做什么样情况下，学会了拼好些单词，比如PIN，HA T，CUP 及一些动词，如SIT，STAND AND WALK.
17. That was because I saw everything with the strange，new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces，I tried vainly to put them together.
那是因为我正用一种刚刚获得的全新而奇特的视角来看待一切事物。进屋时，我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃。我摸索着来到壁炉前，拾起那些碎片，试图将它们拼接在一起，却没办到。
18. it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me，and for the first time longed for a new day to come.
当那感概万千的一天快要结束时，我躺在自己的小床里，感受这一天带给我的那些快乐，我觉得没有人比我更幸福了。一生中第一次，我期待着新一天的来临。
19. 一切旧的传统观念，一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度。
All outmoded traditional thinking；any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development.
20. 我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心，又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样。
I felt as if my mind was being whipped，as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.
21.另一个地方
On another occasion.
22. 长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹，而我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺眼些。
Physically attractive people don‘t need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster，it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.
22. 我最恨那些盗名欺世，欺骗读者的谎言。
This means I oppose fabrication，deception and flowery language. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.
23. 就学习英语而言，有三个方面值得注意：拼法正确，合乎用法——一个词怎么用，和哪个词连用，很有讲究。句子平稳—合乎语法。
第2章Unit 2 History
1、The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760.
工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。
a train of：“一长串”，这里可根据上下文译成“一系列”
change: n. (an example of) the act or result of changing，这里译成”变革“更好。
2、It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.
It is not alone = it is not the only one 因此译成“它不是唯一的一次革命”更好。
triad: a group of 3 closely related people or things
one of a triad of revolutions：三大革命之一。
of which 引导一个非限制性定语从句：the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.这个非限制性定语从句本身又包含两个限制性定语从句：that started in 1775和that started in 1789分别修饰the American Revolution 和the French Revolution，英汉翻译时，一般来说，非限制性定语从句与中心词分句翻译，限制性定语从句，特别是不长的，翻译时放在中心词之前。因此，句子可以译成：
它不是唯一的一次革命，而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789
年开始的法国革命。
3、It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The Industrial Revolution is simply the English way of making those social changes, I think of it as the English Revolution. packet: 包裹，这里是隐喻
译文：把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起，或许有点奇怪。但是，事实上，它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。
4、What makes it especially English?
在此，English= of / belong to England ; especially = particularly
译文：是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢？
5、The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the blacksmith.这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人：磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。
6、What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside. 扎根于农村，正是这场革命的英国特色。
这是一句强调句式的句子。等于The fact that the Industrial Revolution is rooted in the countryside makes it particularly English.
类例：
What worried him was that he had never had such experiences before.
7、During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers.
在18世纪上半叶，在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时，英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。
an Indian summer不能直接译成“印地安夏季”。翻译过程中，不仅要根据上下文理解理解语言现象、理解逻辑关系，还要理解原文所涉及的事物，这里an Indian summer:的意思是a pleasant or successful time nearly at the end of a particular period, such as the end of someone's life，因此译成“最后的极盛时期”才符合原文意义。类例：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。这里eat no fish 指“忠实”，Play the game= play fair（规规矩矩地比赛），转义为“公平对待”、“举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。
8、The summer faded. 繁荣消失。
9、The organisation of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough.
以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。
这里使用了增词法。Organization是由动词派生出来的抽象名词，在译成汉语时，在其后增加适当的名词，可以更清楚地表达抽象意义，并使译文更符合汉语习惯。
类例：When you have made all the parations, please inform me in time.
一切准备工作就绪后，请及时告之。
10、Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed.
在两代人的时间内，大约从1760年到1820年，传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。
11、Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was
standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.
