(英语)高三英语阅读理解(科普环保)解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案)

（英语）高三英语阅读理解(科普环保)解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案)

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

A shark moving around the coastline is normally a worrying sight，but this waterborne drone (无人机) threatens floating rubbish instead of people.

Developed by Dutch company RanMarine, the WasteShark takes nature as its inspiration with its whale shark-like mouth. Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast.

According to RanMarine, the WasteShark is available in both autonomous and remote-controlled models. Measuring just over five feet by three-and-a-half feet (1.5 meters by 1.1 meter), it can carry up to 352 pounds of rubbish (159.6 kg) and has an operational battery life of 16 hours.

By 2016 there were approximately 150 million tons of plastic in the world's oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat.

"WasteShark also has the abilities to gather air and water quality data, remove chemicals out of the water such as oil, and heavy metals, and scan the seabed to read its depth and outlines," said Oliver Cunningham, one of the co-founders of RanMarine. "Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object approaches."

"Our drones are designed to move through a water system, whether it's around the perimeter (周边) or through the city itself. The drones are that last line of defense between the city and the open ocean," added Cunningham. "WasteSharks are operating in Dubai, South Africa and the Netherlands and cost $ 17, 000 for the remote-controlled model and just under $ 23, 000 for the autonomous model."

Dubai-based operator Ecocoast has two WasteShark drones. Co-founder Dana Liparts says they will clean waterfronts for clients including hotels and environmental authorities and that Ecocoast' intention is to have the collected rubbish recycled or upcycled. However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesn't have a one-size-fits-all solution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing people's attitudes towards littering.

（1）What do we know about the WasteShark?

A. It can frighten sharks away.

B. It is an ocean explorer.

C. It is a rubbish collector.

D. It can catch fish instead of people.

（2）What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us?

A. The causes of ocean pollution.

B. The dangers of using plastics.

C. The severity of ocean garbage pollution.

D. The importance of ocean protection.

（3）What will the WasteShark do with an approaching object?

A. Avoid crashing into it.

B. Break it into pieces.

C. Swallow it.

D. Fly over it.（4）Which of the following ideas does Liparts agree with?

A. The WasteShark should be used more widely.

B. More measures should be taken to make water clean.

C. The production cost of WasteSharks should be reduced.

D. People should take a positive attitude to new technology.

【答案】（1）C

（2）C

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一种水上无人机可以用于清理浮在水面上的垃圾。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dub ai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast.”可知，这种无人机是用来清理垃圾的，故选C。

（2）考查段落大意。根据第四段中的“By 2016 there were approximately 150 million tons of plastic in the world's oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat.”可知，预计到2016年，海洋里会有1.5亿吨垃圾，估计约有25万吨垃圾漂浮在海洋上，故可知，本段主要讲述海洋垃圾的严重性，故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的"Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object approaches."可知，配备防碰撞系统，无人机使用激光来探测物体，用测距技术来探测前方是否有物体，如果探测到物体，无人机就会停下来或者后退，故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesn't have a one-size-fits-all solution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing people's attitudes towards littering.”可知，这种无人机并非解决水上垃圾污染的万全之策，需要多措并举，才能达到目的，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Tablets are really useful devices, but their big screens always make them as a burden to carry around without a bag. Wouldn't it be great if there were a phone with the powers of a tablet that could be folded up and fit neatly into the hand?

Now something like a tablet-shaped but foldable phone is about to become available. In February, South Korean electronics company Samsung and China's Huawei both launched

foldable phones, the Galaxy Fold and Huawei Mate X respectively. Mobile phone use has entered the "foldable future", The Verge noted.

The technology could change our lives in significant ways. These devices, due to their bendable screens, give us the larger screens we want. Meanwhile, they still fit easily into the pocket. As USA Today noted, they're "the combination of a small tablet and smartphone, all in a single device".

The technology could change other devices, too. For example, we could make TVs that stick to walls like posters, or fold up easily to hide away in drawers. In crowded modem cities, they will help us to maximize available space.

In a keynote address, Samsung's senior vice president of mobile product marketing, Justin Denison, called the foldable screen "the foundation for the smartphone of tomorrow". "It's a blank canvas (画布) for us to do something beautiful together." he said.

So is there nothing to stand in the way of the foldable future? According to tech news website Android Authority, the necessary displays were difficult to produce. In 2012, nine out of every 10 OLED (二极管) screens produced were imperfect. Today, that 10 percent rate has been improved to between 50 and 90 percent. However, at present these foldable devices are expensive. For example, the price of Huawei Mate X is 17,500 RMB. That's a price that few people will be able to afford.

But if the foldable device isn't going to change the world overnight, there is no doubt that it is coming. Patrick Moorhead, an industry analyst told The Verge, "Few are debating if foldable or rollable mobile displays are the future of smartphones; the only question is when and by whom."（1）What can be the best title for the text?

