信息管理 CH1

Chapter 1: Information Systems: An Overview

TRUE/FALSE

1. The most common PDA is a smartphone.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 4

2. Twitter is an example of a management information system (MIS).

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 4

3. The terms “information systems” and “information technologies” are used interchangeably.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 5

4. Skills in using word processing software are an example of information literacy.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 6

5. Business Intelligence (BI) includes historical views of business operations.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 6

6. Computers are most beneficial in transaction processing operations.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 6

7. Many MIS applications are used in both the private and public sectors.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 7

8. An information system typically provides three major components: data, intelligence, and information.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 7

9. Generally, there are three sources of data: internal, external and generated.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 8

10. Customers, competitors, and suppliers are examples of internal data sources.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 8

11. A database management system (DBMS) is used to create, organize, and manage databases.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 8

12. The quality of information is determined by its usefulness to users.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 9

13. Most information systems do not make use of graphical user interfaces.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 9

14. To achieve its goals, an information system might use many different information technologies.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 10

15. Information is the most important resource in any organization.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 11

or looking up how 16. Intranets are often used to provide basic HR functions, such as employees checking how much vacation time they have left

much they have in their 401(k) plans.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 11

17. Buyer power is high when customers have few choices and low when they have many choices.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 14

18. An effective financial information system (FIS) should provide timely, accurate, and integrated information about the ma rketing mix.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 12

19. Rivalry among existing competitors is high when many competitors occupy the same marketplace position.

20. In the future, most information system software will be able to run on personal computers without problems.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 17

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A typical PDA includes a(n) ____.

a.external monitor c.mouse

b.calendar d.external keyboard

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 4

2. ____ is a social networking Web site.

a.Facebook c.XML

b.Sony Music Group d.Droid

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 4

3. ____ is understanding the role of information in generating and using business intelligence.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,puter literacy c.Management information systems

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,rmation literacy d.Transaction processing

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 6

4. A ____ system is a type of transaction processing system (TPS).

a.social networking c.payroll

b.business intelligence d.database

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 6

5. Management information system (MIS) ____ include programs developed in-house.

a.human elements c.hardware components

b.data processes d.software components

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 6

6. In designing an MIS, the first task is to define the system’s ____ clearly.

a.objectives c.hardware components

b.database https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,ers

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7

7. Sales records are an example of the ____ component of an information system.

a.internal data c.database

b.external data d.process

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 8

8. Typically, data has a(n) ____ orientation.

a.elongated c.time

b.amplified d.short

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 8

9. Microsoft Access is an example of the ____ component of an information system.

a.internal data c.database

b.external data d.process

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 9

10. The output of an information system is ____.

a.data c. a process

b. a database https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,rmation

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 9

11. Information technologies include ____.

a.RFID tags c.the four Ms

b.internal data d.Twitter

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 11

12. Scheduling and assigning employees might be handled by a(n) ____.

a.PIS c.FIS

b.MFIS d.LIS

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 11

13. The four M s of resources are: ____.

a.management, motivation, manpower, and monitorin

b.materials, money, modeling, and monitoring

c.manpower, machinery, materials, and money

d.manpower, monitoring, movement, and modeling

14. Managers could use a(n) ____ to assess the effect on final product costs of a seven percent increase in raw materials.

a.HRIS c.PIS

b.MFIS d.MKIS

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 12

15. Focus is one of ____.

a.the goals of a FIS c.the Five Forces

b.the benefits of a DBMS d.Michael Porter’s three strategies

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 13

16. A successful ____ program helps improve customer service and create a long term relationship between an organization and its customers.

a.CRM c.ERP

b.DMBS d.SCM

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 13

17. ____ is the opposite of buyer power.

a.The threat of new entrants c.The thread of substitute products

b.Rivalry among existing competitors d.Supplier power

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 15

18. Online brokerage firms operate in a highly competitive environment, so they use information technologies to make their s

ervices more unique in order to combat ____.

a.supplier power c.rivalry among existing competitors

b.buyer power d.the threat of new entrants

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 14

19. A ____ should have knowledge and understanding of data warehouse and data mining tools.

a.systems analyst c.webmaster

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,puter programmer d.database administrator

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 16

20. Future progress in ____ includes further development in natural language processing that should make information systems easier to use.

a.artificial intelligence c.personal computing power

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,puter literacy https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,puter criminals

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 17

COMPLETION

1. In grocery and retail stores, a(n) ____________________ system speeds up service by reading the universal product codes (UPCs) on items in a

shopping cart.

