汽车防抱死制动系统ABS中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文

汽车防抱死制动系统(ABS)

摘要:本文简要介绍了汽车防抱死制动系统（Ant-lock Braking System，简称ABS)的控制原理，对目前汽车防抱死制动系统所采用的控制技术进行了综述，并对其发展趋势了进行了预测。关键词:防抱死制动系统；滑移率；控制技术。

1.前言

随着汽车工业的迅猛发展和高速公路的不断修建，汽车的行驶安全性越来越为人们重视。为了全面满足制动过程中汽车对制动的要求，使制动器制动力分配更趋合理。汽车防抱死制动.系统(简称ABS)已越来越多地应用在汽车上。

“ABS”也叫“防抱死制动系统”.它是一种具有防滑、防锁死等优点的汽车安全控制系统。ABS是常规刹车装置基础上的改进型技术，可分机械式和电子式两种。

现代汽车上大量安装防抱死制动系统，ABS既有普通制动系统的制动功能，又能防止车轮锁死，使汽车在制动状态下仍能转向，保证汽车的制动方向稳定性，防止产生侧滑和跑偏，是目前汽车上最先进、制动效果最佳的制动装置。

普通制动系统在湿滑路面上制动，或在紧急制动的时候，车轮容易因制动力超过轮胎与地面的摩擦力而安全抱死。

汽车防抱死制动系统是指汽车在制动过程中能实时判定车轮的滑动率，自动调节作用在车轮上的制动力矩，防止车轮抱死。从而获得最佳制动效能的电子装置。它能把车轮的滑动率控制在一定的范围之内，充分地利用轮胎与路面之间的附着力，有效地缩短制动距离，显著地提高车辆制动时的可操纵性和稳定性，从而避免了车轮抱死时易出现的各种交通事故。

随着制动强度的增加，车轮滚动成分越来越少，而滑动成分越来越多，一般用滑动率s来说明制动过程中滑动成分的多少。滑动率越大，滑动成分越少。

其中:u—车轮中心的速度;

r—没有地面制动力时的车轮滚动半径;

一车轮的角速度。

纵向和侧向附着系数可表达为车轮滑动率的函数(如图1)的滑动率称为临界稳定点SK。根据控制理论把滑动率小于SK。最人纵向附着系数所对应的区域称为稳定制动区，SK以后的为非稳定制动区。ABS正是利用道路与轮胎之间的关系，强制性地把车轮滑动率控制在临界稳定点SK附近，使路面附着性能得到最充分的发挥，从而达到最佳的制动效果。

目前所采用的ABS主要由轮速传感器，电子控制单元，压力控制阀和线.束、管路等附件组成。ABS的开发主要是研究设计优化运算和控制程序软件，实现实时精确制动调节的技术，同时提高硬件的水平。

2.目前ABS所采用的控制技术

ABS的控制效果很大程度上取决于系统所采用的控制技术[4]。目前所采用的主要是逻辑门限值控制技术。为进一步提高ABS的性能，还提出了一些基于滑动率的控制技术，如PID控制，滑动模态变结构控制，模糊控制等。每种控制均以不同的控制规律逼近期望的点。

2.1 PID控制

定义期望滑动率S0与实际滑动率S之差为控制误差e=S-S0，则PID的控制规律可表示为:

因此，ABS控制器的设计最后就归结为，根据ABS动态系统，确定出一组最佳的参数Kp ,和Kd，使车轮的滑动率以最快的方式逼近设定目标S。

2.2滑动模态变结构控制

由汽车防抱死制动的基本原理可知，其制动过程的本质问题是把车轮的滑动

，则滑动模态变结构根据系统当时的状态、偏差及率控制在附着系数的峰值点S

k

其导数值，在不同的控制区域，以理想开关的方式切换控制量的大小和符号，以保证系统在滑动区域很小的范围内，状态轨迹(S，)沿滑动换节曲线滑向控制目标(Sk，0)。通常取制动力矩为控制变量U，切换条件为:

其中、分别代表由调节系统所决定的制动力矩减少、增加两种不同的状态。

为切换函数，e=S-Sk为实际滑动率相对目标点的偏差。

2.3模糊控制

对于以滑动率为控制对象的防抱死制动系统，其输入量取期望滑动率一与车轮实际滑动率的偏差E以及偏差的变化率EC.输出量为制动管路油压。采用带修正因子的模糊控制器，把用模糊推理算法形成的控制表概括为一个解析式:

其中为修正因子，值的人小直接反映了对偏差及偏差变化率的加权程度。通过调整修正因子，就可以改变控制规则。当较人时，表明对偏差的加权大，阶跃响应快，控制能量主要用于减少偏差，但易出现超调;当较小时，控制目的是减少超调，但响应过程较慢。通常采用带两个值的修正因子表达式就可满足性能要求，即:

其中，修正因子a

l 、a

2

(0,1)且a1

选择控制规则表达式。

2.4逻辑门限值控制

此方法预先对若干个控制参数设定一些控制极限(门限)值，制动时，根据计算的实时参数值与对应门限值的大小关系，来判定车轮的运动状态，从而控制调节制动压力，以获取足够大的制动强度和良好的方向稳定性。常作为ABS控制参数的有:车轮滑移率S,车轮转动的角加(减)速度田及其变化率.田等三种描述车轮运动情况或动力学状态的参数。由于仅用一个控制参数难于保证ABS在各种行驶条件下都具有良好的性能，因此，目前逻辑门限值控制方法通常将车轮转动的角加(减)速度作为主要控制参数，而将车轮的滑动率S作为辅助控制参数。其中滑动率是从各轮速信号按一定逻辑确定汽车的参考速度后，计算出的参考滑动率，与实际滑动率存在着差异。

2.5双参数控制

双参数控制的ABS，由车速传感器(测速雷达)、轮速传感器、控制装置(电脑)和执行机构组成。其工作原理是车速传感.器和轮速传感器，分别将车速和

轮速信号输入电脑，由电脑计算出实际滑移率，并与理想滑移率15%―20%作比较，再通过电磁阀增减制动器的制动力。

这种曳速传感器常用多普勒测速雷达。当汽车行驶时，多普勒雷达天线以一定频率不断向地面发射电磁波，同时又接收反射回来的电磁波，测量汽车雷达发射与接收的差值，便可以准确计算出汽车车速。而轮速传感器装在变速器外壳，由变速器输出轴驱动，脉冲电机整制动力，所产生的频率.与轮速成正比。执行机构由电磁阀及继电器等组成。它是一个电磁阀调，以便保持理想的滑移率。这种ABS可保证滑移率的理想控制，防抱制动性能好，但由于增加了一个测速雷达，因此结构较复杂，成本也较高。

2.6单参数控制

它以控制车轮的角减速度为对象，控制车轮的制动力，实现防抱死制动，其结构主要由轮速传感器、控制器(电脑)及电磁阀组成。为了准确无误地测量轮速，传感头与车轮齿圈间应留有1mm间隙。为避免水、泥、灰尘对传感器的影响，安装前应将传感器加注黄油。电磁阀用于车轮制动器的压力调节。对于四通道制动系统，一个车轮圈有一个电磁阀;三通道制动系统，每个前轮拥有一个，两个后轮共用一个。电磁阀有三个液压孔，分别与制动主缸与车轮制动分缸相连，并能实现压力升高、压力保持、压力降低的调压功能。工作原理如下:

（1)升压在电磁阀不工作时，制动主缸接口和各制动分缸接口直通。由于主弹簧强度作用，使进油阀开启，制动器压力增加。

（2)压力保持当车轮的制动分缸中的压力增长到一定值时，进油阀切断关闭。支架就保持在中间状态，三个孔间相互密封，保持制动压力。

（3)降压当电磁阀工作时，支架克服两个弹簧的弹力，打开卸载阀使制动分缸压力降低。压力一旦降低，电磁阀就转换到压力保持状态，或升压的准备状态。

控制装置ECU的主要任务是把各车轮的传感器传回来的信号进行计算、分析、放人和判别，再由输出级将指令信号输出到电磁阀，去执行制动压力调节任务。电子控制装置，由四大部分组成，输入级A、控制器B、输出级C，稳压与保护装置D。电子控制器以4-lOHz的频率驱动电磁阀，这是驾驶员无法做到的。这种单参数控制方式的ABS，由于结构简单、成本低，故目前使用较广。

在美国克莱斯勒型高级轿车中大多配备了这种单参数控制方式的ABS。它在

轿车的四个轮上都装有轮速传感器。在车轮轴上安装有45齿或100齿的齿圈，轮速传感器的传感头装在齿圈的顶上。当车轮转动时，使传感器不断产生电压信号，并输入电脑，与ECU中理想速度比较，算出车轮的增速或减速，向电磁阀发出升压或卸压的指令，以控制制动分缸制动力。

