九年级英语导学案人教版Unit_1_How_do_you_study_for_a_test

九年级英语导学案人教版Unit 1 How do you study for a test ?

1 Section A 1a—2c

Aims of learning

知识与技能

Learn to talk about the ways of studying English and master the structure “v+by+v.ing” and the target language .

过程与方法

1.Learn the new words: flashcard,vocabulary, aloud, pronunciation,add

2.Learn the target language：—How do you study for a test ?

—I study by v.ing… What about … ? 情感、态度与价值观

1.Train students’listening and speaking skills by practicing

conversations.

2.Studying the right way to deal with problems is useful. It

helps you get good

Grades in the school.

重点Master the new words and target language; Master the structure “v+by+v.ing”.

难点How to improve students’listening skill by talking about ways of learning English.

教学过程

Step 1 Prepare for learning

一．把下列汉语译成英语

1.与朋友一起学习

2.阅读教科书

3.列词汇表

4.听磁带

5.向老师求助

6.太……而不能二．句型展示台

7.你是怎样为考试而学习的？______ do you study _____ a test ?

我是通过抽认卡来学习的。I study _____ ______ flashcards.

8.大声朗读来练习发音如何？What about _________ _______ _____ practice pronunciation ?

9.听懂发音太难了。_____ is ______ hard ______ understand the voice .

10.你曾经小组学习过吗？Have you _______ _______ _____ a group ? Step 2 1a 知识储备：1.by 是介词，意为：“通过……手段；靠”，后接名词或动名词形式。

by asking the teacher for help . 2. ask for 意为“寻求……”。若

强调求助的对象时则常写为ask sb for…意为“求助

于……”。

Step 3 1b

Step 4 1c

Step 5 2a 知识储备：1. practice 作动词时，意为“练习……”后跟名词，代词或动名词；作名词时是不可数名词，意为“练习，实践”。2. What about listening to tapes ? 听录音带怎么样？What about… ?是一个固定句式，通常用于征求意见、提建议或询问消息，其后接名词、代词或动名词。也可用How about … ?替换。3.aloud adv. 出声地，高声地【辨一辨】（1）aloud 副词，意为“出声地，高声地”，常与read,call

等动词连用，强调“从不出声到出声，别人能听见但声音不是很大”的情况，它没有比较级和最高级形式。（2）loud 副词，意为“高声地，大声地，喧噪地”，常用于talk ,speak,laugh等动词之后，强调声音响亮。（3）loudly 副词，意为“高声地，喧噪地”，可以和loud互换使用，比较级一般用louder.

Step 6 2b 知识储备：1.too … to …，太……而不能，too 后常接形容词，to后常接动词。eg. It’s too hard to understand the voice . 听懂发音太难了。2. 【辨一辨】voice,noise与sound ,三者都可以作名词，表示“声音”。（1）voice 意为“说话声，声音”，强调“人发出的声音”。（2）noise，意为“噪音，声音”，强调“人或事物发出的比较难听的声音”。（3）sound，意为“声音”，泛指所有的声音，既包括voice,也包括noise。

Step 7 2c

Step 8 学习能力形成性评价

一．根据首字母提示完成单词。

1.I often make f__________ to memorize English words .

2.Please read a______ to practice pronunciation .

3.—What is the p____________ of the word “text”？—/tekst/ .

4.It’s too hard to understand the v_______ .

5.I think learning English g__________ is boring .

二．根据汉语提示完成句子。

6.Lucy studies English _____________________________________ (通过制作词汇卡)。

7.Let’s read aloud to ___________________________ (练习发音)。

8.—____ you ______ (学习) with a group ? —Yes, we have .

9.I ________ my mother _________ (向……寻求帮助) help yesterday .

10.____________________________________(打篮球怎么样) this afternoon ?

教/学后记：

2 Section A 3a —4

Aims of learning

知识与技能

1.Learn to talk about the ways of learning English with the target

language.

2.Be able to write a passage about the ways of learning English by

reading .

过程与方法1.Learn the new words :specific,memorize,grammar,differently,frustrate,frustrating,quickly, 2.Learn the sentences: —Do you write vocabulary lists ?

—Oh,yes,I do it often .