ANS:

point-of-sale (POS)

point-of-sale

POS

PTS: 1 REF: 3

2. Computer ____________________ means having a basic knowledge of hardware and software, the Internet, and collaboration tools and

technologies.

ANS: literacy

PTS: 1 REF: 6

3. A(n) ____________________ is an organized integration of hardware and software technologies, data processes, and human e lements designed

to produce timely, integrated, relevant, accurate, and useful information for decision making purposes.

ANS:

management information system (MIS)

management information system

MIS

PTS: 1 REF: 7

4. In a management information system, the application or organization determines the type of ____________________ used.

ANS: software

PTS: 1 REF: 7

5. The ____________________component of an information system is considered the input to the system.

ANS: data

6. A(n) ____________________ is the heart of an information system.

ANS: database

PTS: 1 REF: 8

7. The purpose of an information system’s ____________________ component is generating the most useful type of information for making

decisions.

ANS: process

PTS: 1 REF: 9

8. The ultimate goal of a(n) ____________________ is to generate business intelligence (BI).

ANS: information system

PTS: 1 REF: 9

9. The Internet is an example of an information ____________________.

ANS: technology

PTS: 1 REF: 10 | 11

10. A(n) ____________________ is designed to reduce the cost of transportation materials while maintaining safe and reliable delivery.

ANS:

logistics information system (LIS)

logistics information system

LIS

PTS: 1 REF: 12

11. The goal of a financial information system (FIS) is to provide information to financial executives in a(n) ____________________ manner.

ANS: timely

PTS: 1 REF: 12

12. The Five Forces Model was created by ____________________.

ANS:

Michael Porter

Porter

PTS: 1 REF: 14

13. The top information systems job belongs to either the chief technology officer (CTO) or the ____________________.

ANS:

chief information officer (CIO)

chief information officer

CIO

PTS: 1 REF: 15

14. Part of the ____________________’s job is to provide network and cybersecurity.

ANS: network administrator

PTS: 1 REF: 16

15. In the future, the development in ____________________ language processing should make information systems easier to use.

ANS: natural

PTS: 1 REF: 17

SHORT ANSWER

1. What are some ways in which students come into contact with information systems?

ANS:

Students use computers and office suite software and might take online classes. Computers are often used to grade exam a nswers and generate detailed reports comparing the performance of each student in classes. Computers and information systems also calculate grades and GPAs and can deliver this information to students.

PTS: 1 REF: 3

2. How can banks use computers and information systems?

ANS:

r many banking Banks may use computers and information systems for generating a customers monthly statement and running ATM machines fo

activities.

PTS: 1 REF: 3

3. How do organizations use social networking sites?

ANS:

Organizations use social networking sites to give customers up-to-date information and even how-to support with videos.

PTS: 1 REF: 4

4. Compare information systems and information technologies.

ANS:

Information systems are broader in scope than information technologies, but the two overlap in many areas. Both are used to help organizations

tages for improving be more competitive and to improve their overall efficiency and effectiveness. Information technologies offer many advan

decision making but involve some challenges, too, such as security and privacy issues.

PTS: 1 REF: 5-6

5. Give an example of how an MIS might be used in the public sector.

ANS:

In the public sector, an MIS for a police department, for example, could provide information such as crime statistics, c rime forecasts, and allocation of police units. Management can examine these statistics to spot increases and decreases in crime rates or ty pes of crimes and analyze this data to determine future deployment of law enforcement personnel.