在1760年以前，通常是把工作交给村民，让他们在家里干。到了1820年，则通常是把工人带进工厂，让他们在监督之下干活。
句中standard的意思是used or accepted as normal or average 所以译成“一般”、“通常”更好。
二、参考译文
工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。它不是唯一的一次革命，而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起，或许有点奇怪。但是，事实上，它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。
是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢？不言而喻，因为它开始于英国。英国那时已经成为头号的制造业国家。不过当时的制造业只是农家手工业，而工业革命就是在农村开始的。这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人：磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。扎根于农村，正是这场革命的英国特色。
在18世纪上半叶，在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时，英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。繁荣消失。贸易竞争越来越激烈。到18世纪末，工业的需求更加紧张，更加迫切。以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。在两代人的时间内，大约从1760年到1820年，传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。在1760年以前，通常是把工作交给村民，让他们在家里干。到了1820年，则通常是把工人带进工厂，让他们在监督之下干活。
Exercise 5
Machines and Science Help Farmers
1、本练习选自《美国历史简介》的REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE章节。
2、Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation's basic occupation. = Although there had been great gains in industry, agriculture continued to be the basic occupation. gains: increasing in weight, speed, height or amount这里是increasing in speed的意思。
occupation: 表示“a person's job"时，在较正规的场合用。如果译成：
“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步，但农业始终是国家的基本事业。”不是很自然，不如意译成：
“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步，但这个国家仍然以农业为主。”更为通顺。
注意：
在直译不能很好地表达原文的意义时，可以意译，使译文读起来更通顺。但是意译不是胡来乱译，一定要忠实于原文。
3、The revolution in agriculture -- paralleling that in manufacturing after the Civil War -- involved
a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture. parallel something: happen at the same time 与...同时发生
that:指前面提到的the revolution
involve: bring about导致
a shift from... to...从...到...的转变
译文：
战后，在制造业领域内发生革命的同时，农业领域内也在发生一场革命，带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。这里subsistence直译成“维持生计”让人不能理解，应译为“自耕自给农业”。翻译时要根据上下文来理解。这里我们使用了增词法，增加“农业”使译文更通顺。本句的翻译也用到结构转换的理论。
4、Between 1860 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States tripled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million, while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares. 在一八六O年至一九一○年间，美国的农场数目增加了两倍，自二百万个增加到六百万个，耕地的面积扩大了一倍多，从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。
5、Between 1860 and 1890, the production of such basic commodities as wheat, corn and cotton outstripped all vious figures in the United States. 从一八六O年至一八九O年，各种基本农产品的生产，如小麦、玉米和棉花等，都超过了美国以前的产量。
6、In the same period, the nation's population more than doubled, with largest growth in the cities.
同时，全国人口也增加一倍多，城市人口增长最快。名—动词
7、But the American farmer grew enough grain and cotton, raised enough beef and pork, and clipped enough wool not only to supply American workers and their families but also to create ever-increasing surpluses.
然而，美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花，提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉，收剪的羊毛，不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要，并且剩余量日益增加。
8、Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the West. Another was the application of machinery to farming.
extraordinary ：非凡的；惊人的
account for: explain
farming:耕作
译文：
取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。
9、The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut 20 percent of a hectare（hektair）of wheat a day. With the cradle, 30 years later, he might cut 80 percent of a hectare daily. 在一八○○年，一个农民使用镰刀，在一天之内，可望收割五分之一公顷小麦，但三十年后，使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀，每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。
10、In 1840 Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the reaper, the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years.
到一八四O年，麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机，竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。
注意这里定语从句he had been developing for nearly 10 years使用“合并法”翻译，译文中该从句放在被修饰词之前。
11、Foreseeing the demand, he headed west to the young prairie （尤指北美大草原）town of Chicago, where he set up a factory -- and by 1860 sold a quarter of a million reapers.
where he set up a factory为非限制性定语从句，用“分译法”翻译
Foreseeing the demand现在分词短语作状语，主句中headed和sold为并列的两个动词作谓语。
a quarter of a million：1/4百万，也就是“25万”。
译文：
由于他的远见，他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥，在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O 年，他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。
12、Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science.
本句因为Scarcely放于句首，句子倒装。
Scarcely less important这里可以采用反译法。译成“几乎同等重要”。类例：I never see her but I want to kiss her.我每次看见她都想吻她。
译文：
在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。
13、In 1862 the Morrill Land Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 一八六二年，根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”，国会把公用地分配给各州，以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。
14、Congress subsequently appropriated funds for the creation of agricultural experiment stations throughout the country and also granted funds directly to the Department of Agriculture for research purposes.
appropriated：拨专款后来
译文：
国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站，并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。
15、By the beginning of the new century, scientists throughout the United States were at work on a wide variety of agricultural projects.
在新世纪开始时，在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。（都属于词类转换）二、参考译文
机器和科学帮助农民
尽管工业方面取得了很大进步，但这个国家仍然以农业为主。战后，在制造业领域内发生革命的同时，农业领域内也在发生一场革命，带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。在一八六O年至一九一○年间，美国的农场数目增加了两倍，自二百万个增加到六百万个，耕地的面积扩大了一倍多，从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。
从一八六O年至一八九O年，各种基本农产品的生产，如小麦、玉米和棉花等，都超过了美国以前的产量。同时，全国人口也增加一倍多，城市人口增长最快。然而，美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花，提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉，收剪的羊毛，不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要，并且剩余量日益增加。
取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。在一八○○年，一个农民使用镰刀，在一天之内，可望收割五分之一公顷小麦，但三十年后，使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀，每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。到一八四O年，麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机，竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。由于他的远见，他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥，在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年，他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。
在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。一八六二年，根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”，国会把公用地分配给各州，以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。后来，国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站，并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。在新世纪开始时，在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。
Exercise 6
五四运动
类例：
1949年她丈夫死了，给她丢下了五个孩子。
Her husband died in 1949, leaving her with five children.