情感、态度与价值观

Maybe you find English frustrating sometimes. But never give up .We all know that where there is a will ,there is a way .

重点

1.Master the new words .

2.Master the target language .

3.Ge information by reading .

难点

1.How to get the important message from reading .

2.How to improve students’ cooperative spirit .

教学过程

Step 1 Prepare for learning

一、翻译下列短语

1.学英语的最好方法

2.加入英语俱乐部

3.获得大量练习

4.根本不，一点也不

5.对……感到兴奋

二．句型展示台

6.学习单词最佳方式是通过阅读英语杂志。The best _______ ___ learn new words is by ______ English magazines .

7.他认为学习语法是学习一门语言的重要方法。He thinks _________ grammar ____ a great way _____ learn a language .

8.通常我们谈论某事激动起来，接着就以讲中文结束了。We usually _____ ________ ______

something and then ______ _____ _________ in Chinese .

Step 2 3a

1.Learn the new words of 3a .

2.Read the article and complete the chart .

3.Translate 3a into Chinese .

4.Read 3a .

知识储备：1. He can watch the actors say the words . 他能看演员说话。watch 为感官动词，可以跟不带to 的动词不定式作宾补，也可跟v.ing 作宾补。watch sb do sth (看到的是整个动作或全过程) ；watch sb doing sth (看到某人正在做某事，强调动作正在进行)。2. Wei Ming

feels differently. 魏明的感觉则不同。feel 是实意动词，differently 是副词作状语。feel 也可作联系动词，后接形容词作宾语。3.She said that memorizing the words of pop songs also helped a little . 她说记流行歌曲词也能起点儿作用。memorizing…是动名词作主语。4.some time 表示“一些时间”，time 为不可数名词

some times 表示“几次，几倍”，time 为可数名词

sometime 表示“某个时候”，常用于将来时

sometimes 表示“有时”，多指现在的情况。

5.quickly 与fast quickly 侧重指某事完成或发生的快；fast 侧重于指人或事物具有运动速度快的特点。

6.have conversations with sb 与某人对话

7. not … at all根本不，一点也不

8.be/get excited about sth 对某事感到兴奋

9. end up 以……结束/告终

Step 3 3b

Step 4 4

Step 5 学习能力形成性评价

一．用所给词的适当形式填空

1.I’m going to do a survey about how _____________ (improve)

speaking English .

2.We went to Hainan Island on May Day and had fun ________ (go)

surfing.

3.He thought _____________ . He had a ___________

idea .(different)

4.She felt ___________ because English grammar is

__________.(frustrate)

5.He has a good __________ . He can ___________ a long history .

He thinks ________the words of pop songs can help him a lot .

(memorize)

二．根据汉语及单词提示完成句子

6.他爸爸通过开出租车谋生。His father makes a living ___________________________ .

(通过开出租车)(by)

7.I ________________________ something I saw .(对……感到兴奋)（excite）

8.They ______________________ in Japan last Sunday .(结束旅行) （end）

9.Wang Mei ________________________________ (一点儿也不会英语).(all)

10.He added that ______________________ with friends was _____________________

(与朋友会话很有用).(help)

教/学后记：

3 Section A 基础知识强化训练

一、单项选择

（）1.—How do you learn English grammar ? —I study ____ reading English stories.

A. to

B.by

C.on

D.in

( )2.The little too frightened _____ a word .

A.not to tell

B. not to say

C.to tell

D.to say ( )3.“Don’t be afraid ; speak _______ ,please !”the teacher said ______ .

A.loud;loud

B.louder;loudly

C.louder;loud

D.alouder;loudly

( )4.—_____ you ____ a ticket for a football match ? —Not yet .

A.Is ;bought

B.Are; bought

C.Has; bought

D. Have ；bought

( ) 5.—Have you ______ read the poem I f ? —Yes, I really enjoy it .

A.still

B.ever

C.yet

D.never

( ) 6.What is the best way ______ the question ?

A.answer

B.answering

C.to answer

D.to answering

( ) 7.Do you often watch them _______ basketball on the playground ?

A.play

B.to play

C.played

D.playing

( ) 8.The bag is _________ heavy for the girl ______ carry .

A.to; too

B.too; to

C. so; that

D.such; that

( ) 9.Do you like watching English movies ？No,I ______ like it ______ . They speak English too quickly for me to follow .