PTS: 1 REF: 7

6. List four qualities information must have to make it useful.

ANS:

To be useful, information must have the following qualities:

Timeliness

Integration with other data and information

Consistency and accuracy

Relevance

PTS: 1 REF: 9

7. Describe how a personal information system (PIS) helps decision makers.

ANS:

A personal information system (PIS) or human resource information system (HRIS) is designed to provide information that helps decision makers

in personnel carry out their tasks more effectively.

PTS: 1 REF: 11

8. Explain the main difference between an Intranet and the Internet.

ANS:

The main difference between an Intranet and the Internet is that intranets are private and the Internet is public.

PTS: 1 REF: 12

9. Define and describe a manufacturing information system (MFIS).

ANS:

A manufacturing information system (MFIS) is used to manage manufacturing resources so that companies can reduce manufac turing costs,

increase product quality and make better inventory decisions. MFISs can perform many types of analysis with a high degre e of timeliness and accuracy.

PTS: 1 REF: 12

10. Explain the difference in focus for a bottom-line strategy and a top-line strategy.

ANS:

The focus of a bottom-line strategy is improving efficiency by reducing overall costs. A top-line strategy focuses on ge nerating new revenue by offering new products and services to customers or increasing revenue by selling existing products and services to new c ustomers.

PTS: 1 REF: 13

11. How might an organization combat the threat of new entrants?

ANS:

Organizations often use focus strategies to ensure that this threat remains low. For example, developing a search engine that could compete successfully with Google would be difficult.

PTS: 1 REF: 15

12. Describe the role of the chief privacy officer.

ANS:

The chief privacy officer is an executive position that includes responsibility for managing the risks and business impacts of privacy laws and policies.

PTS: 1 REF: 15

13. Describe the role of the systems analyst and the knowledge required for the position.

ANS:

wledge and information The systems analyst is responsible for the design and implementation of information systems. In addition to computer kno

systems background, this position requires a thorough understanding of business systems and functional areas with a busi ness organization.

PTS: 1 REF: 16

14. Describe how networking technologies will improve in the future.

ANS:

to another will be Networking technologies will improve, so connecting computers will be easier, and sending information from one location

e same transmission

faster. Compatibility issues between networks will become more manageable, and integrating voice, data, and images on th

medium will improve communications quality and information delivery.

PTS: 1 REF: 17

15. Describe the impact of the growth of the Internet in the future.

ANS:

ss of their financial Internet growth and acceptance will continue, which will put small and large organizations on the same footing, regardle

status.

PTS: 1 REF: 17

ESSAY

1. What are PDAs and smartphones?

ANS:

The most common PDA is a smartphone (such as an iPhone, Droid or a Blackberry). A typical PDA includes a calendar, addre ss book, and task-list programs; more advanced PDAs often allow for wireless connection to the Internet and have built-in MP3 players. Smartphones are

ave a built-in mobile phones with advanced capabilities, much like a mini PC. They include e-mail and Web browsing features, and most h

keyboard or an external USB keyboard.

PTS: 1 REF: 4

2. What should a knowledge worker know about Business Intelligence?

ANS:

Knowledge workers should know the following:

Internal and external sources of data

How data is collected

Why data is collected

What type of data should be collected

How data is converted to information and eventually to business intelligence

How data should be indexed and updated

How data and information should be used to gain a competitive advantage

PTS: 1 REF: 6

3. What is a database? What role does a database play in an information system?

ANS:

A database, the heart of an information system, is a collection of all relevant data organized in a series of integrated files. A comprehensive

database is essential for the success of any information system. To create, organize, and manage databases, a database m anagement system (DBMS) is used, such as Microsoft Access or FileMaker Pro for home or small-office use. In a large organization, a DBMS, such as Oracle or IBM DB2, might be used.

Databases are also important for reducing personnel time needed to gather, process, and interpret data manually. With a computerized database and a DBMS, data can be treated as a common resource that’s easy to access and use.

