外研社必修四全册知识点归纳总结

外研版高一必修4知识点归纳

Unit 1 Life in the Future

重点词汇：alternative; arrest; brick; concrete; criminal; disability; entertainment 重点短语

in the future 将来care for 照顾；关心plenty of 大量的think about考虑instead of 代替

be able to能够attach to连接到；附属于

have an accident 发生意外；

出事故

for a start开始

on the way out 在路上

a few of一些

be made of由…制成

throw away扔掉；丢弃

for sure确定

place an order 排列顺序

语言点用法过关

1. alternative adj. 替换的，可供选择的（二者中）选择其一的考点归纳

(1) alternative energy 替代能源alternative ways 可供选择的方法

(2) have no alternative but to do 除……别无选择as an alternative 作为一种变通的方法alternative to ……的替代物

辨析：

alternative 强调必须从两或多个中选一个

choice 强调自由选择，不论选择的方式多或少

preference 强调按自己喜欢的方式进行选择

2. run out用完；耗尽考点归纳

run after 追求；追赶

run at 冲向；突袭

run away 逃走；逃跑

run into 偶然遇见；撞上；陷入

3. rely on依赖；依靠考点归纳rely on/ upon s./ 依赖/依靠rely on sb. to do sth. 指望某人做某事rely on it that…相信……指望……辨析rely on 强调凭借经验判断是否可以相信或依赖，侧重于从人品、感情方面的依赖、信赖。depend on 强调从这个人或这件事中很可能得到支持或帮助。侧重客观事实，如：能力、财力等。

4. command 命令；指挥

考点归纳

(1)at one’s command 服从某人指挥；听某人吩咐under one’s command 在某人的指挥

下in command of 指挥；控制have a good command of 精通

(2)command oneself 控制自己command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事command that…(should) do 命令…..(从句谓语动词用虚拟语气)

5. free of charge免费

考点归纳 1. free of charge=for free 免费the charge for sth. 某物的费用charge sb + money 收取某人多少钱2. in charge of 负责；掌管in the charge of 由…..负责，掌管take charge of 负责；掌管 3. charge sb. with 因……控告某人charge sb. for sth. 向某人索要某物6．carry out 实施；执行carry out a plan 实施计划carry out a promise 履行诺言carry out an order 进行调查

7. not all 表部分否定

考点归纳All …not= Not…all…并非所有……都/ Every…not=Not every 并非每一个……都/ Both…not=Not…both并非两者都

长难句解析To get rid of garbage problem, the city will load huge spaceship with materials and send them towards the sun, preventing landfill and environment problems. 为了摆脱掉垃圾问题，城市会在大宇宙飞船上装满垃圾，然后把它们朝着太阳发射出去，从而避免了垃圾填埋和环境问题。

解析：To get rid of garbage problems是不定式短语作状语，表示目的；

Preventing…是现在分词短语作状语，表示结果。例：Little kids ran in front of me, forcing my father to stop the wheelchair suddenly. 小孩子们跑到我的面前，迫使我父亲突然把轮椅停住。forcing 在这作状语，表示结果。

语法通关一般将来时

定义：一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow（明天），next week（下周），from now on（从现在开始）；in the future（将来）等。一般将来时由助动词shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称）动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称，一律用will。形式：will 常简略为'll，并与主语连写在一起，如：I'll，she'll,he'll，it'll，we'll，you'll，they'll。一般疑问句如用will you…？其简略答语须是Yes，I will或No，I won't；如用Shall I…？（较少见）其简略答语须是Yes，I shall．或No，I shan't．

结构: 1. will / shall + 动词原形（否定句在will/shall后加not）

2、be going to+动词原形用法：

（1）一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。

（2）在一般将来时的句子中，有时有表示将来时间的状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。例如：

（3）在以第一人称I或we作主语的问句中，一般使用助动词shall，这时或是征求对方的意见，或是询问一个情况

（4）be going to+ 动词原形

Will do与be going to do 的区别: be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事，但它们有如下几点区别：

1. be going to 表示近期、将要发生的事情，will 表示的将来的时间则较远一些;

2. be going to 表根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情;

3. be going to 含有“计划，准备”的意思，而will 则没有这个意思，

4. 在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用be going to, 而多用will, 如：If any beasts come at you, I'll stay with you and help you 注意be going to和will在含义和用法上稍有不同。be going to 往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。两者有时不能互换。如：She is studying hard and is going to try for the exams.她正努力学习并尝试参加考试。（is going to不能用will替换）