A.don’t; a little

B./ ；at all

C./ ;very much

D.don’t ;at all

( ) 10. Because of the ________ purposes,the students study English in ________ ways .

A.different;different

B.different;differently

C.differences;different

D.differently;difference

二.句型转换

11.The best way to learn English is to study with friends .(改为同义句) ______ ______ _______ is the best way to learn English .

12.Why not ask your teacher for help ? (改为同义句)

______ ______ ______your teacher for help ?

13. I have ever studied with a group . (改为一般问句，并作肯定回答) ______ ______ever ______ with a group ? ______, _______ ________ .

14.He studies by reading the textbooks for a test . (对划线部分提问) _______ _____ he ________ for a test ?

15.I’ve been learning English for six years . (对划线部分提问)

______ ______ _____you been learning English ?

三．根据句意及首字母提示补全单词，完成句子。

16.We can learn the words by making v______________ lists.

17.Can you help me with my English ? My p________________ isn’t good .

18.I study English by a______ the teacher for help .

19.Do you ever practice c______________ with frinds ?

20.My speaking s_______ are bad .I want to improve them .

21.Jay Chou has a very special v______ .Some young people like his songs very much .

22.Do you learn English by reading a______ ?

23.An actor must be able to m__________ his lines .(台词)

24. I found watching English movies f____________ because people

speak too quickly .

25.Perhaps studying English g_________ is boring, but it’s important .

四．用所给词的适当形式填空

26.Have you ever _______ (see) such a beautiful bird ?

27.It’s hard for us ____________ (finish) the task in a week .

28.Alice practices ___________ (play) the piano every day .She plays

very wll .

29.Why do you think of your English teacher’s _______________

(pronunce) ?

30.He came to China _________________ (study) Chinese history .

教/学后记：

4 Section B 1a—3a

Aims of learning

知识与技能

1.Learn to understand the conversations and the passage about the ways of learning English by listening and reading .

2.Learn to write a passage about the things that are important for you to learn something .

过程与方法

1.Learn the new words and the phrases: pronunce,spoken,slowly,mistake,commas,challenge,

solution, realize, matter, afraid, complete,secret, learner, term, impress, trouble, make mistakes,

later on, it doesn’t matter, be afaid to, laugh at, take notes

2.Learn the target language in 2a.

情感、态度与价值观

1.Be able to put forward the problems in studying English.

2.When meeting a problem,you must make up your mind to overcome

it.

重点

1.Master the new words and target language .

2.Get key information through reading.

难点

Talk about how to solve the problems that students meet with while learning English.

教学过程

Step 1 Prepare for learning

一. 翻译下列短语

1.正确发音

2.听不懂英语口语

3.犯错误

4.有一个与之练习英语的

伙伴

5.在练习本上写下这些单词

二.句型展示台

6.我在语法方面出错误。I _________ __________ _______ grammar .

7.我不知道如何使用逗号。I don’t know ______ _______ ________ comma .

8.你为什么不加入一个英语俱乐部来练习讲英语呢？_________ ________ you join an English language

club to practice __________ English ?

9.我没有一个练习英语的伙伴。I don’t have a partner _____ practice English ________ .

Step 2 1b

知识储备：1.can’t understand spoken English 听不懂英语口语2.

make mistakes in grammar 在语法方面出错误make a mistake/ make mistakes 犯错误

Step 3 1b

知识储备：I don’t know how to use comma . 我不知道怎么使用逗号。how 与动词不定式一起构成动词不定式短语作宾语。

Step 4 2a

知识储备：1.can’t get the pronunciation right 不能正确发音

2. don’t get much writing practice 没有得到大量的写的

练习

Step 5 2b知识储备：write the new words in the notebook 在练习本上写下这些新单词

Step 6 2c知识储备：have a partner to practice English with 有一个与

之练习英语的伙伴

Step 7 3a

1.Read the article ,write “T” or “F” for the statements about 3a .

2.Translate 3a into Chinese .

3.Read 3a after the tape .

知识储备：1. first of all 首先2. begin with 以……开头（开始）to begin with 第一点3. I was also afraid to speak in class .