PTS: 1 REF: 8-9

4. What type of decisions are supported by a LIS?

ANS:

The following are a few examples of decisions supported by an LIS:

Improving routing and delivery schedules

Selecting the best modes of transportation

Improving transportation budgeting

Improving shipment planning

PTS: 1 REF: 12

5. Describe the threat of substitute products or services and how organizations fight this threat.

ANS:

The threat of substitute products or services is high when many alternatives for an organization’s products or services are available. Some

ons. Other organizations add services to make them more distinct in the marketplace, such as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7417924606.html,’s personalized recommendati

organizations add fees to discourage customers from switching to a competitor, such as cell phone companies adding charg es for switching to another provider before the customer contract is up.

PTS: 1 REF: 14

通信网基本概念与主体结构(第二版)答案Ch1

Solutions to Chapter 1 1a. Describe the step-by-step procedure that is involved from the time you deposit a letter in a mailbox to the time the letter is delivered to its destination. What role do names, addresses and mail codes (such as ZIP codes or postal codes) play? How might the letter be routed to its destination? To what extent can the process be automated? Solution: The steps involved in mailing a letter are: 1. The letter is deposited in mailbox. 2. The letter is picked up by postal employee and placed in sack. 3. The letter is taken to a sorting station, where it is sorted according to destination, as determined by the mail code and grouped with other letters with the same destination mail code. (If there is no mail code, then it is determined by the largest geographical unit, for example, country (if specified), otherwise state (if specified), otherwise city (if specified).) 4. The letter is shipped to the post office that handles the mail for the specific mail code (or country or city). 5. The letter is then sorted by street address. 6. The letter is picked up at the post office by the postal worker responsible for delivering to the specified address. 7. The letter is delivered according to the number and street. The name is not really used, unless the street address is missing or incorrect. The name is at the destination to determine who the letter belongs to. (Unless of course the letter is being sent to a small town, where most inhabitants are known to the postal worker.) The mail delivery process can be automated by using optical recognition on the mail code. The letter can then be sorted and routed to the destination postal station, and even to the destination neighborhood, depending on the amount of geographical detail built into the mail code. 1b. Repeat part (a) for an e-mail message. At this point, you may have to conjecture different approaches about what goes on inside the computer network. Solution: The steps involved in e-mailing a message are: 1. The message is sent electronically by clicking 'Send'. (In Chapter 2 we see that the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used to do this.) 2. The mail provider of the sender sends a request to a name server for the network address of the mail provider of the recipient. The mail provider is determined by the information following the @ symbol. 3. If the mail provider finds the network address of the recipient's mail provider, then it sends the message to that address.

ch1系统概述

第一章系统概述 内容简介 一个SDH网络由许多网元组成。WaveStar ADM16/1网元具有复用和线路传输功能。本章将着重对WaveStar ADM16/1系统的外观、特性、内部结构、网络应用、单元盘组成以及网络管理进行介绍，让读者能够对系统有一个概括性的了解。 主要内容 1.1WaveStar ADM16/1系统简介 1.1.1系统外观：机架与子架 1.2WaveStar ADM16/1系统结构与网络应用 1.2.1WaveStar ADM16/1基本结构 1.2.2WaveStar ADM16/1网络应用 1.3WaveStar ADM16/1系统子架与单元盘简述 1.3.1子架设计 1.3.2单元盘描述 1.3.3用户面板(UPL) 1.3.4输入/输出接线盒(I/O Box) 1.4WaveStar ADM16/1系统特性 1.5WaveStar ADM16/1系统技术参数 1.6WaveStar ADM16/1与朗讯科技网络管理体系 1.6.1ITM网管系列 1.6.2ITM-CIT技术参数

