TPO 43
TPO 43
[Reading]
1.The Empire of Alexander the Great
In 334 B.C. Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and in only a few years completed his creation of an empire out of much of southwest Asia In the new empire, barriers to trade and the movement of peoples were removed; markets were put in touch with one another. In the next generation thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fort unes. Alexander’s actions had several important consequences for the region occupied by the empire.
The first of these was the expansion of Greek civilization throughout the Middle East. Greek became the great international language. Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons (military posts) but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought, particularly through libraries, as at Antioch (in modern Turkey) and the most famous of all, at Alexandria in Egypt, which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years.
Second, this internationalism spelled the end of the classical Greek city-state——the unit of government in ancient Greece——and everything it stood for. Most city-states had been quite small in terms of citizenry, and this was considered to be a good thing. The focus of life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. The philosopher Plato (428-348 B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other. In decision making, the whole body of citizens together would have the necessary knowledge in order generally to reach the right decision, even though the individual might not be particularly qualified to decide. The philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining, believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself.
This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens were not specialists but had multiple interests and talents——each a so-called jack-of-all-trades who could engage in many areas of life and politics. It implied a respect for the wholeness of life and a consequent dislike of specialization.■ It implied economic and military self-sufficiency. ■But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexander’s empire came the growth of cities; it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades.■ One now had to specialize, and with specialization came professionalism. ■There were getting to be too many persons to know, an easily observable community of interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests. The city-state was simply too "small-time."
Third, Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy and religion of the East At the peak of the Greek city-state, religion played an important part. Its gods—such as Zeus, father of the gods, and his wife Hera—were thought of very much as being like human beings but with superhuman abilities. Their worship was linked to the rituals connected with one’s progress through life—birth, marriage, and death— and with invoking protection against danger, making prophecies, and promoting healing, rather than to any code of behavior. Nor was there much of a theory of afterlife.
Even before Alexander’s time, a life spent in the service of their city-state no longer seemed ideal to Greeks The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the
demands of the state, and for this he was accused of not believing in the city’s gods and so corrupting the youth, and he was condemned to death. Greek philosophy—or even a focus on conscience—might complement religion but was no substitute for it, and this made Greeks receptive to the religious systems of the Middle East, even if they never adopted them completely The combination of the religious instinct of Asia with the philosophic spirit of Greece spread across the world in the era after Alexander’s death, blending the culture of the Middle East with the culture of Greece.
1.According to paragraph 1, Alexander the Great did which of the following? ORegulated the movement and resettlement in southwest Asia of thousands of Greek people
OOpened up opportunities in new markets for traders and artisans
OCreated new restrictions on trade
OEncouraged Greek citizens to choose military careers over careers in trade
2. The word "diffusion" in the passage is closest in meaning to
Oadoption
O spread
O teaching
Olearning
3. In paragraph 2,the author mentions the libraries at Antioch and Alexandria in order to
O provide evidence that the library was a cultural institution in the East before it spread to the West
O explain why it was important for Greek to become the great international language
O identify two of the sources of Greek cultural influence within Alexander’s empire
O support the claim that the Greeks transformed Middle Eastern garrisons and military posts into cultural centers
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
O Assemblies were held in the agora to discuss some issues of the day, but more fundamental questions were decided by key individuals.
O In a culture where philosophical discussions were frequent, some individuals questioned the value of a life focused on the marketplace.
O Life centered around the agora, an open marketplace and site for public debate, where individuals could participate in decision making.
O The focus of individuals was on fundamental topics such as the purpose of government and the connection between law and freedom.
5.According to paragraph 3，Plato believed that the ideal city-state should be
O governed by a ruling body of about 5,000 city leaders with a total population of no more than 100,000
O led by the most qualified individual
O governed by the group of citizens with the most knowledge about the issues of the day
O small enough so that everyone would know each other
6.Why does the author mention "The philosopher Aristotle"?
O To provide additional evidence that the ancient Greeks believed that political units must be small
O To demonstrate the accuracy of philosophers’ predictions about the end of the classical Greek city-state
O To show how changes in the city-state system from the fifth to the third century B C. were reflected in the ideas of its philosophers
O To support the claim that small city-states were ideally suited to produce philosophical inquiry
7.The word "declining" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O at its best
O rapidly expanding
O first being formed
O weakening
8. According to paragraph 4, Alexander's empire was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
O decreased need for military control
O growing professionalism
O growth of cities
O specialization in trades
9. The word ”peak” in the passage is closest in meaning to
O end
O command
O high point
O beginning
10. According to paragraph 5, religion in the Greek city-state involved
O a set of rules governing behavior
O a detailed conception of life after death
O rituals related to significant life events
O worship of gods who were not like humans
11. According to paragraph 6，what was the basis for the accusation against Socrates?
O He encouraged people to be guided by their own consciences instead of by the state.
O He stated that people had a duty to fight against the corruption of their leaders.
O He reasoned that the needs of the youth were more important than the needs of the state.
O He argued that people’s behavior should be guided by the religious systems of the Middle East.
12.The word "propose" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O suggest
O deny
O consider
O question
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Likewise, the collective decision-making process of the open marketplace was no longer practical.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
Alexand er the Great’s creation of a vast empire had important consequences for Greece and the conquered areas of southwest Asia.
Answer choices
Scholars from Antioch, Alexandria, and other Middle Eastern cultural centers came to Greece to study the Greek language and culture.
Increasing urbanization and the elimination of trade barriers meant the end of the Greek city-state and the creation of a much larger political and economic body.
The professionalism and specialization so prized by the ancient Greeks were replaced by a more generalized philosophy of education in the empire.
The expansion of Alexander’s empire led to the diffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought throughout the Middle East.
The empire saw the birth of a new culture, merging Greek philosophical ideas with the religious spirit of Asia.
Religion played an important part in the expansion of the empire, as Alexander introduced Zeus and the other Greek gods to Asia.
2. The Origin of Petroleum
Petroleum is defined as a gaseous, liquid, and semisolid naturally occurring substance that consists chiefly of hydrocarbons (chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen). Petroleum is therefore a term that includes both oil and natural gas. Petroleum is nearly always found in marine sedimentary rocks. In the ocean, microscopic phytoplankton (tiny floating plants) and bacteria (simple, single-celled organisms) are the principal sources of organic matter that is trapped and buried in sediment Most of the organic matter is buried in clay that is slowly converted to a fine-grained sedimentary rock known as shale.During this conversion, organic compounds are transformed to oil and natural gas.
■Sampling on the continental shelves and along the base of the continental slopes has shown that fine muds beneath the seafloor contain up to 8 percent organic matter. ■Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter.■A complex sequence of chemical reactions is involved in converting the original solid organic matter to oil and gas, and additional chemical changes may occur in the oil and gas even after they have formed.■It is now well established that petroleum migrates through aquifers and can become trapped in reservoirs. Petroleum migration is analogous to groundwater migration. When oil and gas are squeezed out of the shale in which they originated and enter a body of sandstone or limestone somewhere above, they migrate readily because sandstones (consisting of quartz grains) and limestones (consisting of carbonate minerals) are much more permeable than any shale.The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonate minerals. Hence, because oil and water do not mix, water remains fastened to the quartz or carbonate grains, while oil occupies the central parts of the larger openings in the porous sandstone or limestone. Because oil is lighter than water, it tends to glide upward past the carbonate- and quartz-held water. In this way, oil becomes segregated from the water; when it encounters a trap, it can form a pool.