A. Screen devices on the market.

B. Foldable age is arriving.

C. Possible powers of a tablet.

D. Foldable screens are imperfect.

（2）What can we learn from Justin Denison's words?

A. The foldable screen has great potential.

B. The Galaxy Fold still has many problems.

C. The production of foldable phones will soon increase.

D. Companies need to work together to develop foldable phone.

（3）What is the problem with foldable phones at the moment?

A. They are easy to break.

B. They are inconvenient to carry.

C. They are not as useful as expected.

D. They are unaffordable for most families.

（4）What is the author's attitude toward the future of the foldable screen?

A. Worried.

B. Cautious.

C. Positive.

D. Unconcerned.

【答案】（1）B

（2）A

（3）D

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“可折叠手机的时代即将到来。”

（1）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Wouldn't it be great if there were a phone with the powers of a tablet that could be folded up and fit neatly into the hand?”如果有一款具有平板电

脑功能的手机，可以折叠起来，整齐地放在手里，那不是很棒吗?；以及第二段中的“Now something like a tablet-shaped but foldable phone is about to become available.”现在，类似于平板形状的可折叠手机即将问世。可知本文主题是“可折叠手机的时代即将到来。故选B。（2）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Justin Denison, called the foldable screen ‘the foundation for the smartphone of tomorrow’.‘It's a blank canvas (画布) for us to do something beautiful together.’” Justin Denison称可折叠屏幕是“未来智能手机的基础”。“这是一块空白的画布，我们可以一起做一些美好的事情。”“可知，我们能从贾斯汀·丹尼森的话中了解到“可折叠屏幕”具有很大的潜力。”故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“However, at pr esent these foldable devices are expensive. For example, the price of Huawei Mate X is 17,500 RMB. That's a price that few people will be able to afford.”然而，目前这些可折叠设备价格昂贵。例如华为Mate X的价格是17500元人民币。这是一个很少有人能负担得起的价格。可知，目前可折叠手机大多数家庭都买不起。故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“But if the foldable device isn't going to change the world overnight, there is no doubt that it is coming.”但如果这种可折叠设备不能在一夜之间改变世界，那么毫无疑问，它将会到来。可知，作者对可折叠屏幕的未来持的态度是积极的。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解

While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some elementary school students in Auckland, New Zealand. They became the world's first kids to be "taught" by a digital teacher. Before you start imagining a human-like robot walking around the classroom, Will is just an avatar that appears on the student's desktop, or smartphone screen, when ordered to come.

The autonomous animation platform has been modeled after the human brain and nervous system, allowing it to show human-like behavior. The digital teacher is assigned to teach Vector's "Be sustainable with energy" — a free program for Auckland elementary schools.

Just like the humans it replaced, Will is able to instantly react to the students' responses to the topic. Thanks to a webcam and microphone, the avatar not only responds to questions the kids may have, but also picks up non-verbal cues. For instance, if a student smiles at Will, he responds by smiling back. This two-way interaction not only helps attract the students' attention, but also allows the program's developers to monitor their engagement, and make changes if needed.

Nikhil Ravishankar believes that Will-like avatars could be a novel way to catch the attention of the next ge neration. He says, “I have a lot of hope in this technology as a means to deliver cost-effective, rich, educational experience in the future.”

The program, in place since August 2018, has been a great success thus far. Ravishankar says, " What was fascinating to me was the reaction of the children to Will. The way they look at the

world is so creative and different, and Will really captured their attention." However, regardless of how popular it becomes, Will is unlikely to replace human educators any time soon.

（1）What was special for some elementary school students in Auckland?

A. A digital teacher taught them.

B. They first saw something digital.

C. This was the start of a new school year.

D. They could get close to smartphone screen.（2）What is the benefit of this two-way interaction?

A. It can smile back.

B. It can use microphone.

C. It can talk any topic for free.

D. It can change if necessary.

（3）What's Ravishankar's attitude to Will's replacing Human educators soon?

A. Optimistic.

B. Doubtful.

C. Unclear.

D. Disapproving.

（4）What might be the best title for the passage?

