How are English words formed

How are English words formed?

By using rules of word formation,such as derivation,conversion and compounding,the English people,with only twenty-six letters,have created so many new words as to more than one million.

There exist in every language rules which relate to the formation of new words,morphological rules,which determine how words are formed.Just as knowledge of a language implies knowledge of its phonology,so it implies knowledge of its certain aspects of morphology which have syntactic implications.Morphemes,free and bound morphemes,content and function morphemes,derivational and inflectional morphemes,roots,stems and affixes are all absolutely necessary notions and indispensable elements in English word-formation process.The reason why morphemes can be combined into words is that there exist,in English as well as in other languages,morphological rules,which determine how morphemes are combined to form new words.

In a word which is composed of more than one morpheme,there is one morpheme that is central and contains the principal lexical meaning and one or more others that are peripheral and are attached to the central morpheme. The central morpheme in a word is often a free morpheme and is called the root.The peripheral morphemes that are attached to the root are always bound morphemes and are called affixes.When a root morpheme is combined with an affix,it forms a stem,which may or may

not be a word(painter is both a word and a stem;-ceive+er is only a stem). There are three main types of word-formation,the first of which can be referred to as derivation / affixation (prefixation and suffixation).Prefixation is the way of putting a prefix in front of the base of a word,sometimes with,but more usually without,a change of word class(e.g.pre+determine---predetermine),while suffixation puts a suffix after the base of a word,sometimes without,but more usually with,a change of word class(e.g.friend+ship---friendship).Conversion is the second type of word-formation,which assigns the base of a word to a different word class with no change of form[e.g. (We’re going to0/ carpet (the room.)---verb from noun].Compounding,the third type of word-formation,involves the combination of more than one root to form a new word.It is something like adding one base to another,such that usually the one placed in front in some sense subcategorizes,the one that follows (e.g. audiobook,download,heavyweight,rainforest,spacewalker) 1.Derivation is the morphological process whereby a derivational morpheme is attached to a root or stem.This process is also known as affixation,by which new words are derived from old ones.The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word.Derivational morphemes have clear semantic contents.As we have seen,when a derivational morpheme is added to a root or stem,it adds meaning.The derived word may also be of a different grammatical class

from the original word.

In English derivational morphemes are mainly prefixes and suffixes.Affixes are referred to as prefixes when they are attached to the beginning of anther morpheme(like re- in words such as redo,rewrite,rethink) and as suffixes when they are attached to the end of another morpheme(like -ize in words such as modernize,equalize,centralize).

There is usually only one prefix in a word in English,and prefixes do not change the word class of the word to which they are attached,e.g.a+moral,re+print,auto+biography.However,recent changes take place that some prefixes in current English do alter words into different classes,e.g.anti- + aircraft → anti-aircraft, be- + little → belittle, en-+rich→enrich.

A very important characteristic of derivational suffixes is that they can often change the word class of the word to which they are attached,as shown by suffixes such as -able and -ly.When a verb is suffixed with -able,the result is adjective,as in desire+able=desirable and adore+able=adorable.When the suffix -en is added to an adjective,a verb is derived,as in dark+en=darken and ripe+en=ripen.

There are many types of prefixes and suffixes in English.Some of them are productive,others are not.Here are some groups of prefixed and suffixes that are used to create particular types of meaning.

Prefixes containing ideas to do with information technology or aspects of life,material types of meaning, e.g. audio-, bio- , cyber, e-,eco-, geo-, nano-,radio-,techno-,tele-,video-

Suffixes used in words to indicate that something is done in a particular way or with a particular thing,e.g. -fashion,-like,-ly,-shaped,-style,-wise 2.Lexical items in English are very often created not by affixation but by conversion or zero derivation,i.e. Without any affixes being attached to the root or stem.Conversion involves a change in the word class of a word.The word-form remains the same,but it realizes a different lexical item.For example,the lexical items bail,net,plan,skin,may be both nouns and verbs.Conversion in English is a fairly productive process.The widespread use of conversion shows the value of syntactic function in determining word-class membership in English.Very often it is by its function rather than by its morphological form that we tell the word-class to which a word belongs.

