商务英语笔译实务参考答案 练习和材料解读 答案
Unit 31 商务合同的翻译参考答案
一、案例讨论
1. 随函附寄装船指示单，请填妥后寄回。并附发票一份，供国外通关用。
2. 买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
常用by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。
3. 假如买方未能履行与卖方所订立合同的任何条款,卖方有权终止全部或部分合同,或延期交货,或截留运输中货物。
为了表达希望某事不太可能发生,常用“should”放于句首,主语与动词倒置的从句加主句的句型。这种结构表示强烈的假设。
4. Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September
用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
5．Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARSONL Y).
英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONL Y”。意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。
二、主题简介
商务合同的组成部分
合同要有正本（Original）和副本（Copy）。通常采用的格式是三部分：首部（Head），主体（Body）和尾部（End）。下面我们就列出一份通常采用的比较完整的合同条款：
（一）、首部
1．合同的名称：合同一般写作Contract，如果是正本则在右上方注明Original，副本则注明Copy。比如购买合同Purchase Contract，销售合同Sale Contract，租赁合同Lease Contract，运输合同Shipping Contract，等等。
2．合同的编号：通常合同的编号是由年份，公司代码，部门代号等构成的。比如03CMEC, DA006，这个编号中03指03年；CMEC是China Machinery Export Company（中国机械出口公司）公司的缩写；DA是Depart A，A部；006指第六份文件。那么合起来就是中国机械出口公司A部03年第六份合同。
3．签约日期：英语的日期大家都会表示，在这里需要注意的是，通常美国月份在前，而英国日期在前。月份可以用缩写，但要用英语大写表示。比如：MAR. 2, 1992。从这个日期我们就可以看出这份合同是与美国人签的。
4．签约地点
5．买卖双方的名称、地址、联系方式
6．序言：在合同的甲方乙方下面我们通常会有一些对合同的描述，比如：This contract is signed by and between the Buyer and the Seller, according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.这份合同是买卖双方之间根据以下条款而签定的。
（二）、主体
1. 货物的名称条款（Commodity and Specifications）
2. 货物的品质条款（Quality）
3. 数量条款（Quantity）
4. 价格条款（Price）
5. 装运时间条款（Time of Shipment）
6. 保险条款（Insurance）
7. 包装条款（Packing）
8. 运输标志/唛头（Shipping Mark）
9. 保证条款（Guarantee of Quality）
10. 检验索赔条款（Inspection and Claims）
11. 支付条款（Terms of Payment）
12. 运输方式（Terms of Shipment）
13. 不可抗力条款（Force Majeure）
14. 延期交货和惩罚条款（Late Delivery and Penalty）
15. 仲裁条款（Arbitration
（三）尾部 1. 有效日期 2. 所遵守法律（也可根据国际规定）
3. 双方签名
4. 合同的备注部分
三、语言特点与翻译技巧
合同翻译中的注意事项
（一）、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语
英译商务合同时，常常由于选词不当而倒致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一。例如
change A to B 与change A into B
英译“把A 改为B”用“change A to B”，英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成B”用“change A into B”，两者不可混淆。
例1：双方同意把交货期改为8 月并将美元折合成人民币。Both parties agree to change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.
2.对商务英语合同中的词语切勿望文生义
对商务英语合同词语和句子的理解切不可望文生义，这样才能避免误解和误译。因为在商务英语中许多词语己经有了不同于一般英语的专业意义。
例2: The documents will he presented to you against your acceptance of the draft in the usual way.
凭你方按通常的方式承兑汇票，单据才能被转交给对方。
句中的“against”不能理解为“反对、逆”之义，是“凭借、根据”的意思;“ acceptance”不能理解为“接受”之义，而是“承兑”的意思。
（二）、慎重翻译和理解合同的关键细目
实践证明，英译合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说，不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目．比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
1. 限定责任
众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。
1.1 and/or
常用and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。
例3：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.
2. 限定时间
英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
2.1 双介词
用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例4；自9 月2O 日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例5：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5 月1日，支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
2.2 not(no)later than
用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例6：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12 月15 日，你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.
2.3 include 的相应形式
常用include 的相应形式：inclusive、including 和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例7：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括1 月1 日在内，英译为till and not including January 1。
3、限定金额
为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改，英译时常用以下措施严格把关。
3.1.大写文字重复金额
英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONLY”．意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。
例8：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONL Y).