A. New High-tech Contributes to Education

B. The World's First Digital Teacher Appears in Classroom.

C. The World's First Digital Teacher, a Help to Students

D. New Zealand Will Replace Teachers in Classrooms

【答案】（1）A

（2）D

（3）D

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款智能机器人走进小学课堂，为孩子们讲授能源可持续发展。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“They became the world's first kids to be “taught” by a digital teacher”可知，他们成为世界上第一批由智能机器人老师“教”的孩子。由此可知，特殊之处在于机器人老师教他们。故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“This two-way interaction not only helps attract the students' attention, but also allows the program's developers to monitor their engagement, and make changes if needed.”即“ 这种双向互动不仅有助于吸引学生的注意力，还允许程序的开发人员监视他们的参与度，并在需要时做出更改”，由此可得出，其优势在于需要时，可以做出变化。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However, reg ardless of how popular it becomes, Will is unlikely to replace human educators any time soon.”可知，Ravishankar认为它不会在短期内代替人类教育工作者。故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some elementary school students in Auckland, New Zealand. They became the world's first kids to be “taught” by a digital teacher”可知，从新学年开始，新西兰奥克兰的小学生将成为世界上第一批被机器人老师教的孩子。之后文章就此展开，由此可推断出he World's First Digital Teacher Appears in Classroom最符合本文的标题。故选B。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．犇犇阅读理解

A study found wireless signals are able to pass through bags and suitcases to judge the sizes of dangerous metal objects and identify them." These items could include weapons, chemicals, laptops and batteries for bombs, "the research team said on Tuesday.

Research suggested that Wi-Fi can now be used to estimate the volume of liquids such as water, acid, alcohol and other chemicals for explosive material. The study led by researchers at the Wireless Information Network Laboratory (WINLAB) in the School. of Engineering showed a wireless device with two to three antennas(天线)that could be fitted in existing Wi-Fi networks. The detection system analyzes what happens when wireless signals go through and bounce off objects or materials. The approach, which the paper states, works by separating the wireless interference(干扰)caused by two factors of objects-the material and shape." Most dangerous objects such as weapons are usually metal or liquid, which have significant interference," researchers said.

When it was tested on a backpack, the accuracy rate topped 95 percent. "But the accuracy dropped to about 90 percent when objects inside bags are wrapped. And the tech could save lives if used in museums, stadiums, theme parks or schools," the team said, noting its design can inspect bags or luggage without being an exposure to privacy.

It uses channel state information (CSI) that is readily available in low-cost Wi-Fi devices." This could have a great impact on protecting the public from dangerous objects," said Yingying Chen, a co-author of the study," There's a growing need for that now. In large public areas, it's hard to set up expensive screening equipment like what's in airports. Manpower is always needed to check bags and we want to develop a method to try to reduce manpower.”

The peer-reviewed study, which recently won a best paper award at the 2018 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security, is now published online." Future work will continue to focus on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and imaging shapes and volumes," researchers said.

（1）What does paragraph 3 talk about?

A. The function of the technique.

B. The way the device works.

C. The principle the study is based on.

D. The benefit of the study findings.

（2）What's the advantage of the device?

A. It saves people in danger of natural disasters.

B. It passes through bags without damaging them.

C. It uses antennas to pick up networks' signals.

D. It protects personal information from being disturbed.

（3）Why did the researchers study the device according to Yingying Chen?

A. To save money and labour.

B. To make full use of Wi-Fi.

C. To protect passengers' privacy.

D. To research dangerous objects.

（4）Which of the following can replace the underlined word “ameliorating" in the last paragraph?

A. Confirming.

B. Improving.

C. Discovering.

D. Examining.

【答案】（1）B

（2）D

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本是一篇说明文，介绍了研究人员发现，WiFi可用于可用于安检。（1）考查段落大意。根据第三段中的“The detection system analyzes what happens when wireless signals go through and bounc e off objects or materials.”这个检测系统分析信号在物体和材料上穿透和反射时会发生什么。可知选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“noting its design can inspect bags or luggage without being an exposure to privacy.”可知，不用打开和检查人们的个人物品，避免了侵犯隐私，可知选D。

（3）考查推理判断，根据第五段中的“In large public areas, it's hard to set up expensive screening equipment like what's in airports. Manpower is always needed to check bags and we want to develop a method to try to reduce manpower.”在大型公共场所，很难像机场那样设置昂贵的安检设施。检查行李总是需要人力，我们希望开发一种互补的方法来减少人力，可推知选A。

（4）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“Future work wil l continue to focus on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and imaging shapes and volumes”今后的工作将继续侧重于提高识别物体和成像形状及体积的准确性，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

Being able to land safely is a critically important skill for all flying animals. Comparatively speaking, ground living animals face no particular challenge when they need to stop running or crawling, while flying animals move at much higher speed, and they must be careful about how they land. Hitting the ground, or even water, at full flight speed would be quite dangerous. Before touching down, they must decrease their speed in order to land safely. Both bats and birds have mastered the skill of landing, but these two types of flyers go about it quite differently.

In the past it was believed that, in terms of flying mechanics, there was little difference between bats and birds. This belief was based only on assumption, however, because for years nobody had actually studied in detail how bats move their wings. In recent years, though, researchers have discovered a number of interesting facts about bat flight. Bats are built differently from birds, and their wings are made up of both their front and hind limbs (肢体). This makes coordinating (协调) their limbs more difficult for bats and, as a result, they are not very good at flying over longer distances. However, they are much better at the ability to adjust themselves: a bat can quickly change its direction of flight or completely reverse it, something a bird cannot easily do.

Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land-upside down! Unlike birds which touch down on the ground or on tree branches, bats can be observed flying around and then suddenly hanging upside down from an object overhead. One downside to this landing routine is that the bats often land with some force, which probably causes pain. However, not all bats hit their landing spots with the same speed and force; these will vary depending on the area where a bat species makes its home. For example, a cave bat, which regularly lives on a hard stone ceiling, is more careful about its landing preparation than a bat more accustomed to landing in leafy treetops.

（1）Which of the following is the topic of the passage?

A. Places where flying animals choose to land.

B. Why scientists have difficulty observing bats.

C. Differences in the eating habits of bats and birds.

D. Ways in which bats move differently from birds.

（2）Which of the following is a false assumption about bats that was recently corrected?

A. They cannot hear any sound.

B. They sleep upside down.

C. They fly similarly to birds.

D. They hide in tree branches.

（3）The word "it" (in 2nd paragraph) probably refers to "______".

A. the distance to the nets

B. the sense of flying height

C. the flying direction

D. the ability to change the speed

（4）According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A. Bats might hurt themselves when landing.

B. Bats can hang upside down like birds.

C. Bats can adjust speed before landing.

D. Bats and birds land in different ways.

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者用研究事实来证明蝙蝠在飞行及运动方式与鸟类完全不同。以前人们认为蝙蝠和鸟类在运动方面没有什么区别，但现在的研究证明蝙蝠的构造不同于鸟类，它们的翅膀由前肢和后肢组成，它们自我调节能力好，可迅速改变飞行方向，或完全逆行，这是鸟类不容易做到的，而且蝙蝠飞行的另一个有趣特征是蝙蝠倒立着降落的！这不同于那些降落在地上或树枝上的鸟。

（1）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"Both bats and birds have mastered the skill of landing, but these two types of flyers go about it quite differently."提出了蝙蝠与鸟的降落方式及飞行的不同。第二段用研究证明过去认为蝙蝠和鸟类在飞行运动方面没有什么区别是错误的。尤其是"they are much better at the ability to adjust themselves: a bat can quickly change its direction of flight or completely reverse it, something a bird cannot easily do"可知蝙蝠与鸟的运动不同；第三段中的"Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land-upside down! Unlike birds which touch down on the ground or on tree branches,…"再一次说明了蝙蝠与鸟运动方式的不同。综上所述，可知，蝙蝠与鸟运动方式的不同是本文的主题。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"In the past it was believed that, in terms of flying mechanics, there was little difference between bats and birds. This belief was based only on assumption, however, because for years nobody had actually studied in detail how bats move their wings…This makes coordinating (协调) their limbs more difficult for bats and, as a result, they are not very good at flying over longer distances."可推断出，过去人们认为蝙蝠与鸟在飞行运动方式与鸟没有区别，最近的研究发现，这是不正确的，故也是要纠正的，故选C。（3）考查代词指代。划线部分的上下文说"蝙蝠在自我调节的能力上要好得多：蝙蝠可以迅速改变飞行方向，或者完全与它（正飞行方向）相反的方向飞行，这是鸟不容易做到的。"由此可知，此处的"it"指的是飞行的方向。故选C。

（4）考查推断判断。根据第三段中的"Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land-upside down! Unlike birds which touch down on the ground or on tree branches, bats can be observed flying around and then suddenly hanging upside down from an object overhead. One downside to this landing routine is that the bats often land with some force, which probably causes pain."可知，蝙蝠飞行的另一个有趣特征是蝙蝠倒立着降落的方式！不同于那些降落在地上或树枝上的鸟，观察到蝙蝠可以四处飞行，然后突然倒挂在头顶的物体上。这种降落方式的一个缺点是蝙蝠经常用力降落，这可能会导致疼痛。因此蝙蝠与鸟不同，蝙蝠可以倒挂着。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，代词指代和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．犇犇阅读理解

Wolves strike fear into the hearts of many species, humans included. Our fear of them has brought them to the edge of dying out, as we have cruelly killed them as competitors and trouble-makers. But researchers are discovering that the very fear they put into prey（被捕食者）species is exactly what helps make ecosystems（生态）healthy.

Yellowstone National Park is a typical example of just how wolves can help repair an ecosystem. An October 2018 study analyzed 40 years of research on large animals inside the park.

"Yellowstone has benefited from the reintroduction of wolves in ways that we did not anticipate, especially the complexity of biological interactions（互动）in the park," explained Mark Boyce, a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences." We were really surprised at that and we'd never have seen these responses if the park hadn't adopted ecological-process management—allowing natural ecological processes to take place with least human intervention."

After the wolves were re-introduced at Yellowstone, willow and cottonwood trees increased in number. The population of bears and bison also rose and what was once a ruling deer-wolf interaction is now more diverse.