Types of conversion

1)Conversion to nouns

A)V erb to noun

B)Nouns from other sources

2)Conversion to verbs

A)Noun to verb

B)Adjective to verb

3)Conversion to adjectives

4)Change of secondary word class

A)Uncountable nouns are used countable nouns,or vice versa.

B)The conversion between intransitive verbs and transitive verbs

C)Nongradable adjectives can be converted to gradable ones

5)Other conversions

In english,there are some other conversions ,which do not frequently occur.For example:

Tom went home early.(noun to adverb)

I will take a through train.(preposition to adjective)

This dictionary is a must for the students of English.(auxiliary verb to noun)

3.While affixation involves the addition of a bound morpheme to a root morpheme,compounding is concerned with the combination of two or more words to form a new word---a compound word or a compound. Characteristics of compounds

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6018452424.html,pounds can be distinguished from grammatical structures

1)When the two words are in the same grammatical category,the compound will be in this category:

noun+noun:girlfriend,fighter-bomber,paperclip,landlord,mailman,search engine

adjective+adjective:bittersweet,icy-cold,red-hot,worldly-wise

2)In many cases,two words in a compound fall into different categories.In such cases,the class of the rightmost word will be the grammatical category of the compound.And that rightmost word in English is the head of the compound,which is usually the part of a word or phrase that determines its broad meaning and grammatical category.For example:

noun+adjective=adjective:headstrong,watertight,lifelong.

verb+noun=noun:pickpocket,pinchpenny,dare-devil,sawbones.

3)Compounds formed with a preposition are in the category of the non-prepositional part of the compound,such as overtake,hanger-on,undertake,sundown.

4)Compound words cannot be divided by inserting intervening material,unlike grammatical structure.

5)A member of the compound word cannot participate in a grammatical structure,e.g. A hard ball;a baseball(compound).We can say “It was a very hard ball”.But the sentence “It was a very baseball.” is not grammatically acceptable.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6018452424.html,pound words have their own ways of spelling and stress patterns

1)Compounds can be quite lengthy.Consider three-time loser,man about town,master of ceremonies,and daughter-in-law.Though two-word compounds---two nouns combined to create a meaning which differs from that of each are the most common in English,it would be difficult to

state an upper limit.

2)Spelling does not tell us what sequence of words constitutes a compound;whether a compound is spelled with a space between the two words,with a hyphen,or with no separation at all depends on the idiosyncrasies of the particular compound,as shown,for example,in blackbird,gold-tail and smoke screen.

3)Compounds often have different stress patterns from noncompounded word sequences.When wen pronounce a compound,the stress is usually put on the first word,which is different from the way a noun phrase is pronounced.In a noun phrase,the second word is often stressed.

3,The meaning of compound words cannot be taken for granted

1)Many compounds have obvious meanings.Y et,the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts:a greenhouse is not green;heavy metal that is heavy.

2)Some compounds reveal some meaning relations between the parts,but the meaning relations are not entirely consistent because many compounds in English are idiomatic.

3)Many compounds must be learned as if they were individual simple words because they do not seem to relate to the meanings of individual parts at all.

Classification of compounds

1.Noun compounds

The majority of English compounds are nouns.There are many productive patterns of noun compounds such as noun+noun (bathroom),adjective+noun(greenfly),Adverb+verb(newlywed),adjective +verb (highlight) and verb+noun (tell-tale).

2.Adjective compounds

Adjective compounds are also productive compounds.The term subprime has become all too familiar as a result of the current credit crisis (2007-2009 in US).which is attributed in part to the proliferation of subprime loans---loans made on unfavorable terms to borrowers unable to qualify for conventional loans.Of many patterns of adjective compounds,noun+v-ing (record-breaking),noun+adjective (thread-bare) and noun+verb-ed (custom-built) are very productive.

3.V erb compounds

Among the three major patterns of compounds,verb compounds are not so productive as noun compounds and adjective compounds.V erb compounds can be formed in two ways:by back-formation and by conversion (zero derivation) from noun compounds.

1)By back-formation

Back-formation is a “reversal”of derivation.For example,house-keep is formed by deleting -ing and -er from housekeeping and housekeeper.