3.ABS使用中注意的问题

(1)更换制动器或更换液压制动系部件后，应排净制动管路中的空气，以免影响制动系统的正常工作。

(2)装有ABS的汽车，每年应更换一次制动液。否则，制动液吸湿性很强，含水后不仅会降低沸点，产生腐蚀，而且还会造成制动效能衰退。

(3)检查ABS防抱死制动系统前应先拔去电源。

4.发展趋势

采用逻辑门限值控制算法，可避免一系列繁杂的理论分析和对一些不确定因素的定量计量。简化了控制器的设计，而且因仅需测定车轮的角速度，便于实现，所以装车成本低。该算法现己趋近成熟，为当前汽车ABS系统所普遍采用，但它并非最佳的控制算法。由于不同路况下各种门限值及保压时间都是经过反复试验得出的经验数值，没有十分明确的理论依据，故ABS开发的周期长，且控制品质难以保证。

基于滑动率的控制算法容易实现连续控制，且有十分明确的理论加以指导，但目前制约其发展的瓶颈主要是实现的成本问题，根据我们的研究认为，今后ABS控制算法的发展方向将在以下凡方面。

(1)针对当前广泛采用的逻辑门限值控制算法所存在的缺点，研究能跟踪路面特性变化，使ABS各项性能指标始终处于最佳状态的控制算法。其中预测控制技术值得重视。由于在制动过程中，轮胎与路面间的摩擦特性导致防抱死制动系统具有非常明显的非线性、时变性和不确定性。因而难于建立其精确的数学模型，而预测控制具有预测模型、滚动优化和反馈校正的基本特性，可根据某一优化指标设计控制系统，确定一个控制量的时间序列，使未来一段时间内被调量与经过柔化后的期望轨迹之间的误差为最小。由于该算法采用的是不断在线滚动优化，且在优化过程中不断通过实测系统输出与预测模型输出的误差来进行反馈校正，所以能在一定程度上克服由于预测模型误差和某些不确定性干扰等的影响，使系

统的鲁棒性得到增强。

(2)随着体积更小，价格更便宜，可靠性更高的车速传感器的出现，ABS系统中增加车速传感器成为可能，确定车轮滑动率将变得准确而快速。其中非接触式的车速传感器(如光电式、多谱勒仪等)今后最有可能应用于汽车ABS系统中。此时基于滑动率的控制算法就可被重视。其中模糊控制将以其不依赖对象的数学模型，便于利用人的经验知识，鲁棒性好，简单实用等特点而会被广泛采用。

(3)由单一的ABS控制目标转向多目标的综合控制[10]，其中已出现的牵引力控制系统(TCS)不仅能够在制动过程中防止车轮发生抱死，而且能够在驱动过程中(特别是在起步、加速、转弯等过程中)防止驱动轮发生滑转，使汽车在驱动过程中的方向稳定性、转句操纵能力和加速性能等也都得到提高。未来汽车电子控制系统将朝着从多电子控制单元(ECU)的分散的独立控制向单一ECU的整车控制，以网络的方式实现数据共享和综合控制的方向发展;或者向动态递阶控制方向发展，即各分散控制系统的FCU不仅是各自独立地构造自己的动态补偿器，而且要再统一地建立一个高层的动态协调器来帮助确定各ECU的控制策略，以增强各ECU的控制能力，解决分散控制系统存在不稳定模时不能用动态分散控制镇定的问题[11]，使整车综合性能得到保证。

5.总结

汽车防抱死制动系统(ABS)能提高汽车在低附着系数或变附着系数路面条件下的制动性能。目前ABS的控制技术主要采用逻辑门限值控制方法，但随着车速传感器技术的发展，基于车轮滑动率的各种控制算法将被广泛的重视和采用。另外。未来汽车电子控制技术与装置将以网络的方式实现资源共享和综合控制，并朝着多目标综合控制，以提高系统性能成本比的方向发展。

附录

Automobile anti-lock braking system (ABS) Abstract: This article describes briefly the principle of automotive anti-lock braking system (Ant-lock Braking System, is called ABS ) the control principle，the control technology which used in the present automobile anti-lock braking system has parried on the summary, and has carried on the forecast to its trend of development。

Keyword: Automobile anti-lock braking system control technology

1 .INTRODUCTION

Along with automobile industry’s rapid development and highway’s unceasing construction, automobile’s travel security more and more tales seriously for the people, To satisfy in comprehensively the bake process the automobile to the brake request, causes the brake braking force assignment to hasten reasonably.The automobile anti-lock braking system(i. e.ABS)more and more has applied on the automobile，