主将从现；时间状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时。

Uint 2 Traffic Jam

重点词汇destination; fare; permit; receipt; return; rout

重点短语

in no time立即；马上make sure确定

get around随便走走；传播；绕开

be limited to有限

have a good view of有一个好的视角get a seat得到座位

under construction在修建中

one-way trip单向旅行

rush hour高峰期

traffic jam 交通堵塞

get stuck被困住

seem to看起来像switch off

关掉turn on打开be

famous for因…而出名

a list of一列；一份

what’s more更糟糕的是

be connected to和…有联系

长难句解析

1. it’s a good idea to avoid public transport during the rush hour(6:30am-8:00am and 5:00pm-6:30pm). 在高峰期（早上6:30到8:00和下午5:00到6:30）间减少交通车辆是个好主意。It’s a good idea to do sth. ……是个好主意。to后跟动词原型

2. However, there is also a night bus service, provided by buses with a number in the 200s.

但是，那也有夜班车服务，是由公交公司提供的，编号在200到300之间。过去分词短语作后置定语

3. Tricycles are worth using if you want to explore the narrow alleys of old BeiJing. 如果你想看看北京的胡同，三轮车值得一用。be worth doing sth. 值得干某事

语法通关建议类句型

1. You should + V. 你应该……否定形式：You shouldn’t…

2. Make sure you + V. 保证……

3. It’s a good idea to ……是个好主意

4. would you like/ love (to do) sth. 这是一个很委婉的表示建议的句型,并带有与对方商量的意味,意为“你想要(做)……吗?

5. Shall I / we do sth.? 此句型是用来提建议或征求对方意见的,意为“我(们)做……好吗?”,语气委婉,商量的语气较浓

6. Why not do sth.? 该句型是Why don’t you / we do sth.?的省略式,表示向对方提出一种建议或询问某种原因,暗含有责备对方的意思,意为“为什么不……?”。

Unit 3 Body Language and Non-verbal Communication

重点词汇point; shake; aggressive; gesture; formal; informal; position; trust; unconscious;

重点短语

shake hands握手

in the distance在远处body language肢体语言on guard警戒;提防make a deal达成交易

hold up举起

give away泄露；失去

show sb. the way 给…指路

shake one’s head摇头

take a sip小喝一口

长难句解析

1. we see examples of unconscious body language very often, yet there is also “learned”body language, which various from culture to culture. 我们经常看到一些无意识的肢体语言，还有一些习得的肢体语言，这些因文化的不同而不同。逗号后边由which引导的非限制性定语从句，指代前边的句子成分。句中的yet用作并列连词，连接前后两个句子。

2. Why do we clap? To show we like something, of course. 我们为什么要鼓掌？当然是为了表明我们喜欢某事物。本句使用了一个省略回答，补充完整为：We clap to show we like something, of course.这常为一个命题点，有时不仅仅局限在不定式上，有可能还会有其他的动词形式，但是解题方法基本相同，即用还原法把它补充完整。

3. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Blunkett request the pleasure of your company at the wedding of their daughter Elizabeth Ann Blunkett to Mr. Jack Humphries, at St David's Church, Landrindod Wells on Saturday March 5th at 1700, followed by a dinner dance at the Hotel Metropole. 哈里·布伦基特夫妇邀请你参加他们的女儿安·伊丽莎白·布伦基特与杰克·汉弗莱斯的婚礼。婚礼定于3月5号星期三在位于Landrindod Wells的圣·大卫教堂举行。婚礼过后在Metropole旅馆将有一个晚餐舞会。

本句虽然很长，仍然是一个简单句。句中第二个of后的内容作wedding的定语，说明是谁的婚礼，followed by a dinner dance at the Hotel Metropole作wedding的非限制性定语。其中company这里意思是“陪伴”的意思，而不是“公司”。固定搭配in company with sb.的意思是“和某人一起”。

语法通关

1．If与when的用法区别If引导条件状语从句，when引导时间状语从句

2. 条件状语从句（在条件状语从句中，要用一般时态代替将来时）

常用的引导词有：if(如果，假如)，unless(除非，要不……就不)，as long as(只要)，so long as(只要)，provided(that)(只要)，suppose/supposing(假设)，on condition(that)(如果)等。在表示条件的状语从句中，既可以用直接陈述语气作真实条件句，也可以用虚拟语气作非真实条件句。至于把句子当成哪一种条件句，要依照有关语法规则和表达意思的需要而定。

