雅思阅读9分之List_of_Headings题

雅思阅读9分之List of Headings题

在自己多年的教学过程中见过无数的考生因雅思阅读中一些复杂的题型而挣扎，其中有T/F/NG题，List of Headings题，和Which paragraph contains the following information题等等。在这里我想首先传达一个信息—万事万物都有捷径，都有方法，关键在于寻找。就像初中解答平面几何时，一些看似无解的题目往往会在一道，两道辅助线的作用下使自己豁然开朗。同样，雅思阅读中这些所谓的难题其实并不难，关键在于掌握正确的思路、方法。这里我要启发大家思考，传授一种解答雅思阅读中List of Headings题的“2.0版本”的解法。

List of Headings题也叫做小标题题，顾名思义就是为文章中每个段落选择合适的能够概括段落大意的小标题来。这种题型在雅思阅读考试中经常出现。然而这种题型却往往因为解题方法的错误被误认为是难题。其实，只要掌握正确的解题方法，该种题型一定会变得很简单并且可以全部做对。

大多数考生认为这种题型较难，因为他们采用了如下错误的解题思路：

第一，大多数考生解答这种题型的思路在于寻找段落的中心句或主题句。

第二，他们还认为段落的中心句或主题句通常段落的首句，次句或尾句。

第三，根据判断出来的中心句或主题句确定正确选项。

但是，雅思阅读所有文章都有主题句或中心句吗？就算有主题句或中心句，它一定出现在首句，次句或尾句吗？答案是否定的。

所以，使用这种方法，考生常常常会有这样的经验：看完一个段落的首句发现刚好有一个标题与这句话对应，于是就把它选出来，但是这个选项偏偏是错误选项。这样一来，考生做10道题就经常会做错其中的5-6道，而通常去蒙的话，也基本上能对4-5道，所以这种做题方法非常不可取，因为一旦判断错误主题句就一定会选错答案。这是第一代的做题方法。

那么，我们应该如何避免错误判定主题句、中心句的尴尬或者干脆直接跳过主题句或中心句的判断呢？

关键在于看动脑筋，积极思考，寻找出路—答案就是List of Headings题“第二代”，“2.0版本”的解题方法。

第二代的做题方法采用了完全不同于第一代的解题思路。因为我们知道，主题句一旦判定错误就肯定导致选择错误的选项，所以我们尝试避开判定主题句的障碍，转而寻找其他的解法。利用主题句去判定段落标题的尝试是从文章到标题的过程，现在我们反其道而行之，采取从标题到文章的解题思路。具体做法如下：

第一步：阅读题目要求，把例题所选小标题从小标题列表中划掉。（因为，一个段落所选标题其他段落是不会重复的）

第二步：阅读所有小标题，判定反向思维词，并进行反向思维。

第三步：浏览段落。

第四步：比较段落与小标题，并利用排除法解答。

这里首先解释一下何谓“反向思维”和“反向思维词”。

“反向思维”是解答这种题型和解答雅思阅读难题—段落信息搭配题（which paragraph contains the following information）—的关键。其实，大多数人对反向思维并不陌生，它就是大家中学期间都练习过的命题作文。换句话说，反向思维就是把每一个小标题看成一个命题作文的标题，然后去想按照这个标题，这个段落会写什么样的内容，会出现什么词汇。而“反向思维词”就是标题中能够提醒“反向思维”的词汇。

例如，如果现在有一篇文章，全文标题为《新航道记事》，按照反向思维该文章中一定会出现新航道，而且会围绕新航道而展开。如果所有小标题中有一个选项为“我的雅思阅读老师王毅”，该标题中至少有两个反向思维词“雅思”和“王毅”，按照反向思维如果某个段落选择这个小标题，该段落一定至少会出现“雅思”和“王毅”这两个词。如果这个段落没有这两个信息，那么该段落肯定不会选这个小标题，该小标题便可以排除。

采用这样“反向思维”的方法就可以巧妙的避开寻找主题句或中心句。尽管文章看不太懂，但是每一个小标题每位考生都能读懂，并且可以进行反向思维。这也就是我授课中经常提到的“如果英文不好就用中文来补足”。然后，只需要简单的应用排除法便可以轻松把题目全部做对。