Most of the petroleum that forms in sediments does not find a suitable trap and eventually makes its way, along with groundwater, to the surface of the sea. It is estimated that no more than 0.1 percent of all the organic matter originally buried in a sediment is eventually trapped in an oil pool. It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years—young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away—and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years This does not mean that older rocks produced less petroleum; it simply means that oil in older rocks has had a longer time in which to leak away.
How much oil is there in the world? This is an extremely controversial question. Many billions of barrels of oil have already been pumped out of the ground. A lot of additional oil has been located by drilling but is still waiting to be pumped out Possibly a great deal more
oil remains to be found by drilling. Unlike coal, the volume of which can be accurately estimated, the volume of undiscovered oil can only be guessed at. Guesses involve the use of accumulated experience from a century of drilling. Knowing how much oil has been found in an intensively drilled area, such as eastern Texas, experts make estimates of probable volumes in other regions where rock types and structures are similar to those in eastern Texas. Using this approach and considering all the sedimentary basins of the world, experts estimate that somewhere between 1,500 and 3,000 billion barrels of oil will eventually be discovered.
1.According to paragraph 1, petroleum is formed in which of the following ways?
O Bacteria and tiny plants undergo a change while they are buried in clay.
O Carbon and hydrogen combine to form shale.
O Ocean rocks are converted into organic compounds.
O Oil and gas rise to the surface of sediment and are trapped in rocks.
2.The word "trapped" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O hidden
O destroyed
O caught
O found
3.All of the following are cited in paragraph 2 as evidence that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter EXCEPT
O the amount of organic matter found in layers of mud below the seafloor
O the chemical changes that occur in oil and natural gas after they have formed
O the optical properties of oil
O the fact that oil contains nitrogen and other compounds believed to be of organic origin
4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the change of solid organic material into oil and gas?
O It is more likely to occur along the base of continental slopes than on the continental shelves.
O It only takes place in areas where the seafloor contains at least 8 percent organic matter.
O It is a process that can be reversed through chemical changes that occur after the oil and gas have formed.
O It involves a complicated series of chemical reactions.
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
O When oil and gas are squeezed out of the rock in which they originated, it is probably because the layer of rock above them is much more permeable than shale.
O Sandstones, which are made of quartz grains, and limestones, which are made of carbonate minerals, can hold much more oil and gas than any shale can.
O When they are squeezed from the shale in which they were formed, oil and gas move easily into the much more permeable layers of sandstone or limestone above.
O Oil and gas are squeezed out of sandstones, consisting of quartz grains, and migrate readily into limestones, which consist of carbonate minerals and are much more permeable.
6.Why does the author include the information that "The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonate minerals."?
O To help explain why petroleum behaves differently from water in bodies of sandstone and limestone
O To illustrate why petroleum migrates more rapidly through sandstone than it does through limestone
O To help explain how water and petroleum can mix in certain aquifers
O To account for the different molecular structures of oil and water
7.The word "encounters" in the passage is closest in meaning to
Omeets
Oforms
Oescapes
Oavoids
8. The word "suitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O noticeable
O permanent
O protected
O appropriate
9. According to paragraph 4, what happens to most of the petroleum that forms in sediments?
OIt remains in underground pools.
OIt is buried under organic matter.
OIt rises to the surface of the ocean.
OIt combines with the minerals found in groundwater.
10.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about future petroleum discoveries?
O Less petroleum will be found than in the past because the ratio of petroleum pools to volume of sediment will decrease.
O Most of the petroleum will come from rocks that are less than 65 million years old.
O Petroleum that has leaked away from older rocks will be the source of most new discoveries.
O More petroleum will become available because the amount of trapped organic matter will increase.
11. The phrase "is an extremely controversial question" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O isa question of great importance
O is a question causing strong disagreement
O is a question that has existed for a long time
O isa question composed of many related parts
12.According to paragraph 5, eastern Texas is an example of a geologic region where
O oil is located but has not yet been pumped out
O experts accurately predicted the rock types and structures found there
O the volume of oil can only be guessed at
O intensive oil exploration has occurred over a long time
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Because such muds are a major source of petroleum, scientists believe that petroleum originated as living organisms.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
Petroleum, which includes both oil and natural gas, can be a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance.
Answer Choices
Petroleum comes from organic matter that has undergone a complex series of chemical changes under the seafloor.
Although most of the petroleum formed leaks away into the ocean, some migrates from shale to sandstone or limestone, and is caught in pools.
Porous rocks made of quartz or carbonate minerals are particularly likely to house oil pools because of their strong molecular attraction with oil.
Petroleum forms best when organic matter is evenly distributed over a large area and does not exceed 8 percent of the material in the clay.
More than 60 percent of the petroleum discovered so far has been found in rocks that are less than two-and-a-half million years old.
It is difficult to estimate the total amount of petroleum in the world, but experts believe that 1,500-3,000 billion barrels will eventually be discovered.
3.El Nirio
The cold Humboldt Current of the Pacific Ocean flows toward the equator along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru in South America. When the current approaches the equator, the westward-flowing trade winds cause nutrient-rich cold water along the coast to rise from deeper depths to more shallow ones. This upwelling of water has economic repercussions. Fishing, especially for anchovies, is a major local industry.
Every year during the months of December and January, a weak, warm countercurrent replaces the normally cold coastal waters. Without the upwelling of nutrients from below to feed the fish, fishing comes to a standstill. Fishers in this region have known the phenomenon for hundreds of years. In fact, this is the time of year they traditionally set aside to tend to their equipment and await the return of cold water. The residents of the region have given this phenomenon the name of El Nifio，,which is Spanish for "the child," because it occurs at about the time of the celebration of birth of the Christ child.
While the warm-water countercurrent usually lasts for two months or less, there are occasions when the disruption to the normal flow lasts for many months. In these situations, water temperatures are raised not just along the coast, but for thousands of kilometers offshore. Over the last few decades, the term El Nifio has come to be used to describe these exceptionally strong episodes and not the annual event. During the past 60 years, at least ten El Nifios have been observed Not only do El Niftos affect the temperature of the equatorial Pacific, but the strongest of them impact global weather.
The processes that interact to produce an El Nifio involve conditions all across the Pacific, not just in the waters off South America. Over 60 years ago, Sir Gilbert Walker, a British scientist, discovered a connection between surface pressure readings at weather stations on the eastern and western sides of the Pacific. He noted that a rise in atmospheric pressure in the eastern Pacific is usually accompanied by a fall in pressure in the western Pacific and vice versa. He called this seesaw pattern the Southern Oscillation. It was later realized that there is a close link between El Nino and the Southern Oscillation. In fact, the link between the two is so great that they are often referred to jointly as ENSO (El
Nino-Southern Oscillation).
During a typical year, the eastern Pacific has a higher pressure than the western Pacific does. This east-to-west pressure gradient enhances the trade winds over the equatorial waters. This results in a warm surface current that moves east to west at the equator. The western Pacific develops a thick, warm layer of water while the eastern Pacific has the cold Humboldt Current enhanced by upwelling. However, in other years the Southern Oscillation,
for unknown reasons, swings in the opposite direction, dramatically changing the usual conditions described above, with pressure increasing in the western. Pacific and decreasing in the eastern Pacific. This change in the pressure gradient causes the trade winds to weaken or, in some cases, to reverse. This then causes the warm water in the western Pacific to flow eastward, increasing sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific. The eastward shift signals the beginning of an El Nifio.
Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible by piecing together bits of historical evidence, such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’ records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists dating back to the fifteenth century. From such historical evidence we know that El Nirtos have occurred as far back as records go.■ It would seem that they are becoming more frequent. ■Records indicate that during the sixteenth century, an El Nino occurred on average every six years.■ Evidence gathered over the past few decades indicates that El Ninos are now occurring on average a little over every two years. ■Even more alarming is the fact that they appear to be getting stronger. The 1997-1998 El Nifio brought copious and damaging rainfall to the southern United States, from California to Florida. Snowstorms in the northeast portion of the United States were more frequent and intense than in most years.