1.1WaveStar ADM16/1系统简介 WaveStar ADM16/1系统是为了将同步信号(G.703)和准同步信号(G.702)灵活地复用进2.5G(STM-16)等级的信号而设计的。WaveStar ADM16/1可以用作STM-16等级分插复用器、终端复用器和小型本地交叉连接系统。WaveStar ADM16/1特别适用于建设高效灵活的大容量的网络。 1.1.1 系统外观：机架与子架 WaveStar ADM16/1子架可安装在标准的ETSI机架上，也可安装在抗地震的机架上,每个机架可安装两个子架。 机架标准尺寸如下： ETSI机架：高x宽x深=2200mm/2600mmx600mmx600mm 抗地震的机架：高x宽x深=2200mmx600mmx600mm 图1-1 一个ETSI机架可安装两个WaveStar ADM16/1系统 图1-2(a)是WaveStar ADM16/1子架前视图,子架尺寸为: 高x宽x深=1000mmx500mmx545mm 从图中可以看见系统的底板(背板)，底板上有许多槽位可用于安插各种单元盘。 图1-2(b)是WaveStar ADM16/1子架后视图,包括了进出背板的电缆。

Ch1 管理信息

Ch1 管理信息（Information for management） Part1 信息Information 1.1 Data 和information的不同 Data（数据）is the raw material or data processing. Information（信息）is processed data that is meaningful to the person who receives it. Data——（rules）——information 1.2 信息的质量Qualities of good information Good information should be relevant(相关), Complete(完整), Accurate(准确), Clear(清楚), it should inspire confidence, it should be appropriately communicated, its volume should be manageable, it should be timely(及时)and its cost(成本收益原则) should be less than the benefits it provides. ＄EXP1: The following statements refer to qualities of good information: （ⅰ）It should be communicated to the right person （ⅱ）It should always be completely accurate before it is used. （ⅲ）It should be understandable by the recipiend. Which of the above statements are correct? B A（i）and（ii）only B （i）and（iii）only C （ii）and（iii）only D （i）,（ii）and（iii） Part2 计划、控制和决策Planning，control and decision making 2.1 组织的目标Objetives (1) Maximize profits (2) Maximize shareholder value （股东价值，股东财富） (3) Minimize costs (4) Maximize revenue（收入） (5) Increase market share（市场份额） 2.2 计划Planning Strategy战略——高层 Tactic 战术——中层 Operation 经营——基层 Long-term planning——strategic plan——strategic information Short-term planning——tactical plan——tactical information ——operational plan——operational information ＄EXP2: The following statement refer to strategic planning: （ⅰ）It is concerned with quantitative and qualitative matters. （ⅱ）It is mainly undertaken by middle management in an organization. （ⅲ）It is concerned predominantly with the long term. Which of the statements are correct? B A（ⅰ）and（ⅱ）only B（ⅰ）and（ⅲ）only C（ⅱ）and（ⅲ）only D（ⅰ）,（ⅱ）and（ⅲ） ＄EXP3:

Ch1

Ch1 1电器是接通和断开电路或调节，控制和保护电路及电气设备用 的电工器具。 2电器分类：（按工作电压等级分）（1）高压电器（2）低压电器（按动作原理分）（1）手动电器（2）自动电器（按用途分）（1） 3 5 6 7 蚀，为此，必须采取有效的措施进行灭弧，以保证电路和电器元 件工作安全可靠。 8常用的灭弧装置有电动力灭弧，灭弧栅和磁吹灭弧。 9接触器按其主触头所控制主电路电流的种类可分为交流接触器

和直流接触器两种。 10交流接触器线圈通以交流电，主触头接通，分断交流主电路。直流接触器线圈通以直流电流，主触头接通，切断直流主电路。铁心用硅钢片冲压而成，线圈做成短而粗的圆筒状绕在骨架上。 11继电器主要用于控制与保护电路或用于信号转换。 12 13 15 16 生弯曲而推动执行机构动作的一种保护电器。 它主要用于交流电动机的过载保护，断相及电流不平衡运动的保护及其他电器设备发热状态的控制。 17由于热惯性的原因，热继电器不能用于短路保护。

18时间继电器的延时方式有两种（1）通电延时：接收输入信号后延迟一定的时间，输出信号才发生变化。当输入信号消失后，输出瞬时复原。（2）断电延时：接收输入信号时，瞬时产生相应的输出信号。当输入信号消失后，延迟一定的时间，输出才复原。18速度继电器主要用于笼型异步电动机的反接制动控制。使用时， 20 21 1 电气安装接线图3种。 2、绘制电气原理图应遵循以下原则：(1)电气控制线路根据电路通过的电流大小分为主电路和控制电路。主电路用粗线条画在原理图的左边，控制电路用细线条画在原理图的右边。