我也害怕在课堂上说（英语）. be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事4.

laugh at sb 取笑某人 5.I couldn’t always make complete sentences .我总是不能造完整句子。6. So I decided to take lots of grammar notes in evert class .所以我决定每节课做许多语法笔记。note n. 笔记take/make notes 做笔记7.I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner .我认为成为一个好的语言学习者的秘诀之一就是做大量的听力练习。one of ……之一8.It’s amazing how much this helped . 真是不可思议，这样做很有帮助。9. be impressed 受感动

Step 7 能力形成性评价

一．根据汉语提示完成句子

1.I couldn’t remember _____________________________ (怎么写) the word “challenge”.

2. I decided ________________________________________(记许多语法笔记) in every class .

3.My teacher is very ______________ (受感动).

4.This is ______________________________________ (秘诀之一)

of playing the piano well.

5._____________ (后来) I ______________________ (意识到) my

mother love me .

二．句型转换6.He studies English by working with friends . (对划线部分提问)

________ _____ he _______ English ?

7. I don’t know how to pronunce the word . (改为同义句)

I don’t know the ________________ ______ the word .

8.Wtching English language videos is very important . (改为同义句)

_______ very important _______ __________ English language videos .

9.The boy was too young to go to school . (改为同义句)

The boy was ________ young _______ he couldn’t go to school .

The boy was _______ _______ _____________ to go school .

10. The speaker finished his speech with a famous saying . (改为同义句)

The speaker _________ ______ his speech with a famous saying .

教/学后记：

5 Section B 3b —Selfcheck

Aims of learning

知识与技能

Learn how to mster English by listening and reading with the target language .

过程与方法

1.Learn the new words and phrases: fast, look up ,soft, make up ,essay

2.Practice writing an article using the target language .

3.Fill in blanks and make sentences with some words .

情感、态度与价值观

1.Train students’ writing skill about learning another language .

2.Be able to understand : No pains, no gains .

重点1.Review the contest by filling in blanks and making sentenses with the words .

2.Write an article using the target language .

难点How to train students’writing skill .

教学过程

Step 1 Write an article

每个人都想成为一名优秀的学习者，那么如何才能实现这一愿望呢？请你根据下面的提示，以“How to be a good learner ?”为题，写一篇短文。

habit, way; get ready, listen; go over, homework; study in groups, help each other; work hard, do sports; some other methods

要求：1.必须用上所给的所有提示内容；2.语句通顺，书写规范；

3.词数80左右，短文的开头已给出，不计入总词数。

Ho to be a good learner ?

As a good learner, we should

步骤：1.学生自主写；2. 组长脱稿在全班说；组员脱稿在小组内说；

3.组长组织在组内修改。

Step 2 3b

Step 3 4

Step 4 Selfchek 1

知识储备：1. write down 写下 2. look… up 查……

Step 5 Selfcheck 2

教/学后记：

6 Section B 基础知识强化训练

一．单项选择

( ）1. He wants to ______ an English languag club .

A. take part

B.take part in

C. join

D. join in

( ) 2. You should get _____________ .

A.many writing practice

B. much write practice

C.many writing

practice D. much writing practice

( )3. It’s important ________ the piano well.

A. of him to play

B. for him to play

C. of him

playing D.for him playing

( ) 4. We don’t know _________ , perhaps in the afternoon.

A. how to start

B.when to start

C. where to start

D. when start

( ) 5. My brother often makes mistakes _______ grammar.

A. in

B.of

C. by

D. at

( )6. Don’t laugh _____ anyboby. You should help them when they are in trouble.

A.at

B.to

C.of

D. with

( )7._______ is easy for me to do the work .

A. It

B. That

C. This

D. He

( ) 8.—I’m sorry that I can’t come tonight. —_________.

A. Don’t say that

B. No problem

C. It’s a problem

D. It’s doesn’t matter

( ) 9. They haven’t finished the work, ______.

A.also

B.too

C.as well

D.either

( ) 10.—Can I have ______ cake ? They are delicious. —Thank you for saying so .

A. the other

B. another

C.

other D. others

( ) 11. I’m amazing ________ this helped me study English .

A.how long

B.how many

C. how much

D. how soon

( ) 12. We were _______ when we heard the story of Hong Zhanhui.