1.The word "approaches" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O nears
O crosses
O travels along
O leaves
2.According to paragraph 1, what happens when the Humboldt Current interacts with westward flowing trade winds?
O Anchovies from southern waters are carried northward.
O Cold water from lower depths is brought closer to the surface.
O The Humboldt Current stops flowing toward the equator.
O The Humboldt Current begins to flow closer to the coasts of Ecuador and Peru.
3.Which of the following questions about the El Nino phenomenon is NOT answered in paragraph 2 ? O Why is the ElNiflo phenomenon called El Nirto?
O How do fishers spend their time during the ElNifio season?
O How do coastal fish obtain enough nutrients during the ElNifio season?
O Is the temperature of coastal waters different during the ElNiflo season than it is the rest of the year?
4. The word "exceptionally"，in the passage is closest in meaning to
Oobviously
Ounusually
Orelatively
Ooccasionally
5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about El Ninos, as that term is
now used?
O El Nifios can originate in areas other than the Pacific Ocean.
O ElNifios can arise when warm currents last for two months or less.
O El Nifios affect water temperatures long distances from the South American coast.
O Multiple El Niflos can arise within a single calendar year.
6.The phrase "is usually accompanied by” in the passage is closest in meaning to
O usually develops before
O usually occurs together with
O is usually indicated by
O is usually caused by
7. The word "jointly" in the passage is closest in meaning to
Otogether
Otherefore
Orightfully
O simply
8.According to paragraph 4, what did Sir Gilbert Walker discover?
O There is a close link between ElNifio and the Southern Oscillation.
O Surface pressure readings all across the Pacific first rise and then fall before an El Nifio occurs.
O Surface pressure on one side of the Pacific tends to fall when pressure rises on the opposite side.
O The formation of an El Nirto depends on conditions all across the Pacific, not just in the waters off of South America.
9.According to paragraph 5, what is the end result of the east-to-west pressure gradient in the eastern Pacific during a typical year?
O The formation of a thick, warm layer of water in the western Pacific
O The reversal of the pressure gradient to west-to-east by the end of the year
O A change in the direction of the Southern Oscillation
O The eastward flow of warm water from the western Pacific
10.According to paragraph 5, all of the following changes occur in the Pacific before an ElNifio begins EXCEPT:
OPressure increases in the western Pacific and decreases in the eastern Pacific.
OThe trade winds decrease in intensity or reverse in the direction.
OSurface temperatures increase in the central and eastern Pacific.
OOcean currents speed up as they move eastward.
11. What can be inferred about El Ninos from the historical evidence mentioned in paragraph 6 ?
O They have often brought damaging weather to parts of the United States.
O They have been occurring since at least the fifteenth century.
O They occurred less frequently in the sixteenth century than in the fifteenth.
O They have had stronger weather effects on the United States in recent decades than on
other locations.
12.Why does the author include the information that in 1997-1998 "Snowstorms in the northeast portion of the United States were more frequent and intense than in most years"? O To provide evidence supporting the claim that El Nifios are getting stronger
O To explain why the southern United States experienced copious and damaging rainfall in 1997-1998
O To show that traditional methods are not adequate for documenting the effects of El Niftos
O To identify a consequence of the fact that ElNiflos are now occurring a little over once every two years
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
There is clear support for this view in the available documents.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
As it is currently used, the term El Nirio refers to a strong and lengthy disruption to the normal pattern of ocean currents, water temperatures, and winds in the Pacific.
Answer Choices
An El Nino typically begins when the Humboldt Current causes upwelling as it travels toward the equator along the coast of Peru and Ecuador.
El Nirlos are preceded by the reversal of the usual east-to- west pressure gradient in the Pacific, the weakening or reversal of the trade winds, and the movement of warm water eastward.
Comparisons of historical records with recent past events show that El Ninos are
becoming more frequent and stronger.
In an El Nino, warm surface currents replace the Humboldt Current for many months, raising ocean temperatures far from the coast.
Scientists discovered the Southern Oscillation by taking surface-pressure readings at weather stations on both sides of the Pacific.
In recent decades, ElNifios have begun to occur north of the equator and thereby affect weather conditions in the United States.
[Listening]
Conversation 1
1.What do the speakers mainly discuss?
O The lack of functional printers in the student center
O The large crowds in the computer labs
O The skills that computer and printer technicians need
O The expected delivery of new computer printers
2.Why does the man mention the engineering school?
O To direct the student to a place where she can finish her work
O To indicate who serves as computer technicians
O To indicate where computer technicians are currently busy fixing printers
O To indicate that the problem with the printers is not limited to the student center
3.Why does the man mention the president of the college?
O To suggest that the president is too busy to get involved in this issue
O To indicate that the president proposed hiring additional technicians
O To explain that the president decided that purchasing new printers would be too costly O T o point out the president’s involvement in acquiring new printers
4. What does the man offer to do?
OReplace empty ink cartridges in printers in the student center
OAllow the student to use computer centers that had been closed
OSend a technician to the student center to repair the printers
OSend an e-mail to the students to explain when the new printers will be installed
5.Why does the man say this:
O To indicate that he does not understand the purchasing process
O To assure the student that the printers will be installed next month
O To suggest that the student should contact the purchasing office for further information
O To help explain the reason for the delay in receiving the new printers
Lecture 1
1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?
O To explain how the red pigment in leaves breaks down
O To show that leaf color varies based on the tree species
O To introduce a theory about why leaves turn a particular color
O To explain how chlorophyll protects trees in autumn
2.What does the professor imply when she explains why leaves are green?
O She wants to correct a common misconception about the topic.
O She thinks the students are probably already familiar with the material.
O She believes the process is too complicated to discuss in depth.
O She knows that students are often confused about the functions of chlorophyll
3.What does the professor mean when she says that the classic theory is partially right?
O It describes what happens in the summer but not what happens in autumn
O It describes what happens in tree leaves but not what happens in leaves of other plants
O It explains how pigments are synthesized but not how they break down.
O It explains some cases of color change in tree leaves but not all cases.
4.Why does the professor mention painting a car?
OTo question why a large amount of anthocyanin is produced just before leaves fall
O To explain why most leaves turn red instead of other colors
O To remind students how cooler temperatures affect the color of leaves
O To show how anthocyanin absorbs sunlight to produce food for trees
5.The professor mentions theories about why leaves turn red that involve predatory insects and fungi. What is her opinion about those theories?
O They are based on careful research.
O They do not completely explain the phenomenon.
O They have not received enough attention.
O They have been proved to be incorrect.
6.According to the professor, why does anthocyanin appear on the upper side of some leaves?
O To help chlorophyll absorb the sunlight
O To maximize the leafs utilization of sunlight
O To accelerate the breakdown of chlorophyll
O To protect an important process from the sunlight
Lecture 2
1. What is the main purpose of the lecture?
O To explain a mechanism behind the ability to approximate numbers
O To explore the connection between ability in symbolic mathematics and the ability to approximate numbers
O To show the importance of new research into the ability to solve complex mathematical problems
O To demonstrate that children, adults, and animals have a similar ability to approximate numbers
2. Why does the professor mention six-month-old infants?
O To emphasize that ANS is largely innate
O To refute the claim that symbolic mathematics is learned
O To point out the difficulty of testing mathematics ability in very young children
O To contrast the way infants learn with how older children learn
3. Why does the professor stress that the dots in the experiment flashed on the computer screen for only a fraction of a second?