3.2. 正确使用货币符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。
必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891,568，不能写成：Can $ 891,568。另外，翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号 (,)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的
(三)、要特别注意合同中的介词和介词短语的翻译和理解
商务英语合同的一个明显的语言特点就是频繁使用介词和介词短语，其主要目的是为了行文的严谨和日后避免产生歧义，合同起草人便使用大量的介词或介词短语(介词+词)或（名词+介词短语)的语法结构来确保合同条款涉及和包括的范围更广。
例9:Any controversy under this contract or arising between the parties or out of or for breach of or in relation to this contract sha11 be determined by arbitration to be held in the City of New York pursuant to the arbitration law of the State of New York and under the rules of the American Arbitration Association, the award made upon such arbitration sha11 be final and binding upon both parties.
这是一条国际贸易中常见的仲裁条款。在句中any controversy之后连续使用了五个介词短语，这五个介词短语都是同时用来修饰和限定controversy的，它们分别是:
1) under this contract本合同下的
2) between the parties合同双方之间产生的
3) out of (the contract)由本合同引起的
4) for breach of (the contract)违反本合同的
5) in relation to this contract与本合同有关的
从以上例子我们可以看出，合同句子要做到全面、严谨和准确就不可避免地要大量使用介词和介词短语加以修饰和限定。如果离开大量介词和介词短语，也就无法保证全面、严谨和准确无误。所以我们在翻译和理解商务合同时要特别注意介词的翻译和理解。
四、翻译实训
实训一、词汇英汉互译
1、支付条款
2、支付金额
3、支付工具
4、支付时间
5、支付地点
6、支付方式
7、优先购买权
8、违约金
9、赔偿损失
10、中止履行合同
11、cancellation of contract
12、mediation n.
13、conciliation n.
14、arbitration n.
15、arbitration provision
16、lawsuit n.
17、eventuality n.
18、waterproof a.
19、War Risk premium
20、Letter of Credit
21、Force Majeure
22、Claim n.
23、Submit sth.(to sb./sth)
24、Clause n.
25、Annex n.
实训二、句子英汉互译
1、由仲裁委员会做出仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方均有约束力。仲裁费用，除另有裁定，应由败诉方承担。
2、The under signed Sellers and Buyers have agree to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below
3、The Buyer should pay 100% of the sale amount to the Seller in advance by telegraphic transfer not later than Dec. 15th.
4、如果乙方因自身原因而未准时完工，乙方应付违约罚款，每天按总价的千分之一计算，即一千二百六十美元整。
实训三、
销售合同
本合同由来自XXX公司（以下称卖方）的XXX先生与来自XXX公司（以下称买方）于2000年XX月XX日共同签订。卖方愿意出售，买方愿意购买XXX产品（以下称为合同规定产品）。双方已在合同中约定了产品的质量、数量和规格。合同本着以下条款签订：
1．合同产品：
2．质量：
3．产地：
4．价格：
5．装运：
第一批货物应于收到信用证凭证30到45天内开始装运，所有的货物应在第一批货物装运之日起12个月内全部装运完毕。
6．宽限期
如果最后一批货物必须延期履行本合同的规定日期，买方在卖方提交证明后应给予30天的宽限期。
7．保险费用由买方承担。
8．包装
新牛皮纸袋公斤/袋或者木箱公斤/箱，免费包装。
9．付款方式
买方应在合同签订的5日内通过开证行开立以卖方为受益人的、百分百可保兑的、不可撤消的、可分割的、可议付的、允许分批装运的信用证。信用证不得为即期汇票，首次应提交下列文件：
（1）卖方的全套商业发票。
（2）全套清洁提单/装运单，空白背书。
（3）质量和重量检验证书。
10．装卸准备就绪通知书
买方应至少在船只到达装运港口7日前以传真的形式通知卖方货船到达港口的预定时间。
11.履约保证
（1）收到通知行发出的买方已开立不可撤消的信用证的通知后，卖方应交付信用证价值 %的履行合同保证金。
（2）在合同中的货物装运和送达完成后，履行合同保证金应全额返还给卖方。万一货物由于第12条款规定以外的原因没有送达，履行合同保证金将根据有利于买方的违约产品所占的比例而被没收。
（3）如果买方违反合同或者没有在条款9规定的时间（条款12规定的情况除外）开立以卖方为受益人的信用证，买方必须支付给卖方同等金额的履约保证金。
（4）信用证必须满足合同中所有的条款和规定。信用证的条款应清晰、公平和应支付给卖方。通知行在收到信用证后，应把履行合同保证金及时汇给开证行。
12．不可抗力
凡因不可抗力而造成货物不能及时送达或者违约的情况，买卖双方不负责任。不可抗力包括战争、封锁、敌对、暴动、罢工、停工、内乱暴乱、政府限制进出口骚乱、由于洪水或者其它超出人类所控制的自然因素造成的严重破坏等。万一送货或装运需要延期，买方或者卖方应该出据证明。
13．仲裁
