南京师范大学美国文学史考研复习笔记(一)

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美国文学史笔记（一）

美国文学史复习1（colonialism)

第一部分殖民主义时期的文学

一、时期综述

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives日记b、journals游记

2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：

1）their voyage to the new land

2)Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops

3)About dealing with Indians

4)Guide to the new land,endless bounty,invitation to bold spirit

3、清教徒的思想：

1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices净化信仰和行为方式

2)Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位

3）look upon themselves as chosen people,and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝

4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton&Roger William

他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy;William begins the history of religious toleration in America.

5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions.Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others.He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。

6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet

7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.

学习指南：

1、Could you give a description of American Puritans?关于美国清教徒的描绘

Like their brothers back in England,were idealists,believing that the church should be restored to the"purity"of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance.They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God.They accepted the doctrine of predestination,original sin and total depravity,and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God,all that John Calvin,the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached.It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness.There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.

2、Hard work,thrift,piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.

3、The work of two writers,Anne Bradstreet&Edward Taylor,rose to the level of real poetry.

4、The earliest settlers included Dutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards Italian,and Portuguese.

美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution)

(2009-01-1715:54:25)

一、美国的性质：

The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic -the United States of America.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。

二、代表作家：

1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790

1）"Poor Richard's Almanac"穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs流行谚语集

It soon became the most popular book of its kind,largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation

2)Founded the Junto,a club for informal discussion of scientific,economic and political ideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题

3）established America's first circulating library,founded the college--University of Pennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。4）first applied the terms"positive"and"negative"to electrical charges.

5)As a representative of the Colonies,he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England.He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。

6）As an author he had power of expression,simplicity,a subtle humor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、

7）The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

2、Thomas Paine托马斯·佩因1737-1809"Great Common of Mankind"最平凡的人

1）famous pamphlet"Common Sense"著名的政治小册子《常识》it boldly advocated a"Declaration for Independence",and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis.拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。

2）"American Crisis"《美国危机》，signed"Common Sense"(p31,第一段）

The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Cri sis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代

3、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊

1）drafted the Declaration of Independence.起草了独立宣言

2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

4、Philip Freneau菲利普·费瑞诺poet and political journalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.

2)has been called the"Father of American Poetry"美国诗歌之父

The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地

学习指南：

1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing.Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.

2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.

美国文学史复习3（Romanicism)

(2009-01-1718:58:09)

一、文学特征：

1、Environment:

1)shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境

2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮

2、美国文学特点：

pluralistic多元化manifestations varied表现形式多样Individualistic个人主

义conflicting矛盾

3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics,moral enthusiam,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception,and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

4、Transcendentalism超验主义

1）as a moral philosophy,transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason,individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。

3）they believe in the transcendence of"over soul",an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。

4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”The natural implication of all this was,of course,that things in nature tended to become symbolic,and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.

5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，beheld divinity in the“unspotted innocence”of nature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”

5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels,short stories,and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。

6、Imaginative literature想象类文学

7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。

8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。

9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language.In1828Noah Webster published“An American Dictionary of the English Language”.American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。

10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a“flowering of New England.”Led by Hawthorne, Emerson,and Thoreau.New England→Transcendentalism,从新英格兰文学到超验主义。

二、代表作家：

1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution

①the first great prose stylist of American romanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家

②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》,the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。

③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。

④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》

A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；

The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉

2、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀

①contribution:launched two kinds of immensely popular stories→the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga

开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。

②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》,regard as“the nearest approach yet to an American epic.”被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。

③the central figure in the novels,Natty Bumppo.小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波

Judge Temple:man remain savage without law and order

The Spy间谍The Pilot领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿

3、William Cullen Bryant威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet诗人

①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age,so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。

②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。

③“To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language.用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。