他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。
They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen.
译文：
After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, landing China in a grave national crisis.
3、一九一九年“巴黎和会”上中国外交的失败，激起了中国人民的极大愤慨。
China's diplomatic setback at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people.
4、五月四日，北京三千多学生在天安门前集会，他们高呼“外争国权，内惩国贼”、“废除二十一条”等口号，举行示威游行。
原文是一个复句，在翻译时，一般首先从逻辑上仔细分析，弄清各分句之间的关系，区分开哪个分句为主，然后按照英语表达习惯，适当处理，一般，从属的分句可采用非限定性短语或介词短语来表达，或通过增加关联词或从句形式来处理。本句“三千多学生”和“他们”是指同一个动作的发出者，因此“集会”和“举行示威游行”可以列为同一主语下的并列的动词作谓语，而“高呼”在此表示“集会”和“举行示威游行”的状态，因此应从属于前面两动作，用现在分词表示较合适。
译文：
On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as "Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors! ", "Abolish the Twenty-one Demands!"
5、他们要求惩办卖国贼曹汝霖、陆宗舆、章宗祥，并火烧了曹宅，痛打了章宗祥。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压，捕去学生30多名。
They demand the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxi-ang be punished. They set
fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang. The government called out troops and policemen to suppress the demonstrators. Over thirty students were arrested.
这里根据英语动词suppress的需要，增加了原文中省略的动词的宾语“the demonstrators”。另外把句子“北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压，捕去学生30多名。”用断句法翻译更好。因为用被动句式翻译“捕去学生30多名”，这篇历史性的报道显得更客观。
6、那时候，各地学生纷纷响应北京学生的反帝爱国斗争。具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子李大钊、毛泽东、周恩来等同志分别在北京、长沙、天津，指导了这场伟大的反帝运动。原文中的“纷纷”较难译，“响应”不能简单地译为“respond to"，分别意译成“one...after another..."和“support"较好。
具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子：intellectuals with the rudiments of communism
译文：
Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the
anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing. The intellectuals with the rudiments of communism, Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other comrades supervised this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.
7、六月三日，北京学生组织演讲队，开展大规模的宣传活动，军阀政府对学生的镇压变本加厉，捕去170多人。
"捕去170多人"用被动语态翻译更适合语境。
On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda. The government intensified its supssion and over 170 students were arrested.
8、“六、三”以后，主要是青年学生参加的五四爱国运动，发展成为无产阶级、小资产阶级和民族资历产阶级共同参加的全国范围的革命运动。无产阶级成为运动的主力。上海、唐山、长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威，中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台，暗示了他的伟大力量。
根据上下文，这里的“纷纷”表示“多”。
From then on, the May 4th patriotic movement, which had been conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide revolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay. Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations. For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.
9、在全国人民反帝爱国的压力下，北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生，撤消三个卖国贼的职务，拒绝在德国“和约”上签字，反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。
原文是一个没有关联词的较长的复句，如果同样译成一个长句，在结构上有困难，语意也不清楚，可以通过断句法来处理。原文是一句先分后总的总分复句，翻译时可在句子的结尾部分断句，即将最后的总结部分（“反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利”）断开，单独译作一句。译文：
Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and refuse to sign in the "Peace Treaty" with Germany. This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism."
10、五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动，它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合，在思想上、干部上为中国产党的成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。
原文是一句先总后分的总分复句，可以把总说部分单独译成一句。后面分说部分可以译成一句并列复句。由于分说部分有三层明显的意义，所以也可以分别译成独立的三个句子。
译文：
The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism. It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement. It paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution.
二、参考译文
The May 4th Movement
After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, thus landing China in a grave national crisis. China's diplomatic setback at the Pans Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people. On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as "Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!", "Abolish the Twenty-one Demands! " They called for punishment to be meted out to the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang. They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang. The government called out troops and policemen to supss the demonstrators and over thirty students were arrested.
Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the
anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing. Comrades Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other intellectuals who already had some knowledge of communism guided this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.
On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda. The government intensified its supssion and arrested over 170 students. From this point on, the May 4th patriotic movement, hitherto conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide evolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay. Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations. For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.
Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students it had arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and withhold its signature from the "Peace Treaty" with Germany. This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.
The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism. It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement, and it paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution. Unit 2 History
1 . the Industrial Revolution工业革命
2 . industrial capital产业资本
3 . one’s self-made career自我奋斗的生涯
4 . build canals开凿运河
5 . out of interest出于兴趣
6 . one of a triad of revolutions三大革命之一
7 . an Indian summer最后的极盛时期
8 . parallel something与…同时发生
9 . account for解释
10 . a quarter of a million25万
11 . 辛亥革命the Revolution of 1911
12 . 新民主主义论On New Democracy
13 . 举行示威游行hold a demonstration
14 . 在…号召下at the call of
15 . 第一次世界大战the First World War或World War One
16 . 北洋军阀政府the Warlord government
17 . 五四爱国运动the May 4th patriotic movement
18 . 和约Peace Treaty
19 . 反帝反封建斗争the struggle against imperialism and feudalism
20 . 产业资金industrial funds
第3章Unit 3 Geography
一、Journey Up the Nile
1. Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。
原文的描写非常形象、生动。但译成汉语时无法保留原文的形象，因为“follow”这个词很难处理，故译作“到处可以见到…”。
2. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the sent era. 我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷，这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。
“Driving southward from Cairo into the valley”是个现在分词短语，逻辑主语是“I”，译成汉语时需说“我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷”。
“own ... to ...”意为“recognize sth. to the cause of sth. 将某事物归因于某事物”。原句的含义是“该地区的景物基本上没有受到现代的影响”。
3. the thin ribbon of the Nile尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带
“of”用于两个名词中间，前者修辞后者，故译作“尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带”。
例：(1) He's got the devil of a temper. 他脾气极坏。
(2) Where's that fool of a receptionist? 那个笨蛋接待员在什么地方？
(3) He's a fine figure of a man. 他是个体型好看的男子。
4. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts. 这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。
此句为倒装句。主语是“the brown barren deserts”，因为介词短语“At the edge of the fields”前置以示强调，故全句主谓倒装。翻译时尽量保持原句效果，译作“这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。”。
“barren”意为：(of land) not good enough to produce crops （指土地）贫瘠的。
5. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm. 我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。
“illusion”意为“错觉”或“幻觉”，但直译不合适，故译作“我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。”
6. The villages and towns were usually perched on the edge, so as not to waste arable soil and because there was a need, before the High Dam tamed the Nile, to live beyond the reach of the annual floods. 大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上，这是为了不浪费耕地，同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前，有必要住得远一点，以躲避每年发生的洪水。
“perch”意为：place (sth.) in a high or dangerous position将（某物）置于尤指高处或危险处。例：a hut perched at the edge of the cliff悬崖边上的小舍
“arable”意为：（land that is）suitable for ploughing and for growing crops适于耕作的（土地）。“arable soil”就是“耕地”。
动词不定式短语“to live beyond the reach of the annual floods”作定语，修辞名词“need”。字面意思是“有必要住到每年洪水泛滥不到的地方”。
全句的内部结构比较复杂，“and”连接两个表示原因的词句，“need”和修辞语之间插了一个时间状语从句。
7. The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert. 公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，有时穿过庄稼地，有时像是划的一条黑线，这边是庄稼，那边是沙漠。
“now...now...”意为：at one time...at another time... 时而……时而……
例：Her moods kept changing - now happy, now filled with despair. 她的情绪多变——时而高兴，时而感到绝望。
8. A village elder, Amin Ibrahim, invited me into his house and gave me a cheerier view of the
effects of the Aswan High Dam than I had heard before. 村里一位长者，名叫阿明·易卜拉欣，请我到他家去做客，向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。