2)By conversion

Nickname n. to nickname

Honeymoon n. to honeymoon

Moonlight n. to moonlight

4.Abbreviation is lexically viewed as one of the minor means in English word-formation.We can distinguish four highly productive ways in which abbreviation is involved,namely clipping,initialism,acronym and blending.Clipping is one way in which we change words by shortening a word and thereby create a new one,e.g. dormitory---dorm.Initialism and acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words that make up a new word.Initialism is a reduction process in which initialization in words employed,e.g. EU (European Union);NBA (National Basketball Association).With the increasing usage of English in various areas of human society the world over,more and more initialisms have been created and have come into the everyday life of English users.An acronym is a word composed of the initial letters of the words of a phrase and is pronounced as a word,e.g. ASEAN ['ɑ:si:?n] ---Association of Southeast Asian Nations.New acronym are freely produced,especially by scientists ,administrators,and particularly for names of organizations.Blends are formations in which a compound is made by blending one word with another,e.g. Motor+hotel---motel.The last part of abbreviation is concerned with network abbreviations,including special acronyms,phenetic spellings and some newly coined buzzwords of

IM-speak.Back-formation is one of the minor types for word-formation in English.Peddle was derived from peddler on the mistaken assumption that the er was the agentive suffix.Such words are called back-formations.Onomatopoeia is one of the minor devices used to form echo/echoic words related to the imitation of sounds made by human beings,animals and some other things,for example,bubble,squeal,thump.These words can also be called onomatopoetic words or imitative words.Reduplication is something like the fact that some compounds have two or more constituents that are either identical or only slightly different,e.g. Walkie-talkie,criss-cross.Most of the reduplicatives are informal or familiar,many of which are overlapped with onomatopoetic words,e.g. din-din (dinner),bow-wow (of dog)

(完整版)最新整理：人教版高中英语单词表

必修1 Unit 1 △ survey n.调查；测验 add up 合计 upset adj. 心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的 vt. （upset, upset）使不安；使心烦 ignore vt. 不理睬；忽视 calm vt. & vi.（使）平静；（使）镇定 adj. 平静的；镇静的；沉着的 calm（…）down （使）平静下来；（使）镇定下来have got to 不得不；必须 concern vt.（使）担忧；涉及；关系到 n.担心；关注；（利害）关系 be concerned about 关心；挂念 walk the dog 遛狗 loose adj .松的；松开的 △ vet n. 兽医 go through 经历；经受 △ Amsterdam n.阿姆斯特丹（何二首都） Netherla nds n.荷兰（西欧国家） △ Jewish 犹太人的；犹太族的 Germa n adj.德国的；德国人的；德语的 n .德国人；德语 △ Nazi n. 纳粹党人 adj.纳粹党的 set dow n 记下；放下；登记 series n. 连续；系列 a series of 一连串的；一系歹U; —套 △ Kitty n .基帝（女名） outdoors adv.在户外；在野外 spellb ind vt. (spellbo und, spellbo und) 迷住；迷惑 on purpose 故意 in order to 为了…… dusk n. 黄昏；傍晚 at dusk 在黄昏时刻 thu nder vi.打雷；雷鸣 n .雷；雷声 en tire adj. 整个的；完全的；全部的 vt.使定居；安排；解决 suffer vt. & vi.遭受；忍受；经历suffer from 遭受；患病 △ Ion eli ness n.孤单；寂寞 highway n. 公路；大路 recover vi. & vt.痊愈；恢复；重新获得 get/be tired of 对……厌烦 pack vi. & vt.捆扎；包装；打行李 n. 小包；包裹 pack (sth) up 将（东西）装箱打包suitcase n. 手提箱；衣箱 △ Margot n. 玛戈（女名） Overcoat n. 大衣；外套 tee nager n. 十几岁的青少年 get along with 与……相处；进展 △ gossip vi. &n.闲话；闲谈 fall in love 丿相爱；爱上 exactly adv. 确实如此；正是；确切地disagree vi. 不同意 grateful adj. 感激的；表示谢意的dislike n. & vt.不喜欢；厌恶 join in 参加；加入 tip n. 提示；技巧；尖；尖端；小费 vt. 倾斜；翻倒 power n. 能力；力量；权力 face to face 面对面地 curtai n n. 窗帘；门帘；幕布 dusty adj. 积满灰尘的 no longer/not …any Ion ger 不 再 part ner n. 伙伴；合作者；合伙人 settle vi. 安家；定居；停留 adv.完全地；全然地；整个地en tirely