"ABS’’ also be called“against deadlocks the brake system’’，It is one kind has the skid prevention, against to deadlock and so on merit auto safety control systems.ABS is in the convention brake system foundation advanced version technology, separable mechanical and electronic formula two kinds.

on the modern automobile installs the anti-lock braking system massively, ABS both has the ordinary braking system's brake function, and could prevent the wheel to deadlock, enables the automobile still to change under the stopping, guaranteed that automobile’s brake yawing stability, prevented to have the side-slipping and to run, was on the present automobile is most advanced，the brake effect best arresting gear.

The ordinary braking system applies the brake in the slippery road surface，or in emergency brake，because the wheel is easy the braking force to surpass the tire and the ground friction force hugs safely dies.

The automobile anti-lock braking system is refers to the automobile in the brake

process to be able the real-time determination wheel's glide rate, the automatic control function on wheel's braking moment, prevents the wheel to hug dies。Thus obtains the best brake potency the electronic installation. It can wheel's glide rage control in certain scope, use fully between the tire and the road surface adhesion，reduces the stopping distance effectively, obviously enhances when the car braking controllability and stability, when each kind of traffic accident which has avoided the wheel hugs dies easy to appear. along with brake intensity’s increase, the wheel rolling ingredient are getting fewer and fewer, but skids the ingredient to be getting more and more，generally explains in the brake process with glide rate S to skid ingredient how many. The glide rats is bicker. the glide ingredient are less.

And: u--wheel center speed; r--does not have time the ground braking force wheel rolling radius; W--wheel's angular speed.

Longitudinal and the lateral adhesion coefficient may express for the wheel slip rate function (e.g,Figure1).The most greatly longitudinal coefficient of adhesion corresponds the glide rate is called critical point of fixity S K. Grips fast the pace according to the control theory is smaller than the SK region is called the stable brake area, what SK later has custom一made unstable moves the area. ABS is precisely uses between the path and tire’s relations, compulsory wheel slip rate control nearby critical point of fixity SIB, enables the road surface adhesion property to obtain the fullest display, thus achieves the best brake effect.

At present uses ABS mainly by a round fast sensor, the electronic control unit，appendices ,and so on pressure control valve and group of lines，pipeline is composed. The ABS development is mainly studies the design optimization operation and the control procedure software, realize, the real-time precise brake adjustment technology, simultaneously raises hardware’s level.

2. Control technology used by ABS now

The ABS control effect is decided control technology [4] which to a great extent uses in the system. At present uses is mainly the logical threshold value control

technology. To further enhance ABS the performance，but also proposed some based on the glide rate control like the PID control, the glide modality change the structure controls，fuzzy control and so on. Each kind of control approaches the expectation by the different control rule the spot.

2.1 PID controls

The definition expects glide rate S0 and difference of the actual glide rate S for ping error e=S-S0，then the PID control rule may be represented as:

Therefore, the ABS controller's design sums up finally as, according to the ABS dynamic system, determined group of best parameter Kp，Ki and Kd，enable wheel's glide rats to approach hypothesis goal S0 by the quickest way.

2.2 The glide modality changes the structure control

Against holds the dead brake by the automobile the basic principle to be possible to know, its brak e process’s essential question is wheel's glide rate control in coefficient of adhesion peak point Sk, then the glide modality clanged structure basis system condition, the deviation and the derivative Value then, in the different controlled area, by perfect switch's way hand-off control quantity's size arid the mark，the guarantee system in the glide region very small scope, the state point locus(S，xS)along moved the festival curve to slide slippery to the control objective(Sk,0)usually takes the braking moment for controlled variable U, the cut condition is:

And , represent the braking moment which decided by the governing system to reduce, to increase two different conditions separately.

For the cut fraction,=S-Sk is the actual glide rate relative target point deviation.