“view”意为：way of understanding or interting a subject, series of events, etc; mental imssion （理解或解释某问题的）方式，方法；印象。
例：The book gives readers an inside view of MI5. 这本书向读者揭示了英国安全局的内幕。
9. Before the dam we were obsessed with the flood - would it be too high or too low? 还没修坝
的时候，我们老惦记着洪水，——今年的洪水会太大呢，还是会太小呢？
“obsess”常用于被动语态，意为：fill the mind of sb. continually使（某人）牵挂，惦记，着迷或困惑。
例：She was obsessed with the idea that she was being watched. 她总觉得受人监视而心神不宁。
10. Like all the generations of my family back to the pharaohs, I used to plant my crops and never know if I would harvest. 我过去种庄稼，从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。
“pharaoh”意为：(习题详解of the) ruler of ancient Egypt法老（古埃及国王或其称谓）。
11. It was a natural system of replenishment and cleansing. 那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。
“replenishment”的动词形式“replenish”意为：fill up (sth.) again (with...) （以……）再装满，补充。在此句中为“补充土壤”的意思。
“cleanse”意为：make thoroughly clean, make pure 彻底清洁，涤净。在此句的为“清除盐分”的意思。
全句在翻译时就需要根据上下文意思进行添词。
12. Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective drainage system. 现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。
同样，这里的“drainage system”也不能简单地译成“排水系统”。此处仍然指“补土排盐系统”。另外，此句中“of”前面的名词“treasury”修辞后面的名词“silt”，译作“宝贵的泥沙”。
（二）参考译文：
沿尼罗河而上（摘录2）
尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷，这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。从这里再往前一千八百英里，尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带，缓缓流向北方，沿途穿过棕色的土地和绿色的田野，这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。
我仿佛驱车穿过了一个特别狭长的农场。大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上，这是为了不浪费耕地，同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前，有必要住得远一点，以躲避每年发生的洪水。公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，有时穿过庄稼地，有时像是划的一条黑线，这边是庄稼，那边是沙漠。
在卢克苏尔以南不远的阿瓦米亚村，我曾看着农民收割甘蔗。村里一位长者，名叫阿明·易卜拉欣，请我到他家去做客，向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。他说：“还没修坝的时候，我们老惦记着洪水，——今年的洪水会太大呢，还是会太小呢？我过去种庄稼，从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。现在不用害怕了，我们知道一定会有水，也知道会有多少水。我们不是收一季，而是收三季了。家里用上了电，还用电开水泵，不需要再用吊桶提水了。过去我们到富人家里去听收音机。现在我们一年到头种庄稼了，就自己买收音机了，甚至还买电视机呢。”
不过阿明也看得很清楚，他承认这件事还有另外一面，不那么好的一面。他说：“土地更差了，因为过去尼罗河一泛滥就带来泥沙，可现在没有了。我们不得不用化肥，而化肥是很贵的。即便这样，庄稼还是不如以前打得多。”
他带我在他家附近的庄稼是里走了走。只见地面上结了一层盐。“现在不像以前了，河水不泛滥，盐分就冲不走了，”阿明对我解释说。过去每年尼罗河泛滥，可以给沿岸的农田留下细沙两千万吨。河水退去的时候，就把土壤里的盐分冲走，冲到地是海里去。那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。
二、Adelaide (Excerpt)
（一）解说：
1. The city was laid out with broad streets in an open grid pattern, and over 4000ha2 of parklands encircling the city were served. 街道宽阔，布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区，面积达四千余公顷。
“lay out”意为：make a plan for 计划，设计。例：lay out a garden 设计一花园；well-laid out streets and avenues 设计良好的街道和马路。
本句中有两处被动式，不能一看到被动式就译成被动式，要考虑到中文的表达习惯，故没有完全按照原句的形式来译，。另外，“lay out”的意思体现在“布局”一词中。“were served”用“留有”来表述。
2. To the east the Mount Lofty ranges form an imssive backdrop. 东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托。
“backdrop”意为：背景。
3. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. 三面有公园环绕，区内四个大广场有草坪和树木，打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。
“regularity”意为：state of being regular 规律性。这里的规律性是指区内到处都是建筑，景色缺少变化，有了公园和绿地就不显单调了。故“break the regularity”被译成“打破单调气氛”，比较符合原意。
4. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens. 托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区，河上架有四座桥梁，两岸点缀着许多花园。
“spanned”和“lined”这两个过去分词短语均作定语，修辞“the Torrens River”。为了能顺，译文中加了“河上”两字，后一短语意译成“两岸点缀着许多花园”，这样两个短语在句式表达上非常平稳一致。
5. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on King William Street - the wide main N-S thoroughfare. 市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物
多处，位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。
“contain”是“包含”的意思，在此译为“有”，比较通顺。“fine examples”是“精美的范例”的意思，在此转译为“典型的”，较符合原意。