表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)，而主句的谓语动表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)，而主句的谓语动词用“were to/should/would＋动词原形。”

3. 由although; though; whoever; whatever; whenever; wherever引导的让步状语从句引导词：though, although, as, even if, even though, whatever/no matter what, whenever/no matter when, wherever/no matter where, whoever/no matter who, whichever/no matter which, however/no matter how, no matter whether/if 英语中不允许在though或although从句后用but。如果要强调前后两个部分的对比意义，可以在主句前加上yet或still。

当从句主语与主句主语一致，从句中谓语是be或者从句中主语是it，谓语是be的时候，可以将从句中的主语与be一起省略。

4．should 与must的用法区别

Unit 4 Great Scientists

重点词汇Biology; chemistry; genetics; physics; agriculture; breakthrough; support; award; discover; equal; measure; radiation; theory; disease; disability

重点短语

brought up教育，培养from an early age从很早的时候开始

as a result of由于，原因是be know for因…而著名

because of 因为

come to power掌权

at present目前

not everybody不全是；并不

都

be attached to被系/捆在…..

上

长难句解析

1. He thought here was only one way to do this-by crossing difference species of rice and to produce a new plant, and then he could produce a new plant which could give a higher yield than either of the original plants. 他认为只有一种方法能做到，就是通过将不同的品种进行杂交从而得到一种新品种，这种新品种与原来的旧品种相比增大了产量。破折号后的句子是对前句中的the way的解释说明，最后一句中的which引导的是限制性定语从句，which指代的是a new plant

2. 50 thousand square kilometers of rice fields were convert to growing vegetables and other cash crops.五万平方千米的稻田转而种起了蔬菜及其它经济作物。be convert to dong sth. 被该做某事

语法通关

1.被动语态被动语态的基本结构；主动句变被动句；被动句变主动句

2.by + ing form (1) 表示一般的用法和方式(2) 表示传达、传递的方式或媒介(3) 表

名词示交通工具。通讯工具后接名词单数不加冠词

3.数字的表达(1)5,000,000 (2)47.5% (3)632 (4)4/5

4.

Unit 5 A trip Along the Three Gorges

重点词汇cave, peak, plain, cliff, colleague, deck, exploit, fertile, goods, trade, narrow, immense, legend, pagoda, poet, remote, slope, valley

重点短语

at the edge of在….边缘

at least至少

be heavy with充满；有大量的in the distence在远处

get a kick out of感到愉快

go through通过；完成

get off下（车、马）；离开

know about了解

go on a trip去…访问

长难句解析

1. The shore is the area where the land meets the sea or a lake. 岸就是陆地与海洋或湖泊汇合的地方。本句中使用了由where引导的定语从句。where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句；where本身在从句中作地点状语，从句的前面不仅可以用表示“地点”的名词作先行词，还可以用表示地点含义的抽象名词作先行词。where有时相当于“介词＋关系代词”。

2. A lake is an area of water surrounded by land. 湖泊就是由陆地所围成的一片水域。本句使用了过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句which is surrounded by land，其具体用法如下：1) 过去分词作定语常常位于其所修饰的名词前；过去分词短语作定语时，常常位于其所修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。

3. He and a colleague were to spend two years there teaching English at a teacher training college. 他和一位同事将在那里的一所教师进修学院教两年英语。本句使用了be to do sth.表示“按照计划或根据安排将要进行某个动作”。

4. On a distant mountain was a sign in 20-foot characters. 远山上写着20英尺大的汉字。本句中由于地点状语放在了句首，且主语是名词a sign，所以使用了完全倒装。

5. And everywhere he goes, he sends himself a postcard. 每到一处他都给自己寄一张贺卡。本句是由everywhere引导的地点状语从句，表示强调

语法通关

情态动词情态动词的语法特征情态动词表示某种感情和语气，不能单独作谓语，必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称、数的变化，后面只能接不带to的不定式。词

（一）情态动词表推测

1)形式

肯定的推测：must

否定的推测：can’t couldn’t 可能的推测：may might can could 疑问的推测：can could

2) 时间

对过去：情态动词+完成式（have done\have been done）对正在进行：情态动词+be doing

对现在或将来：情态动词+do

不同的“肯定”程度可按下列层次排列：

He is at home. (事实)