2.3 Fuzzy control

Regarding take the glide rate as controlled member’s anti-lock

braking system, its input value takes the expectation glide rake and wheel actual glide rate deviation E as well as deviation's rake of change EC，the output for the brake line flowing tubing head pressure. Uses

the be1t modification factor the fuzzy controller, uses the control list summary which the fuzzy reasoning algorithm forms is an analysis formula:

And Alpha is the modification factor, Alpha the value size hay reflected directly t} the deviation and the deviation rake of change weighting degree. Through the adjustment modification factor Alpha, may change the control rule. When Alp ha is big, indicated that is big to deviation's weighting，the step response is quick, the control energy mainly uses in reducing the deviation，but easy to preset the over modulation; When Alpha is small, the control goal reduces the over modulation，but the response process is slow. Usually uses the belt two Alpha values the modification factor expressions to be able to request on the satisftability, namely:

And, modification factor ，(0,1)，and .

2.4 Logical threshold value control

This method establishes some control limit in advance to certain controlled variable(threshold) the value，v}hen applies the brake，according to the computation real-time parameter value and the corresponding thresho1d value’s size relations，determines wheel’s state of motion, thus the control adjustment brake pressure, gains enough big brake intensity and the good yawing stability often includes as the ABS controlled variable: Wheel skidding rate S，the wheel rotates the angle adds( reduces)the speed the speed Omega and of change. and so on three kind of description wheel movement situation or dynamics condition parameter. because only uses a controlled variable difficulty with to guarantee that ABS has the good performance under each kind of travel condition，therefore，the logical threshold value control method usually

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参

企业物流外包外文翻译文献

企业物流外包外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 物流外包——确保一个组织竞争优势的一种手段 摘要 物流方式表明将交付供应链中的独立单位整合成一个统一的系统的目标，完成结果所需的时间和资源的损失降到最小的材料和信息流动的直接管理。 一个最新方法的实施为公司的物流管理提供更多的成效，这个方法就是外包。物流外包带来诸多好处，如：减少库存、减少订单的交货时间、提高运输质

量、扩大生产的灵活性、降低生产成本和加速资金周转等。这保证了较低的生产成本和更好的质量交付，这是一个决定性的竞争优势。物流外包的应用有利于资源的合理配置，这是公司拥有的独特的竞争优势。 因此，物流外包将作为一种手段应用于公司的物流运输中，以确保一个组织的竞争优势。 关键词：外包，物流，供应商 1.简介 竞争优势，与不断增长的全球化和创新，开始逐渐失去其创意和新的竞争优势，在前端的灵活性，订单到交货时间减少，可靠的高质量的交付，和选择的机会。在竞争领域，厂家的能力加入其生产过程和系统的规划与个人消费者的喜好，将是一个的决定性的因素。只有通过建立灵活的生产管理系统，与个别客户订单问题的解决方案才是可能的。企业为什么要搞物流外包?它的紧迫性在哪里?物流外包与传统意义上的外委、外协有何本质区别?我们的企业离物流外包还远吗?这不仅是理论界要回答的问题，更是企业界应认真思考的问题。谈到物流外包必定涉及供应链和第三方的发展，涉及到现代物流的发展方向，更涉及企业的核心竞争力。理论界对这一点的认识显得有些浮躁，而企业对此的认识比较滞后。目前大多数企业守候在自营物流那片天地，真正搞物流外包的不到20%，并且不规范、不系统。尽管现在物流炒得很热，但企业对物流外包重要性的认识依然很浅。调查表明，湖南有82%的企业对现代物流的认识模糊，大多把货物运输或货代等同于现代物流;有54%的企业至今未有发展物流的计划或设想，更没有把重构内部供应链和发展物流外包提上议事日程，看来还需要更多的示范、引导，更多的宣传、培训和更多的市场培育。 首先，它需要的新的或最新的概念，如CFM（以客户为中心的制造），SCM（供应链管理），基于相同的概念作为企业资源规划（ERP），客户关系管理技术，生产管理的实施（客户关系管理）等，也将要求供应处理，物流中介机构的互动为基础的生产和有效的分配同步。 其次，它在微观和宏观层面上是一个必要的优化运输系统。复杂的运输基础设施的发展是基于标准化的商品，货物，运输方式，装卸货物，交货速度，拓宽道路和铁路网络，完善的售后服务维修。 第三，信息交流起着越来越重要的作用。工业企业在信息领域的互动，使信息可以以正确的形式被查阅，在合适的时间，通过正确的当局和真实类型，防止