“the wide main N-S thoroughfare”在原文中是“King William Street”的同位语。但“King William Street”在译文中已被处理成定语，那么“the wide main N-S thoroughfare”也相应被处理成定语，放在“威廉王大街”前面。
6. Its three-sided design, with 34 jets of water and aluminum sculptures, resents the three rivers from which Adelaide draws its water - the Murray, the Torrens and the Onkaparinga. 喷水池有三个边，三十四根喷水柱，还有铝制雕塑，这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。
原文中的主语和谓语分别是“design”和“resents”，所以译文的后半部分一定要加上“这一设计”，不能只说“代表着”，这样会误认为是“铝制雕塑代表着”。
7. Parklands, which separate the city and the suburbs, are served in perpetuity for the use of the people. 市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。
“in perpetuity”的意思是“for ever 永远”。
8. As an artistic event, a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia, the Festival has introduced many world-famous artists to millions of Australians. 此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事，不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演，而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。
“a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia”原本是“an artistic event”的同位语，在译文中用动词“推动”来体现名词“stimulus”，这样处理较通顺，因为英语中多用名词，而汉语中则多用动词。
（二）参考译文：
阿德莱德（摘录）
阿德莱德Adelaide澳大利亚南澳大利亚州首府，是全国规划得最好的城市之一。街道宽阔，布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区，面积达四千余公顷。西临圣文森特湾，岸边有宽阔的沙滩。东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托，洛夫蒂山（727米）为最高峰。市区南部主要是商业区，三面有公园环绕，区内四个大广场有草坪和树木，打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。市区北部主要是住宅区，周围也有公园环绕，区内有广场两个。托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区，河上架有四座桥梁，两岸点缀着许多花园。
市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物多处，位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。市政厅于1863年奠基，设计者E。W。赖特曾任本市市长。
阿德莱德有许多雕像，并有喷水池七处。最为壮观的一处喷水池建于1968年，座落在该城的商业区中心——维多利亚广场。喷水池有三个边，三十四根喷水柱，还有铝制雕塑，这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。
1960年举办了第一届阿德莱德艺术节，阿德莱德自此赢得了澳大利亚文化中心的美名。此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事，不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演，而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。
三、北海公园
（一）解说：
1. 北海公园原是辽、金、元、明、清历代封建帝王的“御花园”。总面积共有68.2公顷。Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
“总面积共有68.2公顷”在原句中是单独的一句。在译文中被处理成一个分词短语，作定语，修辞“Bei Hai Park”。这样比较符合英语的表达方式。
2. 公园的中心——琼岛，周长1，913米，高32.8米，是1179年（金代）用挖海的泥土堆成的。The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake.
中文往往比较简洁，一个句子能包含许多内容。在译成英语时，如果也只用一个句子的话会显得特别冗长，故在翻译时可考虑用几个单句来处理，本句便是一例。
3. 岛上白塔建于1651年，塔高35.9米。The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.
原文的谓语部分是在“建于”，而译成英语后，其谓语部分体现在“is as high as 35.9 metres”，不这么处理的话，“塔高35.9米”和“白塔”两个部分相距太，句子结构不紧凑。
4. 琼岛东北部有“琼岛春阴”碑，为1751年建立。There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with "Qiong Dao Chun Yin" (Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it.
译文中的“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long
(1736-1796A.D.)”为译者所加，为的是让读者进一步了解这块碑的珍贵之处，以引起读者的
兴趣。
过去分词短语“engraved on it”修辞“Qiong Dao Chun Yin”。
5. 附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
“noted”在这里不是过去分词，而是形容词，相当于“well-known”。
“燕京八景之一”也没有简单地译作“one of the eight views of Beijing”，而是在“views”前面加了一个词“outstanding”，因为普通的景色满目都是，文中提到的“八景”是特殊的景色。
6. 海北岸有“五龙亭”，建于1602年，是封建皇帝钓鱼和看焰火的地方。On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 1602, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks.
原文是“海北岸有”，译文不能译作“have”，而要译作“are”。整句译文是倒装句，主语是“the Five-Dragon Pavilions”，表地点的介词短语前置于句首。
7. “九龙壁”，建于1756年，全壁用五彩琉璃瓦砌成，两面各有蟠龙九条，姿态生动，反映了我国劳动人民的创造才能。Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China.
原句较长，译文被处理成两句。译文中的“Not far to the northeast”为译者所加，借以说明景物的相对位置，免得孤立地介绍景物，显得单调。译文最后一句中的“Near there”也是如此。
译文中的“prove”意为：establish the genuineness of 确定……之真实性，用以表达“反映”，紧扣原意。
（二）参考译文：
Bei Hai Park
Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake. The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.