凡在执行合同的过程中引起的争议和分歧应通过双方友好协商来解决。如果协商不成，应将争议提交仲裁。仲裁应在地方举行，XXX仲裁委员会应根据有关章程依法裁定。该仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方均有约束力。仲裁费用由败诉方承担。在仲裁的过程中，除仲裁的部分外，合同的其它条款应继续履行。
14．货币贬值
如果出现官方的美圆贬值，卖方保留按照贬值率，重新调整合同中产品价格的权利。15．合同有效期
如果买方没能够在7日之内开立以卖方为受益人的信用证，合同将自动无效。然而，买方仍然要根据11条款中的第2和第3项支付违约赔偿金。
本合同一式两份；双方当事人已详细阅读并同意遵守合同中规定的所有条款。合同在证人的公证下由双方共同签订。
卖方：
买方：
证人：
实训四、误译改错
1、因语言功底薄弱而引起的误译
All of the trade issues were not settled under the WTO framework.这句话很容易被理解成“所有的问题都没有在世贸组织框架下得到解决”（None of the trade issues were settled under the WTO framework.）。其实这是一个部分否定的结构，含义是“并非所有的问题都在世贸组织的框架下获得解决”。
In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories.
原译：在办公室里，各种数据、表格和信息被编制出来；它们告诉经理或主管人员他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
由于译者并未透彻理解原文中的定语从句所具有的目的状语的内涵，所以只能按照字面直接翻译。
改译：在办公室里，工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编，以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
虽然商务英语翻译不同于文艺作品的翻译，一般不讲求文采、韵味、修辞等，而要求把“准确严谨”的原则置于首位，但是，必要的、扎实的语言功底仍是不可或缺的。
2、因商务知识匮乏而造成的误译
International business as a field of management training deals with the special features of business activities that cross national boundaries.
原译：作为管理训练一个领域的国际商务具有跨国家边界商务活动的专门特征。
原译有几个典型的理解错误：1）management training为“管理培训”而非“管理训练”；2）deal with 这里意为“研究、讨论”，而非“具有”的意思；3）field，这里意为“主题、课题或专业”。
改译：作为管理培训的一个学科，国际商务研究／讨论跨国界商务活动的特征。
3、由商务语境失位所造成的误译
Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things wanted or needed, but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production，distribution, and sale of goods and service for a profit.
原译：传统上，商务仅指人们所需要的物品的交换或贸易。但是，今天商务有更为科学的定义，它是指为了利润而进行货物和劳务的生产、配送和销售的一种活动。
在商务语境下，原译文存在以下误译：
1）exchange or trade和wanted or needed均为近义词叠用，这是商务英语常见的一种措辞方式，比如profit or economic surplus就是指“利润”这一个概念，后者是对前者的解释说明。
这种情况在商务合同中更为常见，比如：be made and entered into（签订）、covenants and agreements（合同，协议）、null and void（无效）、packing and wrapping expenses（包装费）、rights and interests（权益）、settle claims and debts（清理债务）、ships and vessels （船只），等等。
2）exchange or trade for things wanted or needed译为“人们所需要的物品的交换或贸易”不合原意。
3）service在现代商务语境里面的范围不仅仅局限于劳务，系泛指一切赢利性的服务业务。而且就目前的语言现状来看，服务尚不宜被“生产、配送和销售”。
改译：传统意义上的商务是指为了获得人们所需要的物品而进行的交易活动。但是现在商务有了更为科学的定义：商务是为了获取利润而进行的商品的生产、配送和销售活动以及提供的服务业务。
商务英语Unit11参考答案
Unit 11 Change Part I Business Vocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence. 1 We have received the documents and taken _____D______ of the above order which arrived at Sydney on the . “Vanguard”. A shipment B consignment C lot D delivery 2 ______C_______ checking the goods we found that only 450 cases of Chinese Black Tea were shipped. A At B For C On D About 3 This is the third time during the year ______D_____ you have short-shipped one of our orders. A which B what C when D that 4 It was found ____A_____ the error was due to a slip-up in our supply department. A that B which C where D when 5 We greatly regret the inconvenience this has caused ______D_____ you. A for B at C on D to 6 We can _____B______ you that every effort will be made to ensure that similar errors do not occur again. A ensure B assure C sure D insure 7 We would refer _____C______ your consignment of raincoats under the above order, which arrived here this morning. A at B for C to D from 8 Upon examination, we found the goods are correct and _____B_____ good condition except Carton ., A at B in C on D under
