Chapter 3.1 主语从句(教案1)
Chapter 3.1主语从句的用法
一、主语从句的标记
主语从句通常由连词that和whether (if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导。
1. that引导
That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。
That we shall be lat e is certain. 我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽视工人阶级是很自然的。
That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着是使人感到宽慰的。
That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence. 她成为画家可能是受她父亲的影响。
That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你将来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好消息。That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 她被挑选上，在她村子里引起很大轰动。
2. whether引导
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。
Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
3. 连接代词引导
Whoever(=anyone w ho) fails to see this will make a big blunder.
Whatever(=anything t hat) she did was reasonable. 无论什么Anything that she did was reasonable.
Whichever (of you) com es in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。
Whichever(=anything that)you want is yours. 你要哪个哪个就是你的。
What do you need?
What you need is a good rest.
I don’t know what you need?
Very pretty, run quickly, was born in 1992
4. 连接副词引导
When we arrive doesn’t matter. 什么时候到没有关系。
When do we arrive?
How it was done was a mystery. 这是怎样做的是一个谜。How was it done?
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
How did this happen?
How many people we are to invite is still a question. 邀请多少人还是一个问题。
How many people are we to invite?
Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。
Where do i spend my summer?
5. 连接代词型what引导
What(=the thing that) we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。What do we need?
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。What’s done is done. 事已成定局。
What=the thing that h e say s is not important. 他说的话并不重要。
What does he say?
What I am telling you is mere impressions. 我和你说的都不过是一些印象而已。
What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water. 为河水增色的是水里的荷花。
What you need is a good-sized canvas bag. 你需要的是一个比较大的帆布袋。
What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal. 我担心的是他们把他带到葡萄牙去。
What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot. 给我很深印象的是他们都受过很多苦。
二、连接词的选用
1. that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：
What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
2. if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
3. 其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定
买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
4. whatever / whoever的功用
whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。如：
Whoever breaks the law s hould be punished. （主语从句）（＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ）
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （让步状语从句）（＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ）5. it构成的主语从句
（1）由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用代词it作形式主语。如：
It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
需要注意的是，it作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. （主语从句，有that，无逗号）
As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.
（定语从句，无that，有逗号）
上两句意为“据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击”。
（2）常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构
It is a fact （a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…）that…如：
It’s a pity that you missed the film.
你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
It is necessary （clear / true / strange/ important /wonderful / possible / likely…）that…
需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为“（should）＋动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。如：
It is necessary that you （should）master the computer.
你很有必要掌握电脑。
It is important that a student learn English well.
学生学好英语很重要。
It’s clear that they badly need help.
很明显，他们急需援助。
It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon.
飓风很可能马上就要到达了。
It is reported （well-known / hoped / thought / expected /said /believed/decided /suggested /ordered…）that…如：
It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 据说他在地震中丧生了。
It seems （happened / appears / doesn’t matter / makes no difference / …）that …如：
It seems that they will win the game.
看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。
It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.
他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。
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