He must be at home.（非常肯定的推断）He could be at home.（很可能）

He ought to be at home.（很可能）

He may be at home.（仅仅可能而已）

He might be at home.（或许, 非常不确定）He might not be at home.（也许不在家）He may not be at home. （比might可能）He couldn’t be at home.（很可能不在家）He can’t be at home.（一定不在家）

He isn't at home.（事实）

（二）高考常用情态动词辨析

1. can\ could\ be able to表示能力

can和be able to都表示能力(Ability)，意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时，而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时，通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示

2. must \ have to

3. may\might

表示没有把握的推测；may放在句首，表示祝愿。：might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

may/might as well do sth 不妨做某事

4. would\used to would

(1)would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，所以我们不能说：“she would be a quiet girl.”

(2)would强调过去某种特定情况习惯性的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而

used to则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示；Would可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可

He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble.

I used to get up at six in the morning.

Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods.

In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Chen for help

5.should与ought to 表示“应该”时的区别

should 表示自己的主观看法，而ought to的语气中，含有“按道理应该……”之意。若要反映客观情况或涉及法律义务和规定，一般用ought to。如：

You should help them with their work.

You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.

6. should\shall

(1)shall

1)在疑问句中，shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示，常用于第一、第三人称。

Shall we go out for a walk?

2)shall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令”、“警告”、“威胁”和“允诺”等意思。如：You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）

He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）

He shall be punished. （威胁）

You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）

You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）

He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）

Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心）(2)should

1) 表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”

2) 表示推测，用在肯定句中，对现在的情况或可能发生的事的主观推测或期待。意为“想必，大概，或许”

It should be a nice day tomorrow.

Try phoning Robert, he should be home now.

He should be around sixty years old.

3) 还可以用在if引导的条件句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相当于“万一”的意思，从句谓语用should+动词原形构成

Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him.

Should I be free tomorrow, I’ll come.

If things should change suddenly, please let me know

4）.用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟会”，与why，what

Why should anyone want to marry Tony?

Don’t ask me. How should I know?

（三）情态动词+完成式表示“本…却…”

might have done表示“本来可能……，但实际上没有发生的事情”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。

should/ought to have done表示本该做某事，而实际上未做；用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了

c oul

d hav

e done用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经……”之意，此外，还可以表示过去能做而

没做的事，有一种对过去为付诸实施的事情的惋惜。

needn’t have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。

注意：didn’t need to do表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事

would rather have done表示“当时宁愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done表示

相反的含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意。

had better have done用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其

否定式had better not have done表示相反的含义。

（五）情态动词的反义疑问句

1．当陈述句部分有情态动词must时

（1）must表示“必须、禁止“时，反意疑问部分要用must (mustn’t) 。

You mustn’t stop your car here, must you?

You mustn’t do that again, must you?

（2）must表示“有必要”时，反意疑问句部分要用needn’t。

They must finish the work today, needn’t they?

You must see the doctor, needn’t you?

（3）当must用来表示对现在的情况进行“推测”时，反意疑问部分要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。He must be good at maths, isn’t he?

（4）当must用来表示对过去的情况进行“推测”（must + have done）时：

a). 单纯表示对过去的推测, 与现在无关, 反意疑问句附加部分用过去式。

b). 表示对过去的推测且影响到现在或持续现在, 反意疑问句附加部分用现在完成式。

She must have read the novel last week, didn’t she?

You must have told her about it, haven’t you?

She must have had a very good time, didn’t she?

He must have lived here at least ten years, hasn’t he?

2. 当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usedn’t或didn’t

The old man used to smoke, didn’t he?或usedn’t he?

3. 当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t

We ought to read this book, oughtn’t we?或shouldn’t we?

4. 当陈述部分含有had better时，疑问部分用had

You’d better finish your homework now, hadn’t you?

5. 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）

We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?

6. 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用wouldn't +主语

He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?

7. 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用need (dare ) +主语

We need not do it again, need we ?

He dare not say so, dare you/he?