There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with "Qiong Dao Chun Yin" (Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it. This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 160, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks. Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China. Near there is the Iron Screen, which is a relic of the Yuan Dynasty.
fellow countrymen 同胞
militarist军阀
Chinese Communist Party 党组织
the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河
Industrial Revolution 工业革命
dawn to dark从早到晚
especially English 具有英国特征的
cottage industry 农村手工业
Indian summer 最后的余辉
stock-raising 畜牧业
Homestead Act 宅地法
wild west 西部荒原
the gold rush 淘金热
basic occupation 基础产业
Department of Agriculture 农业部门
the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲
coastal erosion 水土流失
Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候
surveyor general 测量总监
sovereign nation 主权国家
aggregate output 总产量
coastal area 沿海地区
telephone connections 电话用户
economic well-being 生活水平
two way trade 双向贸易
lucrative export market 出口市场
foreign exchange 外汇
sum total 总数
per capita 人均
GNP 国民生产总值
joint ventures 合资企业
net income 净收入
world investment system世界投资体系
the stock of foreign investment 外资存量
major economy 经济大国
the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资
popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋
vegetable oil 植物油
mineral oil煤油
internal combustion engine内燃机
warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战
minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物
crude oil 原油
sedimentary rocks 沉积岩
pitch lake 沥青湖
superhighway 高速公路
living organism 生物体
applied entomology 应用昆虫学
environmental Law环保法
wildlife 野生生物
freedom from noise pollution 无噪声污染
Act 法
amendment 修正案
bill 议案
hearing 听证会
lobby 院外活动集团
universal copyright convention 世界版权公约
a system of copyright protection 版权保护制度
Contracting States 成员国
Director-General 总干事
mean temperature 平均温度
China’s “most important historical sites”全国重点保护文物
the cultural relics文物
mutual prosperity 相互繁荣
international trade 世界贸易
bilateral trade双边贸易
commercial and financial relationships 贸易与金融关
economic performance/reform经济改革
economic course经济道路
employment 就业
food production 食品加工
heavy industries 重工业
financial services sector 金融服务
foreign exchange dealing 外汇交易
the international community国际社会
foreign funds外国资金
domestic competition 国内竞争
multilateral disciplines多边规定
a part-time river 季节性河流
oil-burning lamps油灯
science of biological control 生物控制学
new areas of thought新的思维空间
a warm-blooded animal 恒温动物
grant a license颁发许可证
strip mining 露天采矿
offshore oil drilling 近海石油钻探
waste disposal 废物处理
national life国民生计
enacting legislation立法
remaining open land尚未开发的土地
a system of copyright protection版权保护制度
policies of reform and opening to the outside world改革开放政策
national lives人民生活
national security policies国家安全政策
流派school
文学家man of letters
文学界literary circle
欺世盗名glory-seeking
新民主主义New Democracy
五四运动The May 4th Movement
反帝国主义运动anti-imperialist movement
反封建运动anti-feudal movement
辛亥革命the Revolution of 1911
初步共产主义思想rudiments of communist ideology
六三运动June 3rd Movement
文化革命the cultural revolution
小资产阶级和资产阶级知识分子petty-bourgeois and bourgeois intellectuals in the cities 市民阶级the urban intelligentsia
五卅运动May 30th Movement in 1925
北伐战争the Northern Expedition
北洋军阀政府the Northern Warlord government
右翼right wing
民族危机national crisis
巴黎和会the Paris Peace Conference
故宫博物馆the Imperial Palace/ the Palace Museum
故宫Old Palace
天安门Tian An Men Gate
太庙The Imperial Ancestral Temple
中山公园the Sun Yat-Sen Park
砖木结构wood and brick
太和殿the Hall of Supreme Harmony
午门the Meridian Gate
外朝the Outer Palace
内廷the Inner Court
金水桥the Golden Water Bridge
太和门the Gate of Supreme Harmony
中和殿the Hall of Complete Harmony
保和殿the Hall of Preserving Harmony
御花园the imperial garden
白塔the White Dagoba
琉璃瓦glazed tiles
粮食自给率self-sufficiency rate of grain
净进口量net import rate
消费量consumption quantity
农业自然资源Natural agricultural resources
生产条件production condition
技术水平technical level
耕地cultivated land单位面积per unit area
复种指数the multiple crop index
内陆水域inland waters
水产品aquatic products
集约化intensification
木本植物arbor foodstuffs
知识经济knowledge economy
劳动密集型产业labour intensive industries
贸易与金融关系commercial and financial ties
中国少年儿童出版社China Children Press
儿童文学Children’s Literature
丝绸之路the Silk Road