2019人教版高中英语必修3电子课本 word版

普通高中课程标准实验教科书《英语》电子课本 Book 3 Unit 1 Festivals around the world B3U1P1-3 FESTIV ALS AND CELEBRATIONS Ancient Festivals Festivals and celebrations of all kinds are held everywhere. The most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of the cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. Other celebrations were held when hunters could catch animals. They would starve if food was difficult to find, so they celebrated when they had food. They lit fires and made music because they thought these festivals would bring a year of plenty. Festivals of the Dead Some festivals are held to honour the dead, or satisfy and please the ancestors, who could return either to help or to do harm. In Japan the festival is called Obon, when people should go to clean the graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. They light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth. In Mexico they have the Day of the Dead in early November. On this important feast day, people might eat food in shape of skulls, and cakes with “bones” on them. They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead. The festival of Halloween had its origin as an event in memory of the dead. It is now a children’s festival, when they can go to their neighbours’ homes and ask for sweets. They dress up and try to frighten people. If they are not given anything, the children might play a trick. Festivals to Honour People Festivals can be held as an honour to famous people or to the gods. One of these is the Dragon Boat Festival in China, which honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Yuan. Another is Columbus Day in the USA, in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America. In India there is a national festival on October 2 to honour Mahatma Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. Harvest Festivals Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy events. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter ,and because a season of agricultural work is over. In European countries it is the custom to decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and people get together to have meals. Some people might win awards for their animals, flowers, fruits and vegetables, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster. In China and Japan there are mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and give gift of mooncakes. Spring Festivals The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumplings, fish and meat, and may give children lucky money in the red paper. There are dragon dances and carnivals, and families celebrate the lunar New Year together. In some Western countries there are very exciting carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February. They might include parades, dancing in the streets day and night, loud music and colourful clothing of all kinds. Easter is an important religious and social festival in Christian countries. It celebrates the return of Jesus for Christians and it also celebrates the coming of spring. In Japan, the Cherry Blossom Festival happens a little later. The country is covered with cherry tree flowers so that it looks as though it might be covered with pink snow. People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun with each others. Festivals let us enjoy life, be proud of our customs and forget our daily life for a little while.

英文儿歌 顺口溜

动物儿歌 目的：能够说出常见小动物的英文名称；并用TPR肢体动作表演。适合年龄：托班、小班 动物儿歌（一） 动物园里真热闹， 老虎、狮子和大象， tiger、lion、elephant， 小兔rabbit蹦蹦跳， snake、wolf凶巴巴， 狐狸fox真狡猾。 动物儿歌（二） 小动物，真可爱 小兔rabbit蹦蹦跳 长翅膀,落枝头 pigeon、swan and owl 小燕子swallow 麻雀喳喳sparrow bird、bird飞呀飞 turtle、turtle慢吞吞 瞄、瞄是cat 小狗dog旺旺叫 duck走路摇一摇 小猴monkey真调皮 狐狸fox最狡猾 动物儿歌（三） 小猫cat 瞄瞄瞄，cat、cat是小猫 小狗dog旺旺叫，dog、dog是小狗 小鸭duck嘎嘎嘎，duck、duck是鸭子 小鸡chick叽叽叽，chick、chick是小鸡 公牛ox哞哞哞，ox、ox是公牛 小羊sheep咩咩咩，sheep、sheep是绵羊 动物儿歌之十二属相（四） 老鼠mouse吱吱叫 小牛ox尾巴摇 老虎tiger啊呜叫 兔子rabbit蹦蹦跳 大龙dragon天上飞 小蛇snake地上爬 木马horse跑的块 绵羊sheep爱吃草