To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy. In this documentary, biologist Aaron Wirsing

explored why wolves and other top predators （捕食者）were needed for diverse ecosystems to develop. Using a simple video camera, Wirsing is gaining a unique view point on predator-prey relationships and changing the way we think about wolves.

The research is one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem. The fear they bring along may be the very angle that helps save them from dying out.

（1）What does the underlined word "anticipate" in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A. Expect.

B. Understand.

C. Notice.

D. Accept.

（2）For what purpose was a documentary made?

A. To introduce how wolves behave in the wild.

B. To show how wolves benefit from ecosystems.

C. To record how Aaron Wirsing observed wolves.

D. To study what good wolves can do to ecosystems.

（3）What is the significance of the research?

A. It proves wolves feed on hundreds of species.

B. It helps prove the importance of protecting wolves.

C. It shows the complex relationships between species.

D. It provides evidence that wolves are endangered animals.

（4）What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The fear of wolves is beneficial to ecosystems.

B. The fear of wolves put them in danger of disappearing.

C. Yellowstone National Park owes its healthy ecosystems to wolves.

D. The introduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is a success.

【答案】（1）A

（2）D

（3）B

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的，其中黄石公园灰狼的引进就是一个典型的例子。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"We were really surprised at that"可知，黄石公园在意想不到的方面从重新引入狼中获益。故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy.”可知，拍摄纪录片的目的是了解狼是如何对生态有益的。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The research is one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem.”可知，这项研究再次证明了为什么保护这些食肉动物不仅对狼这个物种很重要，而且对生态系统的各个层面的物种都很重要。故这项研究的意义在于它有助于证明保护狼的重要性。故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。本文主要讲述了人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的，因为食草动物不会过度繁殖，从而保护了植物的生长。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

Rich countries are racing to dematerialise payments. They need to do more to prepare for the side-effects.

For the past 3,000 years, when people thought of money they thought of cash. Over the past decade, however, digital payments have taken off— tapping your plastic on a terminal or swiping a smartphone has become normal. Now this revolution is about to turn cash into an endangered species in some rich economies. That will make the economy more efficient—but it also causes new problems that could hold back the transition(转型).

Countries are removing cash at varying speeds. In Sweden the number of retail cash transaction per person has fallen by 80% in the past ten years. America is perhaps a decade behind. Outside the rich world, cash is still king. But even there its leading role is being challenged. In China digital payments rose from 4% of all payments in 2012 to 34% in 2017.

Cash is dying out because of two forces. One is demand— younger consumers want payment systems that plug easily into their digital lives. But equally important is that suppliers such as banks and tech firms (in developed markets) and telecoms companies (in emerging ones) are developing fast, easy-to-use payment technologies from which they can pull data and pocket fees. There is a high cost to running the infrastructure behind the cash economy—ATMs, vans carrying notes, tellers who accept coins. Most financial firms are keen to abandon it, or discourage old-fashioned customers with heavy fees.

In the main, the prospect of a cashless economy is excellent news. Cash is inefficient. When payments dematerialise, people and shops are less open to theft. It also creates a credit history, helping consumers borrow.

Yet set against these benefits are a couple of worries. Electronic payment systems may risk technical failures, power failure and cyber-attacks. In a cashless economy the poor, the elderly and country folk may be left behind. And a digital system could let governments watch over people's shopping habits and private multinationals exploit their personal data.

（1）Some rich countries are trying to .

A. dematerialize money

B. get rid of the side-effects of cash

C. make the economy more efficient by protecting endangered species

D. promote payment without paper money or coins

（2）In paragraph 3, several countries are mentioned to show .

A. the differences between developed and developing countries

B. that cash is still king across the world

C. digital payments are becoming a trend that cannot be stopped

D. China is developing faster that those developed countries in digital payment

（3）Cash is disappearing largely because .

A. younger consumers are short of money to live their digital lives

B. suppliers are trying to reduce costs and obtain money and data

C. the infrastructure is developing at a high speed in developed markets

D. financial firms want to abandon old-fashioned customers

（4）The author's attitude towards digitalized payment is .