bec中级第四辑真题详解test2
Test2 Part one 这篇文章讲的是外购（outsourcing）,分别有四位专家就这个问题给出了自己的看法。A段的专家强调建立合同的重要性，B段专家认为要派专人负责，C 段专家讲外派人员和本公司之间要有一个互动，D段专家讲如果与外包商（outsourcer）组成联合企业的话可能带来的一系列问题。如果对文章有个大概、基本的了解，很多题目不用细看就可以得出结论。 第一题的答案稍微有些隐晦，在B段的最后一句。“Because there is a new operation being carried out in a different way outside of the home business, this creates a training element.”因为新的操作是在本公司以外的地方以一种新的方式被执行，所以产生了培训成分。这里的training对应第一题的“teach skills to employees”。 第二题的答案在D段中间:companies should be careful not to lose sight of the original rationale for outsourcing.这里的rationale是基本原理、根本原因的意思。 第三题的答案在A段，非常明显的“establish contracts”。 第四段的答案是C段的最后一句话，outsourcing personnel have to talk to the home company's executives and users to understand their experiences.这里的talk to对应address，向....谈话。第四题的意思是“说明在远址工作的外购人员的事情”，也就是C段最后一句说的外购人员向公司汇报他们的经历。 第五段的答案在B段，相当明显：It is critical to have an individual in charge to check that the external and internal business operations work together。需要派专人负责integration。 第六题说“外派人员要熟悉自身工作的不同细节”，对应C段的“create a team where there is a clear unders tanding of objectives and incentives.”打造一个对目标和动机都有清晰理解的团队。 第七题稍微绕一点。题目里的“an alternative to outsourcing”指的是D 段里的“create a joint-venture company with the outsourcer”，建立一个联合企业。D段里的专家一直在强调联合企业的麻烦和复杂性（joint ventures bring potential troubles），所以是正确答案。 Part two 这篇文章的标题有些misleading，“The best people for the job”，还以为是招人 的标准。其实这篇文章是关于Human resource的，所以还是要适当关注文章前的说明：the article below about the changing role of human resources departments.
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欢迎各位员工及家人参与。 . , . 董事会将于月日星期五下午点在室召开会议。 . 我们的门诊政策有所变动，希望大家注意。 ’. 这个星期三的公司例会宣布成立公司研发部。 . 有关详情请联系张文，电话是。 . 借此机会感谢大家的配合。 . 我们非常希望你能参加我们的结婚典礼，希望能在月日那天见到你。 . . ’. 夫妇很荣幸能邀请您参加庆祝他们女儿大学毕业的花园聚会。 . 我们盛情邀请您和家人参加的周年舞会。 . 希望您能接受邀请，并在月日之前回复。 . . 晚宴开始前在室会有茶点，欢迎前往。 . 请于天内汇款以维持您的信用等级。 , , . 虽然公司已预订在星期六使用会所，但是我们仍能为您提供人的会议室。 . 您要求报销差旅费的请求已被批准，相信您一定很高兴得知这一消息。 . 凭借在饮食业的丰富经验，我们能为顾客提供最好的服务。 . 从您的来信得知，已发现五把椅子在装运过程中受到损坏。 . 我们希望本月底以前收到您应付的金额。 , . 我们希望你们能对货物满意，并期待收到你们更多的订单。 . 对于任何不便之处我们再次表示歉意。 . 如能尽早回复，不胜感激。 . 我们期待与你们的合作愉快而成功。 ’. 请注意公司周年舞会的日期变动。
下面我将罗列有关结果。 . 以下政策立即生效。 . 请于星期五告知你假期里的联系电话。 . 与的合作将对公司未来发展有帮助。 ’. 这份备忘录将展示与上海总公司会议的结果。 , . 我代表公司所有职员衷心祝贺你被委任为诺丁汉办公署的总经理。 . 祝你前程锦绣。 , , . 这是一个了不起的成就，我相信你的家人朋友还有你自己一定会引以为豪。 . 我们知道你为此付出了很多努力，你得奖是实至名归的。 . 祝你和你的事业继续走向辉煌。 . 这是董事会年五月份会议有关决策的报告。 . 目前调查的主要结果可总结为以下几点。 ’, . 这个建议是在我前三年研究的基础上提出的，我相信会行得通。 . 还有些其他方法可以降价。 , , ’. 目前我正在进行该项目的调查工作，已取得了下列成绩。 . 调查表明这类产品的市场正处于成长期。 “”. 我们希望能紧扣贵公司在广交会上展出的“象牙牌”照相机。 . 请告知您能给我们什么样的优惠。 , , . 我们公司希望能进口摩托车，如果贵公司能给我们寄上你们公司最新的产品目录、价格单和出后条款，我们将不胜感激。 . 我们有意采用贵公司现有的部分产品用于家具生产。 . 在此先感谢您对我们提供的帮助。 .