4、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.阿伦.坡

①show his true talents as an editor,poet,literary critic.编辑、诗人、文学评论家。

②Graham’s Magazine格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）

③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,

“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories.第一部短篇小说集。

④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。

5、Ralph Waldo Emersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生

①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

2018南京师范大学文学院中国古代文学考研经验

2018南京师范大学文学院中国古代文学考研经验【写在前面的话】 考研是一场修行。从备考到最终录取这将近一年的时间，不仅是知识上的提升，更多的是一种心灵上的成长。这个漫长的过程中你经历的开心或者痛苦等种种情绪都是对你的磨练，可能这个过程会从最开始的信心满满到受挫后的怀疑自己，一蹶不振，再到考前的焦虑情绪。但当你结束之后，站在风平浪静回望当时的兵荒马乱，你会发现自己终于走过来了。那是一种由衷的喜悦。 经过将近一年的努力，终于在这个良辰美景奈何天的春日，我以初试第二，复试第二的成绩被南师大中国古代文学专业录取。虽然我本科就是南师大的，但能够在母校再学习三年依然让我感到很开心~所以在这里把这一年的经验分享给大家，希望或多或少对大家有所帮助吧。 【考研科普】 1.考研概念。是指研究生招生的统考，与“保研”相区别。那么在这里我想提醒大家的是，如果你有一丝保研的希望，哪怕很渺茫，也千万不要放弃。不同的学校保研政策不同，就南师大的保研政策来说，完全有可能在保研考试时候争取到保研资格。如果说保研是百米冲刺，那么考研就是马拉松，战线拉得很长，如果没有足够的耐力，这个过程会很痛苦，而且保研是一定会有学上的，而考研很有可能会在一番努力之后没有结果。 2.考研时间。考研的时间一般是在12月或者1月吧，我们18届是在2017 年12月23日和24日，反正差不多是在这个时候。成绩一般是在2月份出，大部分学校3月底复试，南师是在3月底，34所自主划线学校可能稍早一点。 3.报考学校。考研只可以报考一个学校的一个专业，如果没能进入目标院校复试，可以之后考虑调剂。虽然调剂有捡漏的情况，但大多数还是调不到好学校的，所以为了能进入最心仪学校的复试，选学校很重要。这里要关注的有两点，一个是招生简章，一个是报录比。招生简章主要了解目标院校的招生专业、考试科目以及参考书，报录比是指报考人数和录取人数的比例，比如南师大古代文学18年招34个，其中保研有15个，所以统考有19个名额，而报考这个专业的有560多，报录比算下来将近30:1。在这里特别提醒报考人数一定要确定是除去推免之外还剩的统招名额。所以大家可以参考招生简章以及往年的报录比，还有历年分数线，来确定自己的目标院校。 4.考试科目。统考科目分为政治（3小时，100分），英语（3小时，100分）；专业课一（3小时，150分，需要考数学的这一科为高数），专业课二（3小时，150分）。

美国文学史总结

ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

美国文学史总结

Part I The Literature of Co Ion ial Amer ica （殖民地时期的文学） Chap ter 1 John Smith约翰.史密斯 1. A True Relatio n of Such Occurre nces and Accide nts of Note as Hath Happe ned in Virgi nia Si nee the First Pla nting of That Colo ny 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608） 2. A Map of Virgi nia with a Description of the Cou ntry 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡 村的描述》（1612） 3. The Gen eral History of Virgi nia. New En gla nd, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚 通史》（1624） Chapter 2 William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德） Of Plymouth Pla ntatio n 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826） Joh n Win throp （约翰.温思罗普） The History of New En gla nd from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3 Joh n Cotton （约翰.科登） Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯） A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地 区土着居民语言指南》 Chapter 4 Anne Bradstreet （安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家） The Te nth Muse Lately Spru ng Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家） Psalms《诗篇》 Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution （理性和革命时期文学） Chapter 5 Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林） 1. Poor Richard ' s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版） 2. The Declarati on of In depe ndence 《独立宣言》（Fran klin & Jeffers on 杰弗逊） 3. The Autobiography 《自传》 4. Collect Works 《作品选集》 Chapter 6 Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因） 1. The Caseof the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet） 2. Com mon Se nse《常识》（1776） 3. The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “ Com mon Sens” ） 4. Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791 年，II 1792 年） 5. The Age of Reas on 《理性时代》 6. Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要着作）Chapter 7

美国文学史及选读复习重点

Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The

美国文学史笔记

文学史笔记： 一、Early American and colonial period (1607-1765) (religious conflicts Catholism vs.Puritanism) 1.Puritanism: 1.) Simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. 2.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .To some extent it is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 3.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The main features of this period 1).American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.

美国文学史期末总结

美国文学史美国文学

全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .

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