在看一些例题之前，我先总结一下小标题中常见的反向思维词。

1. 细节词。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现这个细节词。例如：The connection between health-care and other human rights中的human rights（剑四96页）

2. 表达变化的词如：change, increase, growth, rise等。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落一般会出现数据。例如：The impact of recent change中的change（剑四96页）

3. future, past, recent这样表达时间的词。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现日期，年代或时间。例如：The impact of recent change中的recent（剑四96页）

4. 复数（-s, -es）。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现列举这个名词。例如：The connection between health-care and other human rights中human rights的复数（剑四96页）

5. 不定冠词a/an。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会写到一个具体的案例。例如：A successful exercise in people power中的a（剑六40页）

6. some。和a/an相似，如果某个段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现多个具体的案例。例如Some poor selection decisions（例题）

7. 表达流程的词汇process，procedure等。如果某个段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现first, second, third这样的序数词或in the beginning, afterwards, finally等表达顺序关系的词汇。（例题）

8. first。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会讲述该事物的诞生，一般会出现诞生的时间，地点或人物。例如：The first rocket（剑三40页）

9. development。如果某段落选择这个标题，该段落会出现时间。例如：The development of fire （剑三40页）

当然除了以上列举的9种反向思维词外还有很多，这里就不在一一赘述。下面便以一篇文章为例来讲解这种全新的第二代的做题方法。文章及题目如下：

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-5 which are based on Reading Passage 1.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.

Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them.

You may use any of the headings more than once.

List of Headings

(i) The effect of changing demographics on organisations

(ii) Future changes in the European workforce

(iii) The unstructured interview and its validity

(iv) The person-skills match approach to selection

(v) The implications of a poor person-environment fit

(vi) Some poor selection decisions

(vii) The validity of selection procedures

(viii) The person-environment fit

(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe

(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure

Example Paragraph A Answer (x)

1. Paragraph B

2. paragraph C

3. Paragraph D

4. Paragraph E

Example Paragraph F Answer (ix)

5. Paragraph G

PEOPLE AND ORGANISA TIONS: THE SELECTION ISSUE

A In 1991, according to the Department of Trade and Industry, a record 48,000 British companies went out of business. When businesses fail, the post-mortem analysis is traditionally undertaken by accountants and market strategists. Unarguably organizations do fail because of undercapitalisation, poor financial management, adverse market conditions etc. Yet, conversely, organizations with sound financial backing, good product ideas and market acumen often underperform and fail to meet shareholders’ expectations. The complexity, degree and sustainment of organizational performance requires an explanation which goes beyond the balance sheet and the“paper conversion”of financial inputs into profit making outputs. A more complete expla nation of “what went wrong”necessarily must consider the essence of what an organization actually is and that one of the financial inputs, the most important and often the most expensive, is people.

B An organization is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the right person for the job involves more than identifying the essential or desirable range of skills, educational and

professional qualifications necessary to perform the job and then recruiting the candidate who is most likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have the ability and predisposition to acquire them. This is a purely person/skills match approach to selection.

C Work invariably takes place in the presence and/or under the direction of others, in a particular or ganizational setting. The individual has to “fit”in with the work environment, with other employees, with the organizational climate, style of work, organization and culture of the organization. Different organizations have different cultures (Cartwright & Cooper, 1991; 1992). Working as an engineer at British Aerospace will not necessarily be a similar experience to working in the same capacity at GEC or Plessey.

D Poor selection decisions are expensive. For example, the costs of training a policeman are about ￡20,000 (approx. US $30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oil rig or in a nuclear plant could, in an emergency, result in millions of pounds of damage or loss of life. The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit (PE-fit) is likely to result in low job satisfaction, lack of organizational commitment and employee stress, which affect organizational outcomes i.e. productivity, high labour turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i.e. physical, psychological and mental well-being.

E However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centers etc., many organizations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minute unstructured interview. Indeed, research has demonstrated that a selection decision is often made within the first four minutes of the interview. In the remaining time, the interviewer then attends exclusively to information that reinforces the initial“accept”or“reject” decision. Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently demonstrated that the unstructured interview, where the interviewer asks any questions he or she likes, is a poor predictor of future job performance and fares little better than more controversial methods like graphology and astrology. In times of high unemployment,! Recruitment becomes a“buyer’s market”and this was the case in Britain during the 1980s.