O To emphasize that humans’ ANS ability is more developed than that of animals
O To point out that it was not possible to complete the task using formal mathematics
O To show a contrast between the dot experiment and the color-naming experiment
O To explain, in part, how subjects were chosen for the experiment
4. What did researchers observe in the study of fourteen-year-old children?
O The children with strong ANS skills also scored well on color-naming tests
O The children were more likely to make mistakes when there were small numbers of blue and yellow dots
O The ANS skills of the children had improved over time.
O There were large differences in the ANS skills of the children tested.
5. Why does the professor mention that the subjects of the experiment were also tested in reading and word knowledge?
O To show that ANS skills are not linked with abilities in those areas
O To emphasize the thoroughness of the researchers
O To point out that ANS and other skills are learned in a similar way
O To contrast learned skills with innate abilities
6.What is the professor’s opinion of using instruction in ANS to improve children's performance in formal mathematics?
O It is likely that instruction in ANS would lead to improvement in areas other than formal mathematics.
O It would be important for the instruction in ANS to begin when children are very young. O It is unclear whether instruction in ANS would improve performance in formal mathematics.
O it is more likely that instruction in formal mathematics would improve children’s ANS ability.
Conversation 2
1. What are the speakers mainly discussing? (Click on 2 answers.)
□ he man’s concerns about the midterm exam
□ An acting award that Professor Davis recently won
□ A professor’s playwriting accomplishments
□ Arrangements for attending a local play
2. What does Professor Davis plan to give the student? (Click on 2 answers.)
□ Directions to a theater
□ A list of students' addresses
□ Tickets to a play
□ A study guide for the midterm exam
3.Why does Professor Davis want the students to attend a reception?
O So that the students can hear a talk about script adaptation
O So that the students can see a professor receive an award
O So that the students can ask an actor questions
O So that the students can meet the director of a play
4. What does the professor imply about script adaptation?
O It depends almost entirely o n the writer’s imagination.
O It is more often based on novels than on short stories.
O It is more difficult than the man thinks it is.
O It gives playwrights more commercial success than writing original plays does
5. Why does the professor say this:
O To express doubt about the quality of local plays
O To indicate that the man’s assumption is wrong
O To encourage the man to see local productions
O To indicate that she agrees with the man
Lecture 3
1. What is the lecture mainly about?
O Early influences that shaped the career of Theodor Seuss Geisel
O The use of Dr. Seuss books in modern elementary schools
O The literary and artistic approach of Theodor Seuss Geisel
O Two prominent authors of twentieth-century children’s literature
2.According to the professor, why did teachers oppose using Dr. Seuss books in the classroom during the 1950s and 1960s?
O Teachers thought the books were boring
O Teachers associated the books with play rather than schoolwork
O Dr. Seuss books used vocabulary that was not on the Dolch list.
O Dr. Seuss books could not be used to teach subjects other than reading.
3. Why does the professor mention the citation awarded to Geisel by the Pulitzer Prize Committee?
O To emphasize how long it took for Geisel，s literary contributions to be appreciated O To emphasize the difficulty of writing books that appeal to both children and adults O To explain how authors of children’s literature were typically honored
O To explain why Geisel’s books finally became popu lar
4. What does the professor say about Geisel's work as an illustrator?(Click on 2 answers)□Geisel's approach to drawing scenery is more sophisticated than it first appears
□Geisel’s style was strongly influenced by earlier illustrators of children’s books.
□Geisel’s human characters all look very much alike.
□Geisel’s style is widely taught in art schools today.
5.What was the connection between Geisel and John Hersey?
O Their writing styles were remarkably similar.
O They collaborated on an article about teaching children to read
O Hersey’s article inspired Geisel to write a new kind of book.
O Hersey wrote a novel that was inspired by Geisel’s career.
6.What is the professor’s opinion of Geisel’s book The Cat in the Hat?
O It is effective because its characters are people and animals rather than imaginary creatures
O it would be a better teaching tool if it had more challenging vocabulary.
O It wrongly encourages ch ildren to break their parents’ rules.
O It cleverly presents moral issues in an entertaining way.
Lecture 4
1.What does the professor mainly discuss?
OMethods of converting radio waves into sound waves
O Features of different types of electromagnetic radiation
O The various paths that very-low-frequency waves follow on Earth
O The emission and detection of very-low-frequency waves
2. What is one difference between radio waves and sound waves that the professor emphasizes?
O Radio waves have a lower frequency.
O Water stops radio waves from spreading but does not stop sound waves
O Unlike sound waves, radio waves can travel outside Earth's atmosphere.
O Naturally occurring radio waves are difficult to detect on Earth at night.
3.What explanation does the professor give for the constant occurrence ofVLF emissions on Earth?
O At any given time, some part of the world is experiencing sunrise or sunset
O Waveguides constantly form in the atmosphere.
O Ea rth’s magnetosphere directs interplanetary waves toward Earth’s surface.
O Lightning occurs constantly on the planet.
4. Why are sunrise and sunset the best times to listen to VLF signals?
O Because thunderstorms are most likely to occur then
O Because radio waves travel through natural waveguides then
O Because higher-frequency signals are less active then
O Because temperatures are not extremely high or low then
5.Why does the professor discuss whistlers and tweeks?
OTo illustrate that the path a VLF wave travels can affect the sound it makes on a radio
O To point out that VLF waves can affect the sounds heard on a household or car radio
O To describe how a colleague discovered the origin of VLF waves
O To clarify the difference between VLF waves and other kinds of waves
6. What does the professor imply when he says this:
O He needs to think before he can answer the woman's question.
O The woman has underestimated how often VLF waves can be detected.
O The woman does not realize that waiting for a thunderstorm can take a long time.
O The woman does not understand the relationship between thunderstorms and lightning.
[Speaking]
1.People set a variety of goals for themselves throughout their lives. Describe one goal you would like to achieve in the future, and explain why this goal is important to you. Include specific details in your explanation.
2. Some students attend college full-time, while others attend college part-time. Which do you think is better? Explain why.
3.Reading Time:
University Makes Changes to Orientation Program
Madison University is making a change to the orientation program for first-year students. In the past, as part of orientation, new, incoming students could go on a two-day hiking and camping trip together with other incoming students on the weekend before classes begin. In order to encourage more students to take advantage of the opportunity to get to know one another in an informal setting, the university will now offer a choice of activities: students will be able to either go hiking or participate in organized group games on campus. Additionally, these activities will last one day only, not two, a change many students had requested.
The man expresses his opinion about the change described in the article. Briefly summarize the change Then state his opinion about the change and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.
4. Reading Time:
Population Changes
Populations of living beings are constantly changing The number of humans, animals, insects, or plants living in a given area can vary because of two kinds of factors: biotic and abiotic Biotic factors are living factors that can influence the size of populations, such as predators or other species competing for food. Abiotic factors are nonliving things in the surrounding environment that can cause population changes, such as weather or sunlight. Biotic and abiotic factors cause continual changes in the number of individuals that make up a population of organisms.
Using the examples of mice and rabbits from the lecture, describe the two different types of factors that can cause population changes.
5.
The speakers discuss two possible solutions to their problem. Briefly summarize the problem Then state which solution you prefer and explain why.
6.
The speakers discuss two possible solutions to their problem Briefly summarize the problem Then state which solution you prefer and explain why.
[Writing]
1.(reading)
Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods-relatives of modern-day insects. However, the fossil information does not allow paleontologists to determine with certainty what agnostids ate or how they behaved. There are several different theories about how agnostids may have lived.