中英文文献翻译-汽车制动系统

附录 附录A Braking system function is to make the car driving in accordance with the requirements of the pilot required even slow down park; They offend car has in various road conditions (including in the slope stability) in car; Make the downhill cars speed to be stable. For car up the role of brake is only in the car and role with the direction of the car driving direction opposite forces, and the size of these forces are random, do not control, so cars must be installed on a series of special equipment to achieve the function. Automobile brake system is to point to to ensure that the car in technology, improve the safe driving car average speed, etc., and the admiration installed in the car brake special brake institutions. In general automobile brake system including crane brake system and parking brake two sets of independent device. One crane brake device is a driver with feet to manipulate, and it said the foot brake. Parking brake device is a pilot with the hand, so it says of the manipulation of the hand brake. The function of the crane brake system is to make the car slow down or running in the shortest distance parking within. And parking brake function is to make had stopped the car on the road all keep still. But, sometimes, in an emergency, two braking device can be used at the same time and increase the effect of auto brake. Some special purpose of cars and often in the mountains cars, long and frequently brake will lead to crane brake system overheating, so in these cars often add all sorts of different types of auxiliary braking equipment, so as to speed up the hill stability. According to the braking energy situation, brake system can also be divided into human brake system, power brake system, and servo brake system, three. Human brake system to the driver's physical strength as braking energy; Power brake system engine power to the transformation of the air pressure or hydraulic braking energy as; And servo brake system is the most human and engine power as a brake energy. In addition, according to the braking energy transfer mode, brake system and can be divided into mechanical and hydraulic, pneumatic type and assolenoid style wait until a few kinds.

外文文献翻译：汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献

物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

设施规划 引言 设施规划在过去的十年间已经被赋予了全新的意义。在过去，设施规划一般被认为是一门科学。而在当今竞争激烈的全球市场，设施规划成为了一种策略。政府、教育机构和企业已经不再单独相互竞争，现在这些实体或企业将彼此联合为合作企业、组织协会，并最终合成为供应链，将客户纳入到整个供应链过程以保持竞争力。 这些年来设施规划问题一直是一个热门话题。尽管它已拥有很悠久的历史，但在目前的出版物、会议以及研究中，设施规划仍是最受欢迎的科目之一。设施规划的处理已经从清单式或者菜单式的方法发展到了高度复杂的数学建模。在本文中，我们使用了一个实用的设施规划方法，其利用了实证以及同时包含传统和现代概念的分析方法。值得提及的是，在本文中拥有很广泛的设施规划应用示例。例如，这本书的内容可以适用于一个新医院,一个装配部门,一个已有的仓库,或者一个机场的行李部的规划。无论问题是发生在医院、生产工厂、配送中心、机场、零售商店、学校、银行、还是办公室或者这些设施的任何部分；无论是在一个发达国家的现代化设施还是在一个发展中国家的过时设施中，本文给出的材料在进行规划时都非常有用。重要的是要认识到现代设施规划中将设施当作是一个动态的实体，一个成功的设施规划方案的关键因素是其适应性以及适合全新应用的能力。 设施规划的定义 当今的设施规划必须能够帮助组织实现供应链的优越性。实现供应链的优越性是一个有六个步骤、或者说六个等级的过程。一如既往，这些步骤与优越性、可见性、协同性、综合性、敏捷性等联系在一起。 当一家公司最大化供应链的各个功能（采购-制造-运输-储存-销售），个体部门（如金融、市场营销、销售、采购、信息技术、研发、生产、分配和人力资源等部门）的目标就是要成为公司最好的部门。组织的有效性不是重点，每个组

汽车制动系统-毕业设计外文资料翻译

Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic c omponents: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).

外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法

附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

第三方物流问题战略外文翻译文献

第三方物流问题战略外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等

环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2 我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入 WTO 后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入目前的市场，不限制所有服务行业的现有市场准入和活动。同时在辅助分销的服务方面也作出了类似的承诺。这些方面的限制将在以后 3—4 年内逐步取消，在此期间，国外的服务供应商可以建立百分之百的全资拥有的分支机构或经营机构，国内物流服务业将直面国际竞争。 (二)资源浪费严重，第三方物流效率不高。 从微观上看，由于受计划经济体制的影响，长期以来许多企业，尤其是国有企业走的是“大而全”、“小而全”的路子，它们拥有自己的仓库、车队、甚至远洋船队，造成物流过程的大量浪费，具体表现为仓库的闲置，物流业经营分散，组织化程度低，横向联合薄弱。而能够提供一体化、现代化、专业化、准时化、高效服务的第三方物流企业则很少。从宏观上看第三方物流未能跟上经

汽车检测与维修专业汽车制动系统毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：汽车制动系统 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：汽车检测与维修 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14

Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cy linders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the

汽车变速器设计外文翻译

汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。