猴子monkey想吃桃 公鸡cock起的早 小狗dog会看门 猪儿pig爱睡觉 动物儿歌（五） rabbit、rabbit 跳跳跳 bird、bird 天上飞 turtle、turtle 爬呀爬 fish、fish 水中游 动物儿歌（六） elephant、elephant大鼻子甩 turtle、turtle慢悠悠 goldfish、goldfish水中游 pig、pig拱拱拱 动物儿歌之十二属相（七） mouse 、mouse爱打洞 cow 、cow老黄牛 tiger 、tiger山中王 rabbit 、rabbit蹦蹦跳 dragon 、dragon天上龙 snake 、snake草中游 horse 、horse跑的快 sheep 、sheep是绵羊 monkey 、monkey尾巴长 cock 、cock晨起忙 pig 、pig拱拱拱 动物儿歌（八） bee、bee采花蜜 butterfly、butterfly穿花衣 mantis、mantis扛大刀 owl、owl圆眼睛 peacock、peacock爱开屏 woodpecker、woodpecker树医生 parrot、parrot学说话 动物儿歌（九） 小鸭duck左右摆 小鸡chick爱吃米 小鸟bird天上飞 蜜蜂bee采蜜忙

人教版高中英语词汇表带音标

A access/ ‘?kses/ n.接近；通道，入口accidental/ ?ksi’dentl/ a.偶然的；非本质的accommodate/ ?’k?m?deit/ vt.容纳；供应，供给accommodation/ ?,k?m?’dei??n/ n.招待设备；预定铺位accordance/ ?’k?r:d?ns/ n.一致；和谐；授予accordingly/ ?’k?r:di?li/ ad.因此，所以；照着account/ ?’kaunt/ n.记述；解释；帐目 address / ?’dres/ n.地址；演说；谈吐adequate/ ‘?dikwit/ a.足够的；可以胜任的advisable/ ?d’vaiz?bl/ n.明智的；可取的 age/ eid?/ vt.变老 alloy/‘?l?i, ?’l?i/ n.合金；(金属的)成色aluminium/ ?lju’minj?m/ n.铝 anchor/‘??k?/ n.锚vi.抛锚，停泊 anticipate/ ?n’tisipeit/ vt.预料，预期，期望apparatus/ ,?p?’reit?s/ n.器械，仪器；器官appetite/‘?pitait/ n.食欲，胃口；欲望appliance/ ?’plai?ns/ n.用具，器具，器械applicable/‘?plik?bl/ a.能应用的；适当的 article/‘a:tikl/ n.条款；物品

assemble/ ?’sembl/ vt.集合，召集；装配assembly/ ?’sembli/ n.集合；集会；装配assure/ ?’?u?/ vt.使确信；向…保证atom/ ‘?t?m/ n.原子；微粒；微量attribute/ ‘?tribju:t/ vt.把…归因于n.属性automobile/‘?:t?m?bi:l/ n.汽车，机动车auxiliary/ ?:g’zilj?ri/ a.辅助的；附属的 B bang/ b??/ n.巨响，枪声；猛击barrel/‘b?r?l/ n.桶；圆筒；枪管battery/‘b?t?ri/ n.电池；一套，一组bay/ bei/ n.湾；山脉中的凹处 beam/ bi:m/ n.梁；横梁；束，柱behalf/ bi’ha:f/ n.利益，维护，支持bind/ baind/ vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biscuit/ ‘biskit/ n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼blade/ bleid/ n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blend/ blend/ vt.&vi.&n.混和 bold/ b?uld/ a.大胆的；冒失的 bolt/ b?ult/ n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门bond/ b?nd/ n.联结，联系；公债

(完整版)高中英语必修三教材分析_英语_教材分析_人教版

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英语短篇幽默小故事 篇一：英语幽默小故事10篇. 英语幽默小故事10篇(带翻译)如下： Midway Tactics Three competing store owners rented adjoining shops in a mall. Observers waited for mayhem to ensue. The retailer on the right put up huge signs saying, "Gigantic Sale!" and "Super Bargains!"The store on the left raised bigger signs proclaiming, "Prices Slashed!" and "Fantastic Discounts!" The owner in the middle then prepared a large sign that simply stated, "ENTRANCE".中间战术 三个互相争生意的商店老板在一条商业街上租用了毗邻的店铺。旁观者等着瞧好戏。右边的零售商挂起了巨大的招牌，上书：“大减价!”“特便宜!” 左边的商店挂出了更大的招牌，声称：“大砍价!”“大折扣!” 中间的商人随后准备了一个大招牌，上面只简单地写着：“入口处”。 Very Pleased to Meet You During World War II, a lot of young women in Britain were in the army. Joan Phillips was one of them. She worked in a big camp, and of course met a lot of men, officers and soldiers.