Free-Swimming Predators
First, the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that hunted smaller animals.It is known that other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators, so it is reasonable that the agnostids may have lived that way as well And while the agnostids were small, sometimes just six millimeters long, there were plenty of smaller organisms in the ancient ocean for them to prey on.
Seafloor Dwellers
发现是一种快乐阅读理解和答案
那天早晨，我发现湖面开满了金黄的小花，花的周围衬(chèn)着圆圆的叶子。我为自己的发现而高兴。 一连几天，我都来到湖边仔细观察着。我发现，不但湖面开着花朵，浮着圆片，水下也隐藏着花蕾(lěi)和叶苞(bāo)。 我发现，当花蕾要开放，叶苞要展开的时候，它们就慢慢伸出了水面。于是，水上就又多了几朵小花和几片圆叶。黄昏到来，花朵谢了，花梗(gěng)就又慢慢弯下去，扎入水中，结出枣核一样的果实。我把这些发现讲给伙伴听，他们问我：“那是什么花呢？” 我张口结舌，回答不上来。 我猜想，是不是浮萍呢？但浮萍是没有根的，叶子也要小得多呀！ 我又猜想，是不是睡莲呢？但睡莲的叶子要大得多呀，而且花叶不是黄色的。 我如实地告诉他们，我还不知道这花的名字。可是我心里一直在想，如果我连这花的名字都不知道，又怎么能算真正的发现呢？ 第二天，我早早地来到了湖边。有位老爷爷正在钓鱼，我便向他请教：“请问老爷爷，那是什么花？” 他立刻告诉我：“它叫水浮莲。” 多么好听的名字！现在我才能说，我真正认识水浮莲了。 啊，发现是一种快乐。 1．按短文内容填空。 （1）湖面（）着花朵，（）着圆叶，水下（）着花蕾和叶苞。（2）花朵谢了，花梗就慢慢（）下去，（）入水中，（）出枣核一样的果实。 2．把问号改成句号，使句子的意思不变，你会吗？
如果我连这花的名字都不知道，又怎么能算真正的发现呢？ 3．“我”的观察很仔细，表现在我不仅看到了，还看到了。 4．“我”的思考也很深入，“我”认为它不是睡莲、浮萍的理由是 答案：（1）湖面（开）着花朵，（浮）着圆叶，水下（隐藏）着花蕾和叶苞。 （2）花朵谢了，花梗就慢慢（弯）下去，（扎）入水中，（结）出枣核一样的果实 2.我连这花的名字都不知道，不能算真正的发现。 3.我不仅看到了湖面开着花朵，浮着圆片，水下也隐藏着花蕾和叶苞。 4.浮萍是没有根的，叶子也要小得多呀！ 睡莲的叶子要大得多呀，而且花叶不是黄色的。
2018年北京市重点学校五年级上学期语文期中全真模拟训练卷(含答案解析)
2018年北京市重点学校五年级上学期语文期中全真模拟训练卷 积累运用（共12题，共 41 分） 1.（3分）补充名句并填空。 “岭头便是分头处，________。”这是____代诗人____的《________》中的诗句。 2.（3分）补充名句并填空。 北宋杰出的政治家、文学家____在《泊船瓜洲》中的名句是：“________，________？”这两句诗表达了诗人________________的感情。 3.（3分）补充名句并填空。 “________，江横玉系腰。”这两句诗是____（诗人）用来赞美________的壮丽景观的。 4.（3分）补充名句并填空。 西湖美景历来是文人墨客描绘的对象，苏轼的“________，________”用一个既空灵又贴切的妙喻写出了西湖山水的神韵；杨万里的“________，________”盛赞了西湖六月的美丽风光。 5.（4分）在括号里给加点字注上正确的读音。 记载．（）轰．动（）根据．（）恐吓．（） 裹挟．（）震撼．（）炽．热（）警惕．（） 6.（4分）改正下列词语中的错别字。 中外弛名淋漓尽至丛横交错翻来复去 换然一新出奇不意战火分飞美不盛收 7.（3分）下面加点成语使用不正确的一项是（） A. 有的来回奔跑，俨然临危不惧 ．．．．、收拾残局的大将。 B. 滔滔大河突然转了一个直角，令人惊叹不已 ．．．．。 C. 曾有大潮上岸，几百人防不胜防 ．．．．，被潮水席卷而去。 D. 当我感觉到这一点时，一种力量在我身上潜滋暗长 ．．．．。 8.（3分）指出下列句子中引号用法不同于其他三项的一项（） A. 开始人们称这件古代艺术品为“青铜奔马”，也有叫“马踏飞燕”的。 B. 红树具有“胎生”的繁殖特点。 C. 每当拿起小提琴，我眼前就浮现出那位耳“聋”的老人。 D. 谁来完成“加工”的过程呢？是口、胃、肝、脾、肠等消化器官。
【VIP专享】两篇阅读、句子翻译和段落翻译以及答案
Part Reading Comprehension （15 minutes） Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passages followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general. The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition(营养不良) and heat-related health problems. But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions. Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would double by 2030. Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the Forum’s report was “a methodological embarrassment” because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development in vulnerable(易受伤害的) regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our utmost attention.” But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both climate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed(有瑕疵的).” However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty. In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡上作答。 1. What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum? A) Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming. B) Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development. C) Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries. D) Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters. 2. What do we learn about the Forum’s report from the passage? A) It caused a big stir in developing countries.