（2）电气原理图中，所有电气元件的图形、文字符号必须采用国 家规定的统一标准。 (3)采用电气元件展开图的画法。（4）所有按钮、触头均按没有外力作用和没有通电时的原始状态画出。（5）控制电路的分支线 路，按照动作先后顺序排列。 3、 ——KM 图 4 5、利用两个接触器的辅助常闭触头互相控制的方式，称为电气互锁。图2-17，该线路既有接触器常闭触头的电气互锁，也有复合按钮常闭触头的机械互锁，即具有双重互锁。 6、绕线转子电动机可采用转子串电阻的方法调速。

Ch1_基本知识(3)

高速数字系统设计2005年3月2日

第一章基本知识 1-1 信号与信号完整性（Signal Integrity） 1-2 频率与时间 1-3 时间与距离 1-4 -3dB频率与上升时间 1-5 集总系统与分布系统 1-6 四种电抗 1-7 高速数字系统中的电阻、电容和电感元件 中国科大快电子学安琪2

1-5 集总系统与分布系统 一. 信号传输的四种电性等效模型 全波模型 分布模型（离散模型） 集总模型 直流模型 中国科大快电子学安琪3

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人力资源管理理论研究现状分析概述

人力资源管理理论研究现状分析概述 【摘要】随着经济的飞速发展，竞争变得尤为激烈，当今各行各业的竞争，追根究底就是人力资本的竞争。人力资本成为企业创造社会价值和经济效益的基本生产要素。谁拥有高效的人力资源管理，就能够取得快速的发展，在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟。因此，人力资源管理研究根据企业快速发展的要求，要对目前管理的现状做进一步的分析研究，做出合理调整，从而适应新形式的发展要求。 【关键词】人力资源理论研究现状分析 引言： 随着经济全球化的发展，企业之间的相互竞争变得愈加激烈，高效的人力资源管理是企业在竞争中立于不败之地的关键所在。人力资源管理理论研究成为目前企业关注的焦点。下面文章就对目前人力资源管理研究的现状做出深入分析。 1. 中国人力资源管理现状 目前，我国企业人力资源管理还滞留在人事管理层面，日常的工作就是员工招聘、组织培训、日常绩效考核，和工资的增长审批发放等简单事宜，对员工采取的是命令式和制度化的管理，没有从真正意义上的管理的角度出发，只注重

对员工的控制。目前的人资管理部门，工作效率低下，用人机制死板，许多优秀人才没有得到发展的机会，没有完善的激励机制和监管机制。没有规范的绩效考核制度，缺乏系统的目标和制约制度，对于员工绩效，没有系统的考评制度，考评标准也是模糊不清，即使设定标准，在工作执行时也不能落实到位，制定的标准与相背离，导致可做操作性极差。没有完善的激励制度，很多企业制定的奖励同惩罚机制不均衡，重惩罚轻奖励的现象较为严重，在很大程度上，非但没有调动员工的工作积极性，还起到了相反的作用，目前企业在员工激励方面，还缺乏系统可行的评价方法和激励方式。 2. 人力资源管理理论研究领域 2.1国际型人力资源管理 随着经济全球化的快速发展，目前人力资源管理的研究方向也由国内转向国外，使人力资源同国际接轨，实现人力资源的全球化共享。随着学者对国际人力资源的理论和实践的研究发现，集中式管理和分散式管理，两种模式间产生分歧。赞成集中式管理的研究学者，力争把在美国成功开发的国际人力资源管理推广应用的全球范围。赞成分散式管理的研究学者则表示人力资源管理要针对地域文化的不同，进行不同管理方法的开发。国际研究人士指出，不同的国内环境要求不同的管理模式，国际同国内的管理模式总是存有差异，其差异表现在两个方面，一是在进行跨国管理时，雇佣