A. favorable

B. negative

C. objective

D. indifferent

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，富裕国家正在减少现金支付,现金正在因为需求等原因消失。总的来说,无现金经济的未来是个好消息,但是对于电子支付人们也有一些担忧。（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Rich countries are racing to dematerialise payments.”可知, 富裕国家正竞相将支付非物质化；再根据第三段中的“In Swe den the number of retail cash transaction per person has fallen by 80% in the past ten years.”在过去的十年中,瑞典的人均零售现金交易数量下降了80％。结合上下文,可知某些富裕国家比如瑞典正在减少现金支付,推广不用纸币或硬币的支付方式,也就是电子支付方式。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“In Sweden the number of retail cash transaction per person has fallen by 80% in the past ten years.”可知在过去的十年中,瑞典的人均零售现金交易数量下降了80％；再根据“In China digital payments rose from 4% of all payments in 2012 to 34% in 2017.”可知在中国,数字支付从2012年占所有支付的4％上升到2017年的34％。瑞典和中国的共同点是现金支付减少,电子支付比例上升,由此可推断作者提到瑞典和中国是为了说明数字支付正成为一种不可阻挡的趋势。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“But equally important is that suppliers such as banks and tech firms (in developed markets)... Most financial firms are keen to abandon it, or discourage old-fashioned customers with heavy fees.”可知现金消失的一个重要原因就是诸如银行和科技公司（在发达市场）和电信公司（在新兴市场）之类的供应商正在开发快速,易于使用的支付技术,他们可以从中提取数据和小费。运行现金经济背后的基础架构需要付出高昂的成本,这些基础设施包括自动取款机,载有纸币的货车,接受硬币的出纳员。大多数金融公司都渴望放弃它,或者以高昂的费用劝阻老式客户。也就是供应商为了减少成本,获取数据和小费,开发了更便捷的支付方式,导致现金支付的减少。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，,作者提到无现金支付即电子支付的好处,也提到电子支付引起的担忧,对待电子支付是客观的,故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

Learning, Fast and Deep

Over the past five years researchers in artificial intelligence have become the rock stars of the technology world. A branch of AI known as deep learning, which uses neural(神经的) networks to scan through large volumes of data looking for patterns, has proven so useful that skilled practitioners can command high six-figure salaries to build software for Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google.

The standard route into these jobs has been a PhD in computer science from one of America's

top universities. Earning one takes years and requires a personality suited to academia, which is rare among more normal folk.

That is changing.

Last month fast.ai, a non-profit education organization based in San Francisco, kicked off the third year of its course in deep learning. Since its foundation it has attracted more than 100, 000 students around the globe from India to Nigeria. The course and others like it, come with a simple idea: there is no need to spend years obtaining a PhD in order to practise deep learning. Creating software that learns can be taught as a craft, not as a high intellectual pursuit to be undertaken only in an ivory tower. Fast. ai's course can be completed in just seven weeks.

To make it accessible to anyone who wants to learn how to build AI software is the aim of Jeremy Howard, who founded fast.ai with Rachel Thomas, a mathematician. He says school mathematics is sufficient. "No. Greek. Letters," Mr. Howard intones, pounding the table with his

fist for punctuation.

Some experts worry that this will serve only to create a flood of unreliable AI systems which

will be useless at best and dangerous at worst. In the earliest days of the Internet, only a select few nerds, namely computer holies with specific skills, could build applications. Not many people used them. Then the invention of the World Wide Web led to an explosion of web pages, both good and bad. But it was only by opening up to all that the Internet gave birth to online shopping, instant global communications and search. If Mr. Howard and others have their way, making the development of AI software easier will bring forth a new crop of fruit of a different kind.

（1）What can we learn about deep learning?

A. It replaces artificial intelligence.

B. It attracts rock stars to practice.

C. It scans patterns for large companies.

D. It helps technicians to create software.

（2）Fast. ai is an organization that .

A. ensures one to obtain a PhD

B. teaches craft in ivory tower

C. offers a course in deep learning

D. requires weeks to apply

（3）The underlined words "No. Greek. Letters"in Paragraph 5 means doing fast.ai course is .

A. easy

B. difficult

C. interesting

D. boring

（4）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .

A. it is quite reliable for anyone to grasp artificial intelligence

B. the Internet has brought forth a flood of useless AI systems

C. opening up to all leads to instant global search and online shopping

D. simplifying software development may result in unexpected outcomes

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）A

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，人工智能的深度学习被证明很有用，霍华德和数学家托马斯一起创办的非营利性教育机构致力于让深度学习变得简单。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”A branch of AI known as deep learning, which uses neural networks to scan through large volumes of data looking for patt erns…build software for Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google.“可知AI技术的一个分支、运用神经网络处理大量数据并从中寻找模式的"深度学习"被证明非常有用，亚马逊、苹果、Facebook和谷歌愿意开出六位数高薪，聘请熟练的专业人员编写软件。这说明深度学习能帮助编写软件，故选D。（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的”Last month fast. ai, a non-profit education organization based in San Francisco, kicked off the third year of its course in deep learning.“可知。上月，位于旧金山的非营利性教育机构fast.ai 进入了它开办深度学习课程的第三年。也就是说fast. ai是一个提供深度学习课程的组织，故选C。