阅读中发现的字
阅读中发现的字 莱州市第三实验小学王淑艳 图画：美丽的夜空图。 1、师：在这幅画中你看到了什么？（夜空，星星，星星特别多。） （出示句子：满天的星星像无数珍珠撒在碧玉盘里。） 请同学们读这句话，在你的脑海中产生了怎样的画面？你印象最深刻的词语是哪个？（满天、无数、珍珠、撒在、碧玉盘） 师可根据学生的交流来随机的选择先学哪个生字。 （1）“无数”这个词。这么些星星，数得清吗？ 出示句子：无数的星星数不清。指生读：你发现了什么？（多音字：数） 师：请同学们给“数”组组词吧！看谁组的多。 生：数学、数字、无数、数星星 师：同学们读一下这些组词，你发现了什么？“数”什么时候读三声，什么时候读四声？（组词表示动作时读三声，表示事物名称时读四声） （2）师：大家见过珍珠吗？说说你对珍珠的印象。生谈，师出示珍珠图片，联系星星，使生体会这个比喻句的贴切。 师：珍珠这么漂亮，让我们赶紧学会这个词的写法吧。 学生观察，可以看出这两个字都是左右结构王字旁，在写时注意在田字格中的占位，重点指导“珍”的写法，三撇的弧度、距离都应差不多，最后一撇要稍长，显示出字形美。 生练写，同桌互评，师指导鼓励 师：写好这个词，让我们美美的读一下这个词吧。（生读） （3）我做动作同学来猜这是哪个字。 师伸手好像把种子撒出去喂小鸡的动作。 生说“撒”，再看这个字的偏旁——提手旁，你有什么好的方法记住这个字？ 学生发言，教师及时整理总结。可以用“熟字加偏旁”的方法记住。 （4）师：这么美的星星，这么美的夜空！夜空像什么——碧玉盘。
师：老师给大家出个谜语考考大家：“差点称王，不能做主。”你知道是什么字吗？（生答：玉） 师：这个字有哪些好朋友？ 生找：王、主。 师提醒：好朋友虽然长得很像，但大家要千万记住他们的长相，别把这个“点”放错位置了。 师：这么多生字都出现在同一句里，让我们赶紧再来读一下吧。 2、师：夜空中有这么美的星星，吸引了地上的小朋友，你看，图中的孩子，他在——（生答：仰着头） 师：你也学着他的样子，（生学动作）师：这就叫“仰”。 师再来给大家增加一下难度：能不能仰头看着天空，想象着你看到的美丽的夜空，说出课文的第一句话？ 学生边做动作边想象积累这句优美的句子。
马踏飞燕的阅读答案
马踏飞燕的阅读答案 马踏飞燕”是东汉时期的艺术珍品。它1969年出土以后，很快名闻天下，受到人们的赞美。 看，这匹铜制的骏马，膘肥身健，体形匀称，鬃毛整齐，四蹄坚韧有力。它头微微后仰而稍向左歪，尾巴向后扬起。它张开大口，人们仿佛听到了它高亢的嘶鸣声。 这是一匹奔跑中的骏马，怎样表现它的速度之快呢？艺术家构思巧妙，让马的右前腿大步前跨，左后腿向后平伸，以表现它正在快速奔跑。快到什么程度呢？艺术家匠心独运，让马的后蹄踏在一只飞燕上。这样就把“快”详细化了，连飞燕都来不及躲闪，真跑得快啊！马蹄踏在飞燕上，飞燕竟平安无事，可见这匹马几乎是四蹄离地，风驰电掣般地飞奔。 铜奔马全身的重量都集中在右后蹄上，怎样都能保持平衡？这是一个难习题。艺术家有意使马的头和颈往后收缩，让重心尽量后移；同时使踏燕的后蹄尽量前伸，让马的支撑点和重心正好在一条垂直线上。再加上向前后伸出的两条腿和扬起的尾巴，不仅使马在整体上保持平衡，而且使马的造型更加优美。 从这匹踏燕的奔马身上，我们看到了古代劳动人民具有丰富的艺术想象力和先进的科学知识，看到了他们卓越的创造才能。 ⑴文中那句话解释了文章中心？ ⑵文章采用了哪些表达方法来叙述这一珍贵的艺术品？
参考答案： ⑴从这匹踏燕的奔马身上，我们看到了古代劳动人民具有丰富的艺术想象力和先进的科学知识，看到了他们卓越的创造才能。 ⑵有叙述、说明、抒情。例：[“看！这匹铜制的俊马，……高亢的嘶鸣声。”这个描写说明性句组写得太精彩了。几句话就把马的外形俊美表述得明明白白。作者通过一个“看！”缩短了与读者的距离，造成了一种面对面交谈的气氛，使人倍感亲切。接着从马的体态，鬃毛，四蹄；头部，尾；口，声音这几个角度，将一个静态事物写得有声有色，活灵敏现，给人以宛然似在眼前的感觉，说明即细致又生动有趣。
《奕喻》阅读附答案以及翻译
《奕喻》阅读附答案以及翻译 《弈喻》附答案，欢迎大家参考！ 弈喻 予观弈于友人所。一客数败，嗤其失算，辄欲易置之，以为不逮己也。顷之，客请与予对局，予颇易之。甫下数子，客已得先手。局将半，予思益苦，而客之智尚有余。竟局数之，客胜予十三子。予郝甚，不能出一言。后有招予观弈者，整天默坐而已。 今之学者读古人书，多訾古人之失；与今人居，亦乐称人失。人固不能无失，然试易地以处，平心而度之，吾果无一失乎？吾能知人之失而不能见吾之失，吾能指人之小失而不能见吾之大失，吾求吾失且不暇，何暇论人哉！ 1. 解释文中加点的词。 （1）予思益苦（） （2）然试易地以处（） 2. 用现代汉语解释文中的画线句。 客请与予对局，予颇易之 3. 概括这两个段落的大意。第一段：第二段： 4、本文表达了作者怎么的观点？ 【参考答案】 1、（1）愁苦 （2）换 2、客人要求和我下棋，我很是歧视他 3、第一段：一次弈棋所得到的教训；第二段：联络现实谈弈棋后的感想
4、人贵有自知之明，也贵有知人之明；不要妄自尊大，也不要歧视他人 全文翻译 我在朋友家里看下棋。一名客人多次输掉，我讥笑他计算失误，老是想替他改放棋子，认为他赶不上自己。过一会儿，客人要求和我下棋，我很是歧视他。刚刚下了几个棋子，客人已获得主动的情势。 棋局快到中盘的时候，我思考得更为艰难，而客人却轻松有余。结局计算双方棋子，客人赢我十三子。我很愧疚，不能说出一句话。之后有人约请我观看下棋，我只是整天默默地坐着看而已。 现在求学的人读古人的书，往往非议古人的错误；和现在的人相处，也喜欢说他人的错误。人原本就不可能没有错误，然而试试彼此交流位置来相处，心平气和地估量一下，自己真的没有一点错误吗？
部编版五年级语文下册《 童年的发现》阅读理解练习题含答案
类文阅读-23 童年的发现 奇妙的蜘蛛网 每年快到暑假时我就特别期待，因为我可以回农村去过一个有趣的暑假。在那里，我可以跟爷爷长很多见识，还可以见到我的小伙伴。终于盼到暑假了，我回到了向往已久的农村。 有一次在场院乘凉，爷爷说：“要下雨了，咱们回家吧！”后来，果然下雨了。我好奇地问爷爷：“你怎么知道要下雨了呢？”爷爷笑着说：“你常看看蜘蛛网，就知道了。” 于是，每天傍晚我都去观察蜘蛛网，一连几天，我看蜘蛛网都是平平地挂在那里，没有什么变化。又过了几天，我发现蜘蛛离开了原来的蜘蛛网，从屋檐下面的篱笆上竖着拉了一条条长丝，好像一根根的细柱子。然后，蜘蛛就沿着这几根竖丝，侧着身子来回地爬着，绕上一圈一圈的细丝，不一会儿，蜘蛛就结了一个竖网挂在那里。 我高兴地把这个发现告诉了爷爷。他让我第二天再去看看蜘蛛网。 夜里“哗啦啦”地下起了大雨。第二天，我就跑出去看那些奇妙的蜘蛛网。噢！我看出来了，平挂着的蜘蛛网被雨水砸坏了，而竖挂着的蜘蛛网还完好无缺。原来，下雨前，气压低，蜘蛛感觉出来了，便赶在下雨前先结个竖网，以免雨后无家。 哈哈，今天，我揭开了蜘蛛网的奥秘！ 1.根据内容把下面的句子补充完整。 （1）好天气时蜘蛛网。
（2）将要下雨前蜘蛛。 2.第四自然段在文中的作用是（）。 A.画龙点睛，点明主题 B.承上启下，过渡作用 C.解释说明，加深理解 3.写出你读了短文后的想法或启发。 4.你还知道哪些现象可以预测天气的变化？写一写你的发现吧。 答案： 1.水平的织竖网 2.B 3.大自然有很多奥秘，要勤于观察，善于发现。 4.例：蚂蚁搬家，燕子低飞，都预示着要下雨。 父亲的难题 小保罗是个三年级的小学生。他父亲虽然空闲时间不多，但晚上却经常同自己的孩子在一起。父亲喜欢孩子，总津津乐道、不厌其烦地给他们讲些富有教益的寓言和别的故事。 一个周五的晚上，保罗和姐姐玛莎在忙着刷保罗的球鞋，因为他明天要参加学校举行的一场短跑比赛。坐在沙发里读报的爸爸摘下眼镜，凑过身子，又唠唠叨叨地讲起了他的寓言来。他讲的是龟兔赛跑的故事，小保罗记得自己听过好些遍了，实在让人腻味。 末了，爸爸对似听非听的保罗语重心长地说“孩子，你一定要记