A.impressed

B.funny

C.friendly

D.outgoing

二．句型展示

13.首先，当老师讲课时我很难听到老师的话。

_____________________, it was _______________ me

___________ understand the teacher when she talked .

14.后来，我意识到你听不懂每个单词关系并不大。

_____________ , I _________ that _________________________________ you don’t uderstand every word .

15.我认为多做听力练习是成为一名优秀语言学习者的秘诀之一。

I think that _________ lots of listening practice is one of the

__________of ________ a good language learner.

三．完成句子。根据括号内的汉语提示，用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子。

16.—How do you study for a test ?—

九年级上英语导学案

九年级上英语导学案目录 Unit 1 How do you study for a test?（7课时） Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark.（7课时） Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes（5课时）Unit4What would you do?（6课时） Unit 5 It must belong to Carla (5课时) Review of units 1-5（2课时） 期中复习（2课时） Unit 6 I like music that I can dance to. (5课时) Unit7 Where would you like to visit ?（5课时） Unit8 I‘ll help clean up the city parks.（6课时） Unit 9 When was it invented？（5课时） Unit 10 By the time I got outside , the bus had already left .（5课时）Review of Units 6—10 （2课时） 期末复习(3课时)

Unit 1 How do you study for a test? 本单元主要是学习用How 来询问学习方法，通过互相询问讨论，掌握by的用法，同时找到适合自己的学习方法，找出自己在英语学习中的困难。（共计7时） 第1课时Section A 1a-2c 【学习目标】1掌握新单词flashcard, vocabulary, aloud, pronunciation 2熟练运用how 引起的特殊疑问句及by的用法。 3能够听懂有关学习方法的简短对话。。 【学习重难点】1熟记重点单词短语。2语法：by + 动词ing的用法 3句型How do you study for a test? I study by working with a group. 【学习过程】一课前预习：(教师寄语:预习感知,有备无患。) 1预习生词。根据音标读出单词并了解汉语意思,养成自主学习的习惯。本节课我们要学的单词短语是： 2 朗读Section A 1a-2c，找出下列短语。 制作抽认卡制作词汇表向老师寻求帮助 和朋友练习对话提高口语技能 _______ 练习发音 4.要点导学：（在课本中画出下列句子或短语，并翻译成中文） 导学1 How do you study for a test? I study by listening to tapes. How是用来提问―怎么,怎样‖的疑问词,引导一个特殊疑问句。by加动词的ing形式，表示―通过……方式,方法‖或―借助某种手段‖。跟踪练习(1) How do you study English so well? By lots of books. A. read B. look C. watching D. reading 翻译下面的句子，总结by的用法和含义：1）I have to be in bed by 10 o'clock. 2）There is a tree by the river. 3）You can learn English by working with friend. 4）I go to work by bus. 5) By the way, how do you study for English? 导学2 What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation？ What about …？相当于…？.常用来提出建议,征求意见或询问情况。学过的提建议的句型还有哪些？跟踪练习going boating with us ? aloud / loud/ loudly: 三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。 aloud是副词,侧重于―出声‖ (能让人听见,但声音不一定很大),常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。 loud可作形容词或副词, 侧重于声音响亮, 用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。

最新人教版八年级下册英语第6单元导学案

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(完整word版)人教版八年级下册英语第一单元A部分导学案

导学案(教师)模板 年级八年级科目英语课题(章节) Unit 1

二、写出下列身体部位。 【课堂探究】 1.I have a stomachache.意为：_________________。其中stomachache是名词，意为：____________，是由名词_____________(胃；腹部)加后缀__________(疼痛)构成的复合名词。 提示：此类复合名词还有：背痛__________、牙痛__________、头痛__________等。 2.have a cold 意为：____________ , have 也可以换成catch，即______________。 提示：表示有某种“病症；症状”常用“have + a + 名词”结构，have在此类短语中意为：___________。例如： 发烧________________ 胃痛________________ 咳嗽________________ 3.What’s the matter?意为：____________________。常用于询问对方有什么问题或有什么不顺心的事，也可用于询问某物出了什么故障，后可接with sb./sth.，表示“某人/某物怎么了”。同义句型有： the trouble What’s the problem(with sb./sth.) wrong 4.I think you should lie down and rest.我认为你应该躺下休息。 ①．lie down意为“躺下”，其中lie是动词，意为：_______________。需要注意的是，lie的过去式是__________。注意区分下列词： 原形过去式现在分词 lie（动词）躺，位于lay lying lie（动词）说谎lied lying lay（动词）下蛋；放置laid laying