（3）考查句义猜测。根据五段中的”To make it accessible to anyone who wants to learn …He says school mathematics is sufficie nt.“可知让深度学习不再神秘是杰里米·霍华德的目标，为此，他和数学家雷切尔·托马斯一起创立了fast.ai，让任何想学习编写AI软件的人都能学习这门技术。霍华德说有中学数学知识就足够了。这说明fast.ai的课程很简单，仅需要中学数学知识。因此霍华德说"No. Greek. Letters”没有，希腊，字母“是想说fast, ai的深度学习课程很简单。故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”If Mr Howard and others have their way, making the de velopment of AI software easier will bring forth a new crop of fruit of a different kind. “如果霍华德和其他人如愿以偿，那么让AI软件开发变得更容易将会催生出一批新的不同的果实。由此推断简化软件开发可能会导致意料之外的结果。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，句义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms in India. Numerous ruins scattered throughout the territory offer a constant reminder of the area's history, which makes the city always be a fascinating place for tourists.

With the development of the city and more and more people moving, the city has expanded several times in size. That is why it is called New Delhi. New Delhi, a city with a population of over 20 million people, has its newest problem: never before has this city met with the worst air

problem.

Air pollution in Indians capital surged to its worst levels in years, covering the city in a thick smog that has become an annual public-health emergency despite government vows to solve the problem.

Hundreds of flights were diverted, delayed and canceled over the weekend due to poor visibility, schools and offices were closed Monday and officials rushed to take emergency measures to try to reverse the eroding air quality. Millions of antipollution masks were distributed at schools, colleges, hospitals and markets.

New Delhi, is engulfed each year as the weather cools and a thick haze builds up from the pollutants emitted from cars and coal-based power plants, swirling dust from construction sites and roads and smoke from crop stubble burning in neighboring states. Fireworks and firecrackers to celebrate the Hindu festival of Diwali then arrives, leaving Delhi the world's most polluted city. The city's air quality index, which measures a mix of dangerous pollutants, registered an average score of 494 Sunday. That is the highest 24-hour average since Nov. 6, 2016, when it hit 497, according to data measured by the Central Pollution Control Board.

（1）Which of the following is NOT true?

A.Diwali is one of the most important festivals in India.

B.The government did little to protect its citizens against the serious pollution.

C.Such a serious air pollution in New Delhi appears on a regular basis.

D.The index of the recent air pollution is not the worst in the history.

（2）Who may not complain about the serious air pollution?

A.The parents whose children have to stay at home.

B.The pilots whose planes have been diverted or delayed.

C.The manufacturers who produce antipollution masks.

D.The officials who have to work out of their offices.

（3）Which of the following phrases can replace the underlined word in paragraph 5?

A.Sent out.

B.Sent up.

C.Sent in.

D.Sent on.

（4）The title of the passage should be .

A.Problems Caused by the Development of New Delhi

B.Dangerous Pollution Envelops New Delhi

C.Antipollution Masks Are in Great Need in New Delhi

D.Farmers in the Neighboring States are to Blame for Burning Crop Stubble

【答案】（1）B

（2）C

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，随着城市的发展和越来越多的人口流动，城市规模的扩大，印度的新德里成为世界上污染最严重的城市。虽然政府发誓解决污染问题，但由

于污染严重，整个新德里处于危险的污染中，人们必须戴防污口罩，冬天天气寒冷污染物成雾霾，成为世界是污染最严重的城市。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第三段“Air pollution in Indians capital surged to its worst levels in years, covering the city in a thick smog that has become an annual public-health emergency despite government vows to solve the problem.”印度首都的空气污染飙升至多年来最严重的水平，笼罩着这座城市的浓雾已成为年度公共卫生紧急事件，尽管政府誓言要解决这个问题；第五段“New Delhi, is engulfed each year as the weather cools and a thick haze builds up from the pollutants emitted from cars and coal-based power plants, swirling dust ..., leaving Delhi the world's most polluted city.” 新德里每年都会被污染吞没，随着天气变冷，汽车和以煤为基础的发电厂排放的污染物、建筑工地和道路上飘动的灰尘，以及邻国农作物秸秆燃烧产生的烟雾，都会形成浓雾。庆祝印度排灯节的烟花爆竹随后到达，使德里现在成为世界上污染最严重的城市；以及第四段中的“Millions of antipollutio n masks were distributed at schools, colleges, hospitals and markets.” 在学校、学院、医院和市场上分发了数以百万计的防污口罩。可知，政府尽管发誓解决这种污染，但情况不仅没有改变，反而更加严重，使得人们必须佩戴防毒口罩。由此可判断出政府几乎没有保护其公民免受严重污染。故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段“Hundreds of flights were diverted, delayed and canceled over the weekend due to poor visibility, schools and offices were closed Monday and officials rushed to take emergency measures to try to reverse the eroding air quality. Millions of antipollution masks were distributed at schools, colleges, hospitals and markets.” 周末期间，由于能见度低，数百架航班被迫改道、延误和取消，学校和办公室周一关闭，官员们紧急采取措施，试图扭转不断恶化的空气质量。学校、大学、医院和市场分发了数百万个防污染口罩。由此可知，由于污染严重，学校、大学、医院和市场分发了数百万个防污染口罩。所以生产防污染口罩的厂家要加大生产，是不会抱怨的，故选C。