《马踏飞燕》阅读答案
《马踏飞燕》阅读答案 【原文】 马踏飞燕 “马踏飞燕”是东汉时期的艺术珍品。它1969年出土以后，很快名闻天下，受到人们的赞美。 看，这匹铜制的骏马，膘肥身健，体形匀称，鬃毛整齐，四蹄坚韧有力。它头微微后仰而稍向左歪，尾巴向后扬起。它张开大口，人们仿佛听到了它高亢的嘶鸣声。 这是一匹奔跑中的骏马，怎样表现它的速度之快呢？艺术家构思巧妙，让马的右前腿大步前跨，左后腿向后平伸，以表现它正在快速奔跑。快到什么程度呢？艺术家匠心独运，让马的后蹄踏在一只飞燕上。这样就把“快”详细化了，连飞燕都来不及躲闪，真跑得快啊！马蹄踏在飞燕上，飞燕竟平安无事，可见这匹马几乎是四蹄离地，风驰电掣般地飞奔。 铜奔马全身的重量都集中在右后蹄上，怎样保持平衡？这是一个难习题。艺术家有意使马的头和颈往后收缩，让重心尽量后移；同时使踏燕的后蹄尽量前伸，让马的支撑点和重心正好在一条垂直线上。再加上向前后伸出的两条腿和扬起的尾巴，不仅使马在整体上保持平衡，而且使马的造型更加优美。 从这匹踏燕的奔马身上，我们看到了古代劳动人民具有丰富的艺术想象力和先进的科学知识，看到了他们卓越的创造才能。
【问习题】 20.作者让马的后蹄踏在一只飞燕上，这种设计说明了什么？（2分） 21.短文第二段运用了什么说明方法？有什么作用？（3分） 【参考答案】 20.突出了这匹骏马的速度之快，把“快”详细化了；说明了古代艺术家的构思巧妙（匠心独运），具有丰富的艺术想象力。（2分，答对一点得1分，意思相同即可） 21.（3分）第二段运用了摹状貌的说明方法；（1分）这种手法相当于记叙文中的“描写”，它生动准确地描摹了铜骏马雄骏非凡、昂首嘶鸣、马蹄腾空的造型特点。（2分）
研究生英语阅读教程(第三版)(汉译英)段落翻译参考答案
1.国际地位和影响力。 2.生态文明建设。 3.读书之道。 4.中国武术。 5.中文热词。 6.丝绸之 路。7.民生问题。8.中国梦。 1.近年来，我国国际地位和影响力显著提高。我们在国际事务中发挥重要的建设性作用，有力维护国家主权、安全和发展利益，全方位外交取得重大进展。我们成功举办北京奥运会、上海世博会，实现了中华民族的百年梦想。这些辉煌成就，充分显示了中国特色社会主义的优越性，展现了改革开放的伟大力量，极大增强了全国各族人民的自信心和自豪感，增强了中华民族的凝聚力，激励我们奋勇前进。——选自西南交通大学出版社即将出版的《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》 In recent years, China's international prestige and influence grew significantly. We played an important and constructive role in international affairs; effectively safeguarded our national sovereignty, security and development interests. We made major progress in our all-around diplomacy. We successfully hosted the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo, thus fulfilling dreams the Chinese nation had cherished for a century. These brilliant achievements clearly show the advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great power of reform and opening up. They greatly increased the confidence and pride of our people of all ethnic groups, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and inspired us to forge ahead.
偶然的发现阅读训练题及答案
（一）偶然的发现1803年，英国化学家约翰·道尔顿为解释化学实验的现象，提出了一种新的理论——原子论，认为“元素是由更小的粒子组成的”。这一理论立刻传扬开来。但是，原子论最大的问题是无法验证，毕竟粒子并不能用人的肉眼直接看到。当时还没有出现能够目睹粒子的工具，化学家只能从一些线索去推测粒子的状况。连伟大的迈可·法拉第都认为，在没有更好的理论之前，只能把原子论当成一个魅力十足的假说。 1827年，苏格兰植物学家罗伯特·布朗在研究山字草时，碰巧看到浮在水面上的花粉动个不停。布朗起初以为花粉在水面上晃动是因为它是活的，是花粉在游动。可是，并不只有花粉会在水面上晃动，普通灰尘浮在水面上也是一样。布朗偶然发现的这种现象，后来被人称作“布朗运动”。布朗认为，这个现象可能和某种物理定律有关。可是，他始终找不出理由来解释这种运动。后来，其它学者也不断提出过种种解释，但总是难以令人信服。直到1863年，才出现了一个能被普遍接受的说法：水面上的花粉运动是粒子冲撞花粉造成的。根据原子论，水的分子是由氢原子和氧原子组成，它们总是不停地运动，所以会和花粉产生冲突。它们撞到花粉的旁边时，就会把花粉往反方向推，再撞到花粉的另一边时，就又把花粉推回来。这样的情况不断发生，花粉也就不断在水面上晃动。比方说，现在体育馆的地上放着一个篮球，你和一些同学围着这篮球，和它相距几米远，而且你们手上都有一袋网球。你一发出信号，大家就不断拿网球往篮球上扔。这时会发生什么事呢?篮球是不是在地上滚动?你们扔的球有时击中篮球的这一边，有时则击中另一边，于是篮球总是滚来滚去。你知道你们正在扔网球，所以不会觉得篮球在地上滚动有什么好奇怪的。可是，如果是以下的情况呢?首先，在篮球上涂上荧光剂，再关掉体育馆内的光源，然后把网球扔向这个发亮的篮球，这时你只看到一个发亮的球在黑暗中滚动。布朗和其他学者刚开始探讨浮在水面上晃动的花粉时；状况就和这种情形差不多。他们只看到花粉在动，却想不出原因，后来终于从它的动作领会到似乎有什么东西在撞击它；。进而认识到用分子彼此的冲突来解释这个现象是最贴切的。这样，“布朗运动”成为一个契机，使许多学者明白了道尔顿的原子论是正确的。 1．文中有一句话点明了全文的说明中心，请把它摘写出来。答：2．文中描述同学用网球击篮球的情形，有什么作用? 答：3．画线句用了“差不多”，而没用“一个样”，这是为什么? 答：4．下面是从文中筛选的信息，由此你能得到什么启示? 化学家提出“原子论”，得到验证却与植物学家的发现有关，和某种物理定律有关。答：5．花粉在水面晃动这一偶然发现，使学者获得启发，解决了科学难题。你能由此联想到科学史上其他类似的事例吗?请举一例。（二）⑴夜晚的天空为什么是黑的？同学们一定会说，因为夜空没有太阳照耀。但是，无限的宇宙，充满了无数个恒星构成的星系，虽说夜晚没有太阳照耀，可是那满天的星星，都是会发光发热的“太阳”呀。一颗恒星的光芒的确很微弱，但是，无数颗恒星的光芒合起来应该是无限的亮，夜空也应该处处是一片光明。？ ⑵美国天文学家哈勃等人的观察发现，几乎所有的河外星系都在远离我们而去，即宇宙像正在充气的气球似的膨胀着，越来越大；距离我们越远的星系，远离我们而去的速度（即退行速度）越快，星系退行使星系辐射到我们这里来的光减弱。因此，虽然宇宙是无限的，但光可以照到我们这里的天体的数量是有限的。只要那些有限的天体射到地球上的光比太阳光，地球上的日夜就取决于太阳。要是宇宙没有膨胀，也就没有夜黑问题。⑶？大爆炸宇宙学认为：“我们的宇宙”起源于一个温度极高、体积极小的原始火球，在距今大约200亿年前，不知什么缘故，这个火球发生了大爆炸，在大爆炸中诞生了“我们的宇宙”。随着空间膨胀，温度降低，物质的密度也逐渐减小，原先的质子、中子等结合成氟、氦、锂等元素，后来又逐渐形成星系、星系团等天体。⑷宇宙好像一个在不断充气的带花点的气球，上面的各点彼此分离。经过200亿年的“分离”才变成今天这个模样。根据天文学家的