F The future, we are told, is likely to be different. Detailed surveys of social and economic trends in the European Community show that Europe’s population is falling and getting older, The birth rate in the Community is now only three-quarters of the level needed to ensure replacement of the existing population. By the year 2020, it is predicted that more than one in four Europeans will be aged 60 or more and barely one in five will be under 20. In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the Commu nity’s female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of men.

G The changing demographics will not only affect selection ratios. They will also make it increasingly important for organizations wishing to maintain in their competitive edge to be more responsive and accommodating to the changing needs of their workforce if they are to retain and develop their human resources. More flexible working hours, the opportunity of work from home

of job share, the provision of childcare facilities etc., will play a major role in attracting and retaining staff in the future.

首先按照我们做题的第一步，把例题段落A和F所选的x和ix选项从小标题列表中划掉，避免干扰我们。然后我们再按照第二步，阅读所有小标题，判定其中所有反向思维词，分析所有小标题并进行反向思维。

标题i: The effect of changing demographics on organizations

其中的反向思维词有两个：第一是demographics，是一个细节词。这是第一种反向思维词，也是最常见的反向思维词。如果某个段落选这个标题，该段落一定会出现demographics这个词，否则不会选择这个标题。第二是changing。作为一个表达变化的词和increase, growth, rise一样，如果标题中出现了这样的词，该段落一般会出现数据。综上所述，选择标题i的段落应该会出现demographics这个词并出现数据，否则排除。

标题ii: Future changes in the European workforce

这个标题中出现了三个反向思维词：其一是European。如果某段落选这个标题，该段落一定会出现European。其次是changes，该段落会出现数字。再次是future（同类的还有past 和recent），该段落会出现年代或时间，而且一定是未来的年代或时间。如果以上信息均未出现则排除。

标题iii: The unstructured interview and its validity

该标题中只有一个反向思维词—unstructured interview。如果某段落选这个标题，这个段落一定会出现unstructured interview，否则排除。

标题iv: The person-skills match approach to selection

整个标题都是反向思维词，该段落应该会出现person-skills match，如果没有出现则不会选这个标题。

标题v: The implications of a poor person-environment fit

该标题中的第一个反向思维词是personal-environment fit，该段落一定会出现这个词。其次是implications。因为这个词是复数形式，按照反向思维考虑，该段落应该会出现多个结果的列举。最后一个反向思维词是不定冠词“a”，该段落一般会出现一个具体的案例。如果没有出现以上信息则排除。

标题vi: some poor selection decisions

该标题中只有一个反向思维词—some。当标题中出现some的时候，段落中应该会出现多个具体的实例，例如：IBM做了一个错误的选择决定，HP也做了一个错误的选择决定，Dell 也做了一个错误的选择决定等等类似的具体的实例。如果没有出现以上信息则排除。

标题vii: The validity of selection procedures

这里出现了一个表达流程的反向思维词procedures（与此类似的还有process）。如果某段落要把process或者procedures写出来，该段落应该会出现大量的表达顺序的词汇例如：first，second，third等这样的序数词或in the beginning, afterwards, after that, finally等这样的词汇。如果没有出现则排除。

标题viii: The person-environment fit

此标题和标题v相似，也出现了反向思维词person-environment fit，所以该段落也至少应该出现这个词汇，否则排除。

现在所有的反向思维工作都已经完成。接下来的工作就是浏览段落并和所有小标题一一比较并利用排除法解答了。

B段落：浏览完之后发现，该段落没有出现标题i的demographics，排除。也没有出现标题ii的European，排除。也没有出现标题iii的unstructured interview，排除。标题iv中的person-skills match出现了，待选。标题v中的person-environment fit没有出现，排除。也没有标题vi中应有的具体实例，排除。也没有标题vii中应出现的表达顺序的词汇，排除。标题viii也没提到，排除。这样一来，其他选项全部排除，该段落应该选择的正确标题就是iv。

C段落：先把段落从头到尾浏览一遍，像B段落一样排除了所有可以排除的选项只剩下v 和viii两个选项。这时有两种解决方案：其一，把这两个选项全部选出来，如果其余的某段落选择v，则该段落应该选择viii，反之亦然。其二，可以把这两个段落再次进行反向思维，并再次和C段落进行比较—该段落如果选v，则应该提到一个具体的poor person-environment fit的实例，并且讲述它所导致的多个结果；如果选viii，则应该介绍person-environment fit 是什么。很明显，段落浏览完之后发现，标题v的信息没有提到，所以viii是非常合适的选择。