当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。

She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

Unit 6 Unexplained Mysteries of the Natural World

重点词汇attack, adapt, calm, claim, claw, creature, disappear, dive, evolve, extinct, hairy, horn, monster, skeptical, seal, sighting, spirit, appear, repeat, survive

重点短语

close to(在时间或空间上)接近

be likely to很可能

be similar to与……相似due to由于；因为

quite something不寻常的；

令人惊讶的

jump out of从…..跳出

a group of一群

walk along沿着…..走

the beginning of在….的开

头

长难句解析

1. The director of a local tourist office, Meng Fanying, said the monster, which seemed to be black in color, was ten meters from the edge of the lake during the most recent sighting. 据当地的旅游办公室主任孟凡迎介绍，最近有人看见怪物就在离湖边十米的地方，怪物的颜色似乎是黑色的。Meng Fanying作the director of a local tourist office的同位语，指同一个人；said后面是宾语从句，从句的主语是the monster，谓语是was ten metres from the edge of the lake。during the most recent sighting在从句中充当状语；which引导定语从句，修饰monster，which 在定语从句中作主语。

2. In another recent sighting, a group of soldiers claim they saw an animal moving on the surface of the water. 最近另有一次，一群战士证实：他们看见湖的水面上有东西在流动。本句使用了现在分词moving作宾语补足语，表示动作的正在进行，如果宾语与后面的宾语补足语存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且宾补所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，宾补就用现在分词，常见的用现在分词作宾补的结构有：get/leave/keep/catch/have sb. doing; see/find/watch/feel/hear/listen to/discover sb. doing等。

3. He claims to have seen a round black creature moving quickly through the water. 他说他看见圆形黑色的东西在湖面快速潜入水中。本句使用了不定式的完成式to have seen表示动作的完成

语法通关情态动词表可能性的用法

情态动词+have

1. may/might＋have＋过去分词：表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测，即说话人认为过去某事发生的可能性或某状态存在的可能性。可用于肯定句(意思是“可能已经”)和否定句(意思是“可能没有”)；might的语气没有may那么肯定。

2. 但有时might可用来表示过去可能发生而没发生的事情

3. 其他“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”的用法1)“must＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去的某事做出的肯定判断。The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地面很湿，昨天晚上一定下雨了。“can/could＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去某种行为或存在的状态进行否推测。can常用于否定句(意思是“不可能已经”)和疑问句；could除用于否定句及疑问句外，还可用于肯定句(意思是“那时可能；本来可以，但实际并未发生”。)

4. need＋have＋过去分词”常用于否定句，表示过去做了不必做或不需要做的事情或过去做某事纯属多余，含有“根本不必；本来不必”之意，也可用于疑问句。

5. “should/ought to＋have＋过去分词”的肯定式表示“过去本应做某事(但实际上却没做)”；其否定表示“过去不该做某事(但却做了)”。含有不满或责备之意。

6. would＋have＋过去分词”表示过去本来要做某事却因某种原因未做，通常用来说明某种情况，但不像用should或ought to那样含有责备之意。表达可能性和不可能性

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charge n. 费用；价钱 free of charge 免费 power vt. 供给动力 flick n. 轻打；轻弹 switch n. 开关vi. 交换；调换surgery n. 外科手术 telesurgery n. 远距离手术outpatient n. 门诊病人 clinic n. 诊所 disability n. 失去能力；伤残attach vt. 系；贴；连接spaceport n. 宇航基地 use up 用完 look out 小心；当心 optimistic adj. 乐观的；乐观主义SHB4 M2 trolleybus n. 电车 be connected to 与……相连wire n. 电线 suburban adj. 郊区的；市郊的be / get stuck in 被困在……in no time 马上；一会儿display vt. 展示；陈列 cab n. 出租汽车；计程车permit n. 执照；许可证 receipt n. 收据 get around 到处旅行；四处走动fare n. 车费 air-conditioned adj. 带空调的limit vt. 限制 destination n. 目的地；终点

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command命令；指令 recreation娱乐；消遣 bowling保龄球游戏 softball垒球（运动） charge费用；价钱 free of charge免费 power供给动力 flick轻打 switch n.开关vi.交换；调换surgery 外科手术 telesurgery 门诊病人 clinic诊所 disability失去能力；伤残 attach系；贴；连接 spaceport宇航基地 use up 用完 look out 小心；当心 optimistic乐观的；乐观主义的dishwasher 洗碗碟机 definitely无意的；确定地 eventually最后；终于 for a start 首先 on the way out 即将被淘汰；即将过时colony殖民地 predict语言；预料 shape造成……形状 pad（动物的）脚 doormat门前擦鞋垫

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