《曹刿论战》中考阅读练习及答案(2017年重庆市中考题)

阅读下面的文言文，完成下面各题题

十年春，齐师伐我。公将战。[1]曹刿请见。其乡人曰：“肉食者谋之，又何间焉？”刿曰：“肉食者鄙，未能远谋。”乃入见。问：“何以战？”公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。”对曰：“小惠未徧，民弗从也。”公曰：“牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。”对曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也。”公曰：“小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。”对曰：“忠之属也。可以一战。战则请从。”

公与之乘。[2]战于长勺。公将鼓之。刿曰：“未可。”齐人三鼓。刿曰：“可矣。”齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰：“未可。”下视其辙，登轼而望之，曰：“可矣。”遂逐齐师。

既克，公问其故。对曰：“夫战，勇气也。一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。彼竭我盈，故克之，，夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉。吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。”

（1）解释下列加点的词语

①有何间焉②小惠未徧③小大之狱④故克之

（2）用现代汉语翻译下面的句子

①肉食者鄙，未能远谋

②一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭

（3）下列对文章内容分析不当的一项是

A．曹刿与乡人的对话，表现了曹刿作为一介平民对国家高度的责任感。

B．本文第二段运用对比表现了曹刿和庄公指挥才能的高下之别。

C．本文在剪裁上别具匠心，详写论战，略写作战，意在表现曹刿的“远谋”。

D．在曹刿心目中，士兵的勇猛无畏是取得战争胜利的先决条件。

（4）阅读以下链接材料，并结合选文内容，说出你探究的结论及理由。

【链接】公元前260年，长平之战中，赵军与秦军对峙。赵王急于求胜，不听蔺相如和赵括母亲的劝告，执意用纸上谈兵的赵括代替老将廉颇指挥作战。赵括一到长平，立即改守为攻，主动全线出击，结果中了秦军佯败之计，导致四十余万赵兵被坑杀。

答案：

（1）解释下列加点的词语

①有何间焉参与②小惠未徧通“遍”，遍及、普遍③小大之狱案件④故克之战胜

（2）用现代汉语翻译下面的句子

①肉食者鄙，未能远谋

②一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭

（3）下列对文章内容分析不当的一项是 D

A．曹刿与乡人的对话，表现了曹刿作为一介平民对国家高度的责任感。

B．本文第二段运用对比表现了曹刿和庄公指挥才能的高下之别。

C．本文在剪裁上别具匠心，详写论战，略写作战，意在表现曹刿的“远谋”。

D．在曹刿心目中，士兵的勇猛无畏是取得战争胜利的先决条件。

（4）阅读以下链接材料，并结合选文内容，说出你探究的结论及理由。

【链接】公元前260年，长平之战中，赵军与秦军对峙。赵王急于求胜，不听蔺相如和赵括母亲的劝告，执意用纸上谈兵的赵括代替老将廉颇指挥作战。赵括一到长平，立即改守为攻，主动全线出击，结果中了秦军佯败之计，导致四十余万赵兵被坑杀。

【考点】DA：课内文言文阅读．

【分析】译文：

鲁庄公十年的春天，齐国军队攻打我们鲁国．鲁庄公将要迎战．曹刿请求拜见鲁庄公．他的同乡说：“当权的人自会谋划这件事，你又何必参与呢？”曹刿说：“当权的人目光短浅，不能深谋远虑．”于是入朝去见鲁庄公．曹刿问：“您凭借什么作战？”鲁庄公说：“衣食（这一类）养生的东西，我从来不敢独自专有，一定把它们分给身边的大臣．”曹刿回答说：“这种小恩小惠不能遍及百姓，老百姓是不会顺从您的．”鲁庄公说：“祭祀用的猪牛羊和玉器、丝织品等祭品，我从来不敢虚报夸大数目，一定对上天说实话．”曹刿说：“小小信用，不能取得神灵的信任，神灵是不会保佑您的．”鲁庄公说：“大大小小的诉讼案件，即使不能一一明察，但我一定根据实情（合理裁决）．”曹刿回答说：“这才尽了本职一类的事，可以（凭借这个条件）打一仗．如果作战，请允许我跟随您一同去．”

到了那一天，鲁庄公和曹刿同坐一辆战车，在长勺和齐军作战．鲁庄公将要下令击鼓进军．曹刿说：“现在不行．”等到齐军三次击鼓之后．曹刿说：“可以击鼓进军了．”齐军大败．鲁庄公又要下令驾车马追逐齐军．曹刿说：“还不行．”说完就下了战车，察看齐军车轮碾出的痕迹，又登上战车，扶着车前横木远望齐军的队形，这才说：“可以追击了．”于是追击齐军．

打了胜仗后，鲁庄公问他取胜的原因．曹刿回答说：“作战，靠的是士气．第一次击鼓能够振作士兵们的士气．第二次击鼓士兵们的士气就开始低落了，第三次击鼓士兵们的士气就耗尽了．他们的士气已经消失而我军的士气正旺盛，所以才战胜了他们．像齐国这样的大国，他们的情况是难以推测的，怕他们在那里设有伏兵．后来我看到他们的车轮的痕迹混乱了，望见他们的旗帜倒下了，所以下令追击他们．”

【解答】（1）本题考查理解文言词语含义的能力．解答此题的关键是先理解词语所在句子的含义，然后结合句意来推断词语即可．

①句意为：你又何必参与呢？间：参与．

②句意为：这种小恩小惠不能遍及百姓；徧：通假字，通“遍”，遍及、普遍．

③句意为：大大小小的诉讼案件；狱：古今异义词，案件．

④句意为：所以才战胜了他们；克：战胜．

（2）本题考查翻译语句．解答时一定要先回到语境中，根据语境读懂句子的整体意思，直译为主，意译为辅．并按现代汉语的规范，将翻译过来的内容进行适当调整，达到词达句顺．第一句话，注意“鄙”，目光短浅；“远谋”，深谋远虑．句意为：居高位、享厚禄的人目光短浅，不能深谋远虑．

第二句话，注意“鼓”，词类活用，击鼓；“再”，第二次；“竭”，枯竭．句意为：第一次击鼓能够振作士气，第二次击鼓时士气就减弱了，到第三次击鼓时士气已经枯竭了．（3）本题考查对文章内容的辨析能力．解答此题的关键是在理解课文内容的基础上，根据各个选项的描述，然后一一判断正误即可．阅读全文内容可知，D项不正确，在曹刿心目中，取信于民是取得战争胜利的先决条件．

（4）本题考查学生分析理解能力．结合此题的关键是在理解课文内容和所给材料的基础上，得出探究结果，分析原因即可．课文中鲁庄公能够听取曹刿的建议取得了胜利；而材料中赵王不能知人善用，导致了失败．

综上所述，答案为：

（1）①参与；②通“遍”，遍及、普遍；③案件；④战胜．

（2）①居高位、享厚禄的人目光短浅，不能深谋远虑．

②第一次击鼓能够振作士气，第二次击鼓时士气就减弱了，到第三次击鼓时士气已经枯竭了．（3）D

（4）围绕“君主要善于听取谏言，知人善任”回答即可．

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