D段落：全段浏览完之后发现除了v和vi这两个标题，其它标题都可以被排除掉。此时比较标题v和vi，该段明显以一半以上的篇幅描写了a poor person-environment所导致的多种不同结果，而只在第一句话提到了poor selection decisions。所以选择标题v是更为明智的选择。

E段落：全段浏览完之后，除了标题iii之外，其余标题的信息都未提到，所以可以直接判定该段的正确选项为iii。

G段落：该段只提到了标题i的信息，其余标题全部排除，所以正确选项为i。

至此，这篇文章所有的List of Headings题就利用新的解题方法完全解答出来了。这种第二代、2.0版本的解题方法优点至少有三：

1. 巧妙的避开了寻找主题句或中心句

2. 以每位考生都具备的思维能力为基础化解英文阅读

3. 迅速正确的解答所有题目

雅思阅读考题回顾

雅思A类阅读考题回顾（第二季度）

Passage 2 资料考证来源于维基百科 After repairs, she plied for several years as a passe nger liner between Britain and America, before being converted to a cable-laying ship and la ying the first lasting” Brunel worked for several years as assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel unde r London's River Thames 题目配对 tunnel under river Thames -- which Brune was not responsibl e for it Though ultimately unsuccessful, another of Brunel's interesting use of technical innovat ions was the atmospheric railway 配对建成不久就停止运营那项吧 Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engi neers of the time misunderstood that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the l argest ship built until the turn of the century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, t he ship soon ran over budget and behind schedule in the face of a series of technical probl ems.great eastern 配对建设推迟了很对次和财务上不成功我配了两个

2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（6）

1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among the stars. 2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm. 3. Corot， short for convection rotation and planetary transits， is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface， and quite possibly life， although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men". 4. Developed by the French space agency， CNES， and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA)， Austria， Belgium， Germany， Brazil and Spain， Corot will monitor around 120，000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years， it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky， measuring the brightness of about 10，000 stars every 512 seconds. 5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets， not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men，" Professor Ian Roxburgh， an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception， told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. 6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and， if they are the right distance from their parent star，they could have water". 7. To search for planets， the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star， known as a "transit". Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water， Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.

2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三

Time to cool it 1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them. 2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down. 3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. 4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers. 5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second. 6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they

雅思阅读9分技巧!快速提分!

雅思阅读（IELTS Reading） 一．流程 · 3 texts with 40 questions · The three texts are from journals, books, magazines and newspapers. And at least one text contains detailed logical argument. 二．评分标准

二．题型（Question types） 1.Gap-fill 填空题 方法：「1」注意题目要求最多能填几个词or数字（字数限制）「2」判断词性（adj,v,n...） 「3」注意单复数，填写原词，不需要改变形式 2.判断题 （1）True/ False/ Not Given（about Fact） （2）Yes/ No/ Not Given（about Writer’s views） 方法：对比「1」对象「2」关系「3」内容「4」方向 True/Yes：The correct information is given. False/No: Different information is given (contradicting the statement). Not given: We don’t know the answer because there is not enough information. 3.Multiple choice 选择题 4.匹配题 共同特点： 「1」难度较大「2」答案在原文中是乱序「3」同一段可能包含超过一个答案「4」有些段落可能没有答案

*把段落信息匹配题和list of headings 留到最后做（理由：a.遵循先易后难原则b.做完其他题目后对文本更熟悉，更容易找到答案）（1）Matching paragraph information段落信息匹配 方法: A. Do it last B. Underline the keywords in each statement C. Starting with the easiest statement (先易后难): https://www.wendangku.net/doc/79301808.html,rmation that you remember reading about b.Easy keywords(names, numbers...) that you can scan for （2）Matching paragraph headings（list of heading）匹配标题题 方法： A. Do it last B. Underline the keywords in each heading on the list C. Read the shortest or easiest paragraph a.Read at normal speed b.Underline the main ideas in the paragraph https://www.wendangku.net/doc/79301808.html,pare with all of the headings d.Choose the best one （3）Matching other feathers（比如匹配人名name) （4）Matching sentence endings 匹配句子题（根据句子前半部分把后