（3）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“New Delhi, is engulfed each year as the weather cools and a thick haze builds up from the pollutants emitted from cars and coal-based power plants, swirling dust from construction sites and roads and smoke from crop stubble burning in neighboring states.”本句是说新德里每年都笼罩在污染中。因为天气变冷，从汽车和以煤为基础的发电厂“emitted”的污染物形成了厚厚的雾霾。根据常识可知，汽车和用煤发电的发电厂会“排放或释放”污染物的。由此可判断“emitted”是排放的意思。故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。本文叙述了随着城市的发展和越来越多的人口流动，城市规模的扩大，印度的新德里成为世界上污染最严重的城市。虽然政府发誓解决污染问题，但周末的能见度低，数百架航班在周末改道、延误和取消，学校和办公室周一关闭，人们必须戴防污口罩，可知，新德里被严重的污染所笼罩。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是环保类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Many people have long dreamed of being able to fly around as simply as riding a bicycle. Yet the safety and strength of a flying bike was always a big problem. Over the past 10 years,

developments in technology have moved the dream of personal flying vehicles closer to reality. Now, two groups of inventors say such vehicles may be available soon.

The British company Malloy Aeronautics has developed a prototype (原型) of its flying bicycle. Grant Stapleton, marketing sales director of Malloy Aeronautics, says the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly." It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed," he adds.

Mr. Stapleton says safety was the company's main concern. He says the designers solved the safety issue by using overlapping rotors to power the vehicle.

The company is testing a full-size prototype of the Hoverbike, which will most likely be used first by the police and emergency rescue teams.

In New Zealand, Martin Aircraft Company is also testing a full-size prototype of its personal flying device, called the Jetpack. It can fly for more than 30 minutes, up to 1, 000 meters high and reach a speed of 74 kilometers per hour.

Peter Coker is the CEO of Martin Aircraft Company. He said the Jetpack "is built around safety from the start". In his words, "Reliability is the most important element of it. We have safety built into the actual structure itself, very similar to a Formula One racing car.

The Jetpack uses a gasoline-powered engine that produces two powerful jet streams. Mr. Coker says it also has a parachute that would be used, if there should be an emergency. "It starts to work at very low altitude and actually saves both the aircraft and the pilot," he adds. Mr. Coker says the Jetpack will be ready for sale soon.

（1）We can learn from the passage that the Hoverbike ________.

A. can hardly get in and out of small spaces quickly

B. can fly for over 30 minutes, up to 1, 000 meters high

C. has been used by the police and emergency rescue teams

D. can be transported quickly after being folded and packed

（2）Peter Coker uses the example of Formula One racing car to show that ________.

A. the Jetpack is very safe and reliable

B. the engine of the Jetpack is powerful

C. the actual structure of the Jetpack is unique

D. the Jetpack can reach a great speed and height

（3）The underlined word "It" in the last paragraph refers to ________.

A. the jet stream

B. the engine

C. the Jetpack

D. the parachute （4）What is the author's main purpose of writing the passage?

A. To describe the problems of inventing flying vehicles.

B. To introduce the latest development of flying vehicles.

C. To show the differences between two flying vehicles.

D. To advertise the two personal flying vehicles.

【答案】（1）D

（2）A

（3）D

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述一种个人飞行工具很快就会应用于现实，然而安全性和强度一直是个大问题，文中介绍了两家研发飞行器的公司的最新的产品，新产品把安全放在首位，并对产品进行了改进。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly. It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed.” 可知，Hoverbike能够很快地进出小空间。它可快速地在大陆上移动，因为它可以折叠和包装。可知，选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第六段Peter Coker说Jetpack从一开始就围绕安全进行的，安全可靠性是最重要的因素。我们在车的现行结构中植入了安全性，非常类似于Formula One 赛车。，故选A。

（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“Mr. Coker says it also has a parachute (降落伞) that can be used should there be an emergency. "It starts to work at very low altitude …., ”Coker先生说Jetpack上也有降落伞，可以在紧急情况下使用。“在海拔非常低的情况下开始用它…”。可知，Jetpack上的降落伞（它）是在海拔低时才用。由此可知it指的是parachute (降落伞)。故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段可知，许多人一直梦想能像骑自行车一样简单的飞来飞去，科技的发展让这个梦想很快实现。然而飞行自行车的安全性和强度一直是个大问题。接着下面叙述了两家研发飞行器的公司的最新的产品，新产品把安全放在首位。故选B。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

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