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18英语专升本夜大商务英语A卷参考答案 I. Give the full name of the following (5*1’=5’) 1.ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations 2.GDP Gross Domestic Product 3.ADB Asian Development Bank 4.PBOC People’s Bank of China 5.AIM Alternatives Investment Market II. Fill in the blanks with the proper for ms of the words and expressions given (2’*15=30’) 1.The objective is not to provide a template for a business plan, but to give hints, based on the experience of those who have already done it, be they entrepreneurs or investors. 2.The higher the discount, the more _incentive buyers have to pay early. Sellers can thus adjust credit terms to influence when customers pay their bills. 3.The combination of urbanization, demand for new infrastructure, and the rapid expansion of its manufacturing platform, has had a profound impact on China’s consumption of industrial materials and its impact on global commodity markets. 4.London’s dramatic renaissance as perhaps the world’s leading financial center has been a well-documented phenomenon in recent years. 5.Protectionist policies do not work and the collateral damage from these policies is high. 6.During the 1980s, creating value through financial techniques (junk bonds, leveraged buyouts, financial asset repackaging) was tried. 7.The elevator pitch is a one-paragraph description of the business, presented as if you were in a elevator with an investor. 8.Once, one of the leading-edge high-technology firms in the world, Hewlett-packard began to lose some of its luster in the mid-1990s. 9.They like catchy titles, tend to read in diagonals, and have a short attention span. 10.Short-term expenditures are incurred regularly in a firm’s everyday business activities. 11.They would rather look at the coherence of figures and check that they are consistent with the strategy. 12.Determined never to be at the mercy of foreigners again, many Asian countries have since built up huge foreign-exchange reserves as a buffer against financial shocks. 13.Some CEOs have encouraged their organizations to take large short-term risks and then cashed out their options before the long-term problems appear. 14.They spell out previously unclear procedures for foreign purchases of Chinese companies. 15.There is a bias towards promoting those who toe the line which means the status quo becomes entrenched deeply in the business. 16.In fact, any given manager is likely to be engaged in each of these activities during the course of the day.
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商务英语答案
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III.Read the article and choose one best answer to each of the following multiple choice questions according to the article ( 40%): New Economy As America emerges from what may be the shortest economic slump in memory, there is increasing evidence that New Economy factors---- including high productivity rates, better inventory management, more flexible labor markets, and a greater share of jobs in the service sector ---- were in fact responsible for the brevity of the slowdown. As the remarkable US expansion of the 1990s appears to be continuing, the New Economy seems to have passed the first real test of its resiliency. And the structural changes being driven by the New Economy have not receded or been impeded by the changes of the last year; rather, they are as strong as ever. As these structural changes continue to sweep through our national economy, they are restructuring and reshaping the 50 state economies. In 1999, at the height of the New Economy euphoria, PPI released its first State New Economy Index, which included 17 indicators to measure the degree to which state economies were structured and operated according to the tenets of the New Economy. In 2002, after the New Economy has proved itself and is being viewed by most with a more careful and realistic eye, PPI’s 2002 State index uses 21 economic indicators to measure these differences and ass ess states’ progress as they adapt to the new economic order. With these indicators as a frame of reference, the report then outlines a state-level public policy framework aimed at boosting the incomes of all Americans. While in 1999 many thought that the New Economy changed everything (including the need for companies to make a profit), in 2001 many scoffed at it as simply a flash in the pan or, worse, a myth spun by an over-imaginative media. Many questioned if after the superb economic performance of the 1990s we were doomed to return to the dismal days of the later 1970s and 1980s. The reality is that the New Economy was neither an epochal and dizzying transformation nor a slogan generated by some dot-com companies looking to inflate their IPO prices. Rather it was and is the kind of profound transformation of all industries that happens perhaps twice ina century. Such a change is equivalent in scope and depth to the rise of the manufacturing economy in the 1890s and the emergence of the mass-production, corporate economy in the 1940s and 1950s. As we pass through one of those groundswells that regularly but infrequently reshape the economy (and society) from top to bottom, there will be occasional bumps along the way---- like the recent economic downturn---- but these are the negative phrases within what we can expect to be a much longer growth period.
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