TEST 2

Questions 1-6 Classify the following information as referring to a ambergris only B amber only C both ambergris and amber d neither ambergris nor amber Write the correct letter, A, B,C, or D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. 1being expensive 2adds flavor to food 3used as currency 4being see-through 5referred to by Herman Melville 6produces sweet smell Questions 7-9 Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage. Write your answers in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet. 7. Sperm whales can’t digest the ____ of the squids. 8. Sperm whales drive the irritants out of their intestines by ____. 9. T he vomit of sperm whale gradually____ on contact of air before having pleasant smell.

雅思阅读练习题及答案

雅思阅读练习题及答案 ★Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia), but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade, briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years, European countries take a large stride towards

雅思阅读考高分的心得体会

雅思阅读考高分的心得体会 先说说参考书，剑桥的基本是必备的，做这几本书感受比较踏实。。。不行说什么原因，反正错的时候也真的是知道自己错了，而别是死的莫名其妙的。因此剑桥的书要精读。我应为别是第一次考了，剑1到剑4过了别下一遍了，因此自测的功能就被弱化了，但是听完课在做，对错就变得清楚起来，当时是如何想的，是没寻到依然寻错信息了，又或者是句子理解错了。要幸免犯同样的错误（牛牛上课说，我们的目标是8分，因此，多咨询咨询自己，什么原因又错了呢）。还有一本书可能大伙儿也都听说过，算是雅斯阅读真经。。。说实话。。。这本书别是用来练雅思的，而是用来练阅读的。因为文章体裁跟考试时一样，因此经过别断地阅读，就能够了解到老外的写作思路，在做题时就似乎有个方向，恐怕答案可能在几段中。最后剑五能够用来做模考，给自己一点信心。 具体体型咨询题上，牛牛说得事实上很清晰，特别是T/F/NG的题目，一定要认真听，然后感觉体味（这MS是小新最喜欢说的话。。。汗）。两题一读，特殊事情下F和NG的概率，这些东西一定要做好，如此就能够省下很多时刻。填空题普通都很简单，关键是注意S 和时态，那个细节在听力里边也很重要。表格题，添图体我觉得是最简单的，因为答案集中，而且名词居多，只要定位到了，都是是送分的。这3类题型全部做好的话，都是能够对30题了。最后说说list of headings，大伙儿都认为是最难得，但是那个题型的好处在于，你能够借此了解全文。我考试的时候碰到的是list of heading + T/F/NG + 填空的组合，做完填空回过头去做headings，就正好出来一具，然后看看文章段降都相对较短，推断T/F/NG分布比较广，因此决定先做headings，做完了回过头去做T/F/NG时，定位就清楚了。

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（2）

Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief，continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in . Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag，’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in ， though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years， European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in . And in they were supposed to ratify a European constitution， laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted，not immobilised， by this setback. D. In the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union” and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances， the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto

2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案

2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案 人的知识和人的力量这两件东西是结合为一体的;工作的失败都起于对因果关系的无知。以下是小编为大家搜索整理2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网! Volatility Kills You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below. A Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya and galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economics of sub-Saharan Africa arc, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of 5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous decades. The bank has given a cautious assessment that the region may have reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out of a poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more closely, may be short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern of economic volatility that has lingered for decades. B “In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth collapses,” comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. “How to prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth.” If these collapses had not occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each citizen of the 48 nations of sub-Saharan Africa would have been a third higher. C The prerequisite to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World Bank study issued in January. Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic fundamentals—new investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among other factors—are absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru (Bangalore) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices. From 1996 to 2005, with growth accelerating, measures of governance—factors such as political stability, rule of law, and control of corruption—actually worsened, especially for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report notes. D Perhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-apportioned aid and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert what he sees as a rapidly accelerating divergence of the world’s poorest, primarily in Africa, from the rest