(完整版)人教版高中英语必修3翻译答案

Unit 1 Festivals around the world 1. 那照片让她想起淹死在海里的爱人，她哭了。当她走出房间时，尽管已拭去了泪水，但仍掩盖不住脸上的悲伤。（remind…of; drown; weep; wipe; sadness） 2. 多年来，这位身居墨西哥的老人日夜梦想着回到自己的祖国。（Mexico; day and night） 3. 这位精力旺盛的诗人也没有能够找出这些词的起源。（energetic; poet; origin） 4. 我们又见面了，他为自己没有信守诺言而向我道歉，并希望我能原谅他。（keep one’s word; apologize; forgive） 5. 根据专家们的预测，他会荣获今年金鸡奖的最佳男演员奖。（prediction; award; rooster） 6. 很明显，他在尽力屏住呼吸。(obvious; hold one’s breath) 7. 如果你没有获得夜间泊车许可，就不能在此停车。（parking; permission） 8. 下周举行的大会是为了纪念他们的祖先100多年前来到这个村庄。（take place; in memory of; ancestor; arrival）Unit 2 Healthy eating 1. 这一饮食的缺点是包含了太多的脂肪和糖分，优点是有很多能提供能量的食品。（diet; strength; weakness） 2. 那个商店老板试图通过打折来赢回顾客。（win back; discount） 3. 如果你不为自己的错误道歉的话，他们是不会放过你的。（get away with） 4. 他已经负债很久了。对于他来说，如何谋生成了个大问题。（in debt; earn one’s living） 5. 就在我等朋友时，突然发现有个男人在离我不远处正瞪眼看着我。(spy; glare at) 6. 我不想对你说谎，但是我不得不告诉你他的智力有限。（lie; limited） 7. 专家说吃胡萝卜对眼睛很有好处。（benefit; carrot） 8. 我吃饺子时通常都会加点醋，因为醋有助于消化食物。（vinegar; digest） Unit 3 The Million Pound Bank Note 1. 事实上，当他进入办公室时是偶然被保安发现的。（spot; by accident） 2. 地面在摇晃着，人们尖叫起来，“地震了！”（scream） 3. 威廉向那位女士鞠了一躬，送给她一个盒子，里面是一枚漂亮的真钻石戒指。（bow; genuine） 4. 这些年，我有很多朋友都来到这座大城市追求幸福和成功。至于我，则想碰碰运气，在家乡开个公司。（seek one’s fortune; as for; take a chance） 5. 他把大量的时间和金钱花在世界各地的旅游上，因为他酷爱冒险。（amount; adventure） 6. 小女孩盯着桌上的菠萝甜点，她很想吃。（stare; pineapple; dessert） Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars 1. 既然我们已经完成了设计，就该由公司来精心建设了。（now that; in one’s turn） 2. 火灾没有造成太大损失，因为消防人员及时赶到了。（in time） 3. 由于强大的引力，飞船被拖得离卫星很近。（gravity; pull; satellite; spaceship） 4. 沙尘暴导致了连锁反应，最后造成火车撞毁。（chain; reaction; crash） 5. 老师幽默的谈话让我们很振奋，班里的气氛也放松下来了。（atmosphere; cheer up） 6. 别打扰她。她昨晚刚生了一个男孩，现在还在睡觉。（give birth to） 7. 大部分证据都被毁了。因此，不可能证明这种药物是有害的。（harmful; thus） 8. 云就是漂浮在空中的大片的非常细小的水滴。（float; mass） Unit 5 Canada---“The True North” 1. 小时候，在黑暗中睡觉让我们感到很害怕。（terrify） 2. 按照传统，鹰常常被人们当作勇气的标志。（tradition; eagle） 3. 市区的交通总是很糟糕，我每天大概要花一个小时才能回到家。（approximately; downtown） 4. 这座城市里宽敞的马路上都种满了灌木和枫树。（broad; bush; maple） 5. 她的衣着和行为证实了我的猜想---她确实很富有。（confirm; wealthy） 6. 站在塔顶上，我发现自己被云雾包围着。然而我仍能看到远处的山。那迷人的景色给我留下了深刻的印象。（surround; in the distance; scenery; impress）