井地之蛙a frog at the bottom of a well
落汤鸡like a drowned rate
陆地自然资源land natural resources
淡水资源freshwater resources
矿产资源mineral resources
大陆岸线mainland coastline
岛屿岸线islands’coastline
联合国海洋法公约UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 中国海域China’s sea areas
浅海shallow seas
人工养殖aquatic products
沉积盆地sedimentation basin
中国沿海China’s coasts
深水岸线deep-water stretch of coast
可再生能源regenerable energy resources
全球生命支持系统the global bio-support system
全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress
中外合资经营Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures
国际经济合作international economic cooperation
技术交流technological exchange
经济组织economic organization
外国合营者foreign joint venturer
平等互利的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit and subject
公共利益public interest
有限责任公司limited liability company
对外经济贸易主管部门State’s competent department in charge of foreign economic relations and trade
工商行政管理主管部门the State’s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration
营业执照business license
注册资本registered capital
合营企业经营期间in its practicing deception
董事会a board of directors
董事长chairman
企业发展规划the venture’s development plans
生产经营活动方案proposals for production and business operations
收支预算the budget for revenues and expenditure
利润分配the distribution of profits
审计师the auditors
毛利润gross profit
储备基金reserve fund
净利润net profit
优惠待遇preferential treatment
所得税the income tax
国家外汇管理机关State agency for foreign exchange
金融机构financial institution
外汇账户a foreign exchange account
保险公司insurance company
国际市场world market
有关外汇事宜foreign exchange transactions
个人所得税individual income tax
不可抗力force majeur
基本方针the basic principle
兴修水利infensify water-contral project
科技进步the development of science and technology
稻田paddy fields
养鱼业fish culture
养殖aquaculture
生产能力productive capacity
人工草场the artificial grasslands
国际海洋年the International Ocean Year
其他合法权益other lawful right
开始营业start operations
工业产权industrial capital
总经理general manager
总工程师chief engineer
总会计师treasurer
正副厂长factory manager and deputy manager
享受优惠待遇enjoy preferential treatment Premier总理
financial deficit财务赤字
arbitration agency仲裁机构
regional autonomy地方自治
automobile components汽车部件
ASEAN东盟(东南亚国家联盟)
natural enemies of insects昆虫的天敌consumer goods消费品
footbridge天桥
Keen interest浓厚的兴趣
subtropical plant亚热带植物
social security system社会保障制度
pension fund养老金
regular event常事
municipal government自治政府entrepreneurial spirit进取精神
to give something much thought仔细想某事cling to youth与年轻人呆在一起
carriage drawn by the horse乘马车
Federal Power Commission联邦电力委员会
the Long March长征
neighboring enviroment周边环境
live on one's own life独立生活
freshly harvested刚割的
marine insurance海事保险
scarce tactic吓唬人的办法
a far cry from完全不同
in this respect在这方面
industrial pollution工业污染
international understanding国际间的了解
prime minister首相
sino-American relationship中美关系
stand squarely端端正正地站着
establish communities建立村镇
mineral deposit矿藏
flows of capital资本流动
power of nature自然的力量
the ice was broken打破了僵局
science of biotic controls生物控制学
domestic legislation国内立法
full diplomtic relations正式外交关系
natural beauty自然美
more than ten years his junior比他年轻十几岁open public domain开放的公共地带
typical masterpiece具有代表意义的杰作
to imprint on one's mind印在某人的脑海里tentative and uncertain manner试探和踌躇的举止
wind and twist蜿蜒
vaguely worded措词含糊
to and fro走来走去
brightly painted颜色鲜艳的
average annual rainfall平均年降雨量
ravages of time时间的摧残
the flower of one's youth风华正茂
in unison一致
turn one's back on拒绝,冷眼相看
court of appeals上诉法院
international affairs国际事务
magnificient dinner盛大晚宴
full member正式成员
vast size and resources地大物博
outward investor对外投资者
a kind of invitation殷勤的邀请
sober-faced沉静的
right to know知情权
unpublished works未出版的作品
welcoming banquet欢迎宴会
historically significant experiment具有历史意义的尝试in his middle twenties二十多岁
outstanding feature突出特点
undue absoption in the past过分地怀念过去
resonant voice洪亮的声音
universal convention世界公约
immeasurable contrast迥然不同
sucking vigor汲取力量
meticulously dressed穿着讲究
well-mannered silence规规矩矩
now and again有时
works of the human kind人类精神产品
scientific exchange科学交流
it rains cats and dogs倾盆大雨
gleaming eyes闪光的眼睛
source of power能源
everlastingly无穷无尽的
property damage财产损失
the birth and death of the day每一天的诞生和消亡
Sir John约翰爵士
on board ship在船上
common ground共同点
average height中等身材
in the air酝酿中
life-giving赋予生命
global economy全球经济
come and go霎时即去
market-day赶集日
a narrow swale狭长的洼地
toast干杯
金字塔Pyramid