(人教版)八年级英语下册(全册)优秀同步导学案汇总

（人教版）八年级英语下册(全册)优秀同步 导学案汇总

Section A 1a-2d 【学习目标】 1.识记并准确运用身体部位的词汇。 2.学会询问他人身体健康状况。 【学习重点和难点】 重点：识记身体部位的多个词；掌握多个询问他人身体健康状况的问法。 难点：不同身体部位不舒服的表达方法。 【学法指导】自主互助学习 知识链接：

结合三组学生的表演及课本Page7上的对话总结三种询问他人身体健康状况的句子： 1. ___________________________________________________; 2._____________________________________________________; 3.____________________ _________________________________ 【目标评价】 提问，演板，书面小测试。 【学习过程】 1. 浏览1a部分，借助单词表完成1a。 2. 师生讨论结果并朗读它们。 3. 积极参与识别身体部位词汇的游戏。 4. 浏览课本图片中的对话后完成下列词组： 怎么了__________________; 感冒了_______________; 背酸痛______________;胃痛，肚子痛___________________; 喉咙痛_______________________。 5. 浏览1b要求及所给名称，弄清要求及准确掌握5个名字的发音。 6. 弄清1-5几个人所在位置。 7. 听录音并按要求完成1b。

8. 讨论答案并再放录音，要求学生大声重复。并再次完成下列词组： 怎么了__________________; 感冒了______________; 背酸痛_______________;胃痛，肚子痛___________________; 喉咙痛______________;牙疼___________; 头疼_________________________; 9. 查阅字典或者资料完成下列词组： 咳嗽____________________; 打喷嚏___________________; 发烧_______________________; 10. 小组讨论以上表述身体健康问题的词组可分几种类型并按照类型罗列在下边空白处。 11. 两人一组编造对话（注意要有表演）。 12. 争取机会表演对话。 【拓展巩固】 说出身体部位的词及表述身体部位疼痛的三种类型；说出询问别人身体状况的三种问法及如何回答；注意foot、tooth的复数形式。 【课堂练习】 写出下列表身体部位疼痛的词汇。

外研版九年级英语下册全册导学案

Module 1 Grammer 一、名词： 1．可数名词与不可数名词 1）名词的可数与不可数通常从其意思上就比较简易区分，但是某些词从其汉语意思来 看似乎可数，但英语却不可数，这些词要特别注意如 bread,cake,paper,chalk,soap等， 这些词所指的事物大凡没有不变形状，要表达数量通常用a piece of之类的短语。 2）有些词既可以做可数名词也可以做不可数名词，但是意思例外，有些不可数名词的 复数形式表达特定含义，请分别写出下列词的汉语意思。 fruit()------fruits() tea()------teas() paper()------papers() time()-----times() work()----works() snow()---snows() wood()-----woods() room()-----rooms() 2、可数名词的复数形式 1)．规则变化（写出下列名词的复数形式） book___________city___________ day__________ bus___________

box___________ wish ____________ peach__________ tomato ____________potato ___________ hero ____________ photo ___________ piano ____________leaf____________ life _____________ shelf ____________ knife ____________2).不规则变化 man___________ woman ___________ child __________ foot ___________tooth ______________ sheep ___________ deer ____________ mouse ____________3).国家人的复数 Chinese ____________ Japanese ____________ Englishman ______________ Frenchman _____________ American ______________, German _______________ 4).复合名词的复数 pencil box ______________school bag ____________ man teacher _______________ woman doctor _____________ 5).有些名词通常只以复数的形式出现如：裤子___________,鞋_________,眼镜_________,袜子________,剪子_________等 6).有些名词没有加s但是却表达复数的含义如：人___________,警察 ___________牛____________观众_____________. 3.名词的所有格 1)名词所有格表示 “…的”的含义，通常，有生命的事物是在名词后面加__________. 如果是复数名词则只加________. 无生命的事物通常要用__________的方式来表达。 2).