雅思阅读得6分,记住这六条就够了

记住雅思阅读这六条能得6分 今天三立在线给大家介绍记住雅思阅读这六条能得6分的内容，同学们要在雅思阅读考试中得6分并不是遥不可及的事，这里三立在线给大家提供一些备考技巧，供同学们参考，希望同学们能够提升自己的阅读速度，提高做题效率，早日与雅思分手。 雅思阅读得6分，记住这六条就够了 6个雅思阅读做题技巧： 1.在看文章之前三立在线建议同学们先看题，根据问题浏览文章，会对重要信息提高印象，在做题时，采取先易后难的原则做题，合理安排每篇文章的考试时间; 2.在答案都整理好后，再将正确的答案誊写在答题纸上，不要错写漏写; 3.强调提高雅思阅读成绩的关键在于多练习; 4.雅思阅读考察大家的快速阅读能力，分享了扫描和略读两种技巧; 5.遇到不确定的题目或者不会的题目标记一下，然后去做下一题，不要花费太多时间; 6.对于雅思阅读中比较难的题型，大家可以进行专项练习。 雅思班提醒，同学们想要考到雅思6分，一定要制定合理的学习计划，不要急功冒进，

了解优劣势后再有效备考。在词汇积累方面，同学们需要掌握4000-6000左右的词汇量。 词汇有两种：高频专业词汇和核心词汇，对于高频专业词汇同学们只要知道意思就可以，但是核心词汇一定要掌握音形字义和用法。 研究考试时间策略 在考场上有些同学无法平复紧张情绪，这样可能无法准确的分配每个部分的做题时间。所以，大家平常的时候就要养成良好的做题时间节奏，这样到考场做题的时候就会习惯性的合理分配时间。 雅思阅读备考心得 同学们在备考雅思阅读时，对于积累的词汇一定要巩固，不要学过就忘，建议考生可以自己从雅思真题中整理高频词汇记忆。梳理语法知识，能够快速分析各种复杂句的结构; 还要了解雅思阅读常见题型，熟练掌握做题技巧，提高大家的做题速度;做题的时候要严格按照考试的要求，保持临考状态，可以帮助自己更快适应考试氛围。 以上就是今天三立在线给大家介绍的记住雅思阅读这六条能得6分的内容，希望对同学们能有所帮助。欲知更多雅思资讯，请大家咨询三立在线。

9分达人系列文章与考题对应一览表

Test 1 威廉·吉尔伯特与磁场学 2012年9月6日 2010年8月5日 2007年9月20日 2007年1月20日 2003年酷夏 2013年11月9日 2010年10月30日 2009年3月28日 2009年1月10日 2007年9月20日 业余自然爱好者 2011年4月2日 2007年12月13日 Test 2 如何识破说谎者 2014年1月25日 2013年8月29日 2012年1月12日 2011年11月17日 2010年1月30日 2009年3月21日在右撇子世界里做左撇子 2011年9月17日 2010年1月30日 苏联人的新工作制 2012年7月21日 2009年4月30日 2009年2月7日Test 3 示例学习法 2013年10月26日 2011年9月15日 2009年2月7日新冰川时代 2012年2月18日 2009年11月19日 2009年9月26日 2009年2月7日 2007年10月13日 2007年7月14日作物指南 2007年9月20日 Test 4 莫扎特效应 2009年3月14日 2007年12月13日 蚂蚁和橘子 2011年6月25日 2007年9月1日 音乐：我们共同的语言 2010年9月16日 2007年9月1日 Test 5 神奇的植物 2011年7月9日 2010年3月6日 2009年4月25日儿童文学 2011年10月29日 2011年7月9日 2010年3月6日 2008年10月23日 滑石粉 2013年1月5日 2010年3月6日 Test 6 成功的芬芳 2011年10月29日 2010年4月10日 卡里尔夫人和石炭酸球 2014年1月11日 2011年5月19日 2010年4月10日交流的方式与冲突 2012年11月3日 2010年4月10日 Test 7 新西兰海藻 2009年8月8日 2008年8月9日 2007年10月25日乐观与健康 2010年7月31日 2008年2月23日 2007年4月21日哥伦比亚大交换 2007年3月31日

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(4)

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（4）

Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense A. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs， the boss of Apple，on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music，which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM， it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system， called FairPlay， is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished. B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling)， any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm， such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals， the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM， it implied， could keep the pirates at bay. C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM： the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others， says Mr Jobs， because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry， says Mr Jobs； without it there would be far more stores and players， and far more innovation. So， he suggests， why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected？“This is