马踏飞燕阅读答案六年级
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而要尽可能多地尝试各种各样的发展道路，与时俱进地调整自己的努力方向。 ④发现自己需要勇气。人生所占有的资源是有限的，时间、精力、能力的使用都是单向的，一旦投放就不会再生。因此，我们要敢于放弃，善于取舍。对于经过实践检验无法通行的道路，我们不能坚持错误不知悔改，而要勇敢地承认自己错了，坦然地从头再来。切莫不识时务，乱闯硬千，最终头破血流，两手空空。 13、本文的中心论点是什么?(3分) 14、以下两题任选一题作答。(2分) ‘ (1)第②自然段在全文的论述中主要有什么作用? (2)第③自然段列举孙中山弃医从政的事实有什么作用? 15、传统观点认为，成就事业时要“矢志不移”，“只要有恒心，铁杵磨成针”，而本文却提倡要善于“发现自己”，“敢于放弃，善于取舍”，不断矫正进取的目标。对此，你的观点如何?请说出你自己独到的思考。(3分) 参考答案 13、(3分)发现自己才能选择正确的道路，才能实现个人的最大价值。(意思对即可) 14、选做题。(1)(2分)总结上文，揭示原因，。为下文“如何发现自己”作铺垫。 (2)(2分)用该事例论证了成功者是在不断实践的过程中发现成功的道路的，因此我们要在实践中学会尝试各种发展道路，并与时俱
人教部编版语文三年级上册《期中检测试题》附答案
部编版语文三年级上学期 期中测试卷 学校________ 班级________ 姓名________ 成绩________ 时间：90分钟满分100分 一、在带点的字的正确读音的下面打“√”。(3分) 盛．开（shèng chéng）几．乎（jǐjī）看．守（kān kàn ） 白发．（fāfà）晃．眼（huǎng huàng ）朝．霞（cháo zhāo） 二、看拼音,写词语。（10分） chuān dài huānɡ yětiào wǔguīzégē chàng yóu piào hán lěng lǚxíng zhǔn bèi qiáng bì 三、比一比,再组词。（8分） 经（）拆（）推（）列（）径（）折（）堆（）例（）四、把下列的词语补充完整（16分） 天（）云（）一（）知（）（）（）尽染 （）上（）下五（）丰（）果实（）（） （）言（）语（）先恐（） 五、选词填空。(8分) 飘扬飘荡
（1）彩旗随风（）。 （2）激流中,一只小船在江中（）。 温和温暖 （3）听了他热情的话,我心里感到一阵（）。 （4）李老师说话时态度亲切,语气（）,大家都喜欢她。 六、按要求改写句子。（8分） （1）一阵风把天上的云吹散了。（改为“被”字句） （2）洪水淹没了小山村。（改为“把”字句） （3）这幅画很美。（改为感叹句） （4）我想它们飞得这么低,怎么能看到遥远的家呢？（改为陈述句） 七、句子排序。（6分） （）一只蚂蚁发现了,立刻爬到虫子的身上,一下子咬住了虫子。（）有一次,我抓了一条虫子,放在蚂蚁窝前。 （）虫子疼的满地打滚,但它毫不松口。 （）大家齐心协力,终于把虫子咬死了。 （）又慢慢地把它拖进窝里。 （）又一只蚂蚁来了,两只,三只………… 八、把下面句子补充完整。（6分）
发现是一种快乐阅读理解和答案
发现是一种快乐 那天早晨，我发现湖面开满了金黄的小花，花的周围衬(chèn)着圆圆的叶子。我为自己的发现而高兴。 一连几天，我都来到湖边仔细观察着。我发现，不但湖面开着花朵，浮着圆片，水下也隐藏着花蕾(lěi)和叶苞(bāo)。 我发现，当花蕾要开放，叶苞要展开的时候，它们就慢慢伸出了水面。于是，水上就又多了几朵小花和几片圆叶。黄昏到来，花朵谢了，花梗(gěng)就又慢慢弯下去，扎入水中，结出枣核一样的果实。我把这些发现讲给伙伴听，他们问我：“那是什么花呢？” 我张口结舌，回答不上来。 我猜想，是不是浮萍呢？但浮萍是没有根的，叶子也要小得多呀！ 我又猜想，是不是睡莲呢？但睡莲的叶子要大得多呀，而且花叶不是黄色的。 我如实地告诉他们，我还不知道这花的名字。可是我心里一直在想，如果我连这花的名字都不知道，又怎么能算真正的发现呢？ 第二天，我早早地来到了湖边。有位老爷爷正在钓鱼，我便向他请教：“请问老爷爷，那是什么花？” 他立刻告诉我：“它叫水浮莲。” 多么好听的名字！现在我才能说，我真正认识水浮莲了。 啊，发现是一种快乐。 1．按短文内容填空。 （1）湖面（）着花朵，（）着圆叶，水下（）着花蕾和叶苞。（2）花朵谢了，花梗就慢慢（）下去，（）入水中，（）出枣核一样的果实。 2．把问号改成句号，使句子的意思不变，你会吗？ 如果我连这花的名字都不知道，又怎么能算真正的发现呢？ 3．“我”的观察很仔细，表现在我不仅看到了，还看到了。 4．“我”的思考也很深入，“我”认为它不是睡莲、浮萍的理由是
答案：（1）湖面（开）着花朵，（浮）着圆叶，水下（隐藏）着花蕾和叶苞。 （2）花朵谢了，花梗就慢慢（弯）下去，（扎）入水中，（结）出枣核一样的果实 2.我连这花的名字都不知道，不能算真正的发现。 3.我不仅看到了湖面开着花朵，浮着圆片，水下也隐藏着花蕾和叶苞。 4.浮萍是没有根的，叶子也要小得多呀！ 睡莲的叶子要大得多呀，而且花叶不是黄色的。
六年级语文模拟测试卷答案
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2、含有动物名的成语：（如：引蛇出洞） 3、末尾两个字相同的成语：（如：文质彬彬） 七、选关联词填空：4分 因为……所以……不但……而且……只要……就…… 虽然……但是……如果……就……即使……也…… C、大明()刻苦学习，()不注意锻炼身体。 D、大明()刻苦学习，()能提高成绩。 八、填空。12分(2%+3%+2%+1%+2%+2%) 1、这学期，我积累了不少名人名言、格言或谚语，最有启迪教育的一句是： 2、这学期，我们从课文中认识了不少人物，给我印象最深的一位是，因为 3、学之，问之，思之，辨之。 4、，谁持彩练当空舞？ 6、《七步诗》中曹植有感于兄弟之间自相残杀发出感叹：“，。” 九、修改病句（改在原句上）。6分 1、走进拉萨古城，我们就看到极富特色的藏民居和藏戏唱腔。 2、“马踏飞燕”的作者是东汉时期的艺术珍品。 十、课内阅读。6分 渔夫皱起眉，他的脸变得严肃，忧虑。“嗯，是个问题！”他骚骚后脑勺说，“嗯，你看怎么办？得把他们抱来。同死人呆在一起怎么行！哦，我们，我们总能熬过去的！快去！别等他们醒来。” 1、用“”划出一句疑问句，用“”划出一句反问句。