(完整版)油气储运专业英语(英汉互译)

Chapter 1 Oil and Gas Fields

第1章油气田

1.1 An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production

1.1石油和天然气生产的介绍

The complex nature of wellstreams is responsible for the complex processing of the produced fluids (gas, oil，water, and solids). The hydrocarbon portion must be separated into products that can be stored and/or transported. The nonhydrocarbon contaminants must be removed as much as feasible to meet storage, transport, reinjection, and disposal specifications. Ultimate disposal of the various waste streams depends on factors such as the location of the field and the applicable environmental regulations. The overriding criterion for product selection, construction, and operation decisions is economics.

油气井井流的复杂性质，决定了所产流体(气、油、水和固体)的加工十分复杂。必须分出井流中的烃类，使之成为能储存和/或能输送的各种产品;必须尽可能地脱除井流中的非烃杂质，以满足储存、输送、回注和排放的规范。各类废弃物的最终处置取决于各种因素，如油气田所处地域和所采用的环保规定等。经济性是决定油气田产品设计、建筑和操作决策的最重要准则。

Fig. 1-1 is a comprehensive picture of the individual unit operations carried out in field processing. All the various modules shown will not all be present in every system. Furthermore, the modules used in a given application may not be arranged in the exact sequence shown, although the sequence is，in general, correct. The selection and sequencing of modules is determined during the design phase of field development.

图1-1表示在矿场进行的各种单元操作的综合图。在各系统内不一定有图1-- }所示的全部操作模块。尽管图中所示的加工顺序通常是正确的，但在某一特定使用情况下，模块的布置可能会与图中所示的顺序不同。在油气田开发设计阶段确定模块的选择和排列顺序。

As shown in Fig. 1-1，the individual phases (gas，liquid hydrocarbon, liquid water, and solids) should be separated from each other as early as practical. Individual streams can then be treated with less technical difficulty and more economically. Hartley and Bin Jadid (1989) illustrate how lab and field tests performed before construction can identify and minimize future production and processing problems such as scaling, foaming, emulsion formation, wax deposition, and hydrate formation. Processing of the separated streams is now reviewed briefly because many of the individual unit operations are discussed in detail in subsequent chapters.

如图1-1所示，应尽早将各股流体(气、液态烃、液态水和固体)分离。这样，单独处理各股流体时，技术难度较小，也较经济。Hartley和Bin Jadid (19$9阐明了在建设前进行的室内和现场试验可以发现并减少将来在生产和加工中可能出现的问题，如结垢、发泡、形成乳状液、结蜡以及生成水合物等,现在简要介绍被分离的各股流体的加工，在后续章节中将详细讨论其中的许多单元操作。

1 .1 .1 Gas Processing

1 .1 .1气体加工

As shown in Fig. 1-1，gas processing begins with treating, if necessary, to remove the acid gases- hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Both gases are very corrosive when liquid water is present and hydrogen sulfide is most toxic. Environmental regulations almost always prohibit the release of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide to the surroundings. Conversion to elemental sulfur is becoming increasingly necessary.

如图1-Z所示，气体加工(若需要)从脱除酸气(H2S和CO2)开始。当存在液态水时，这两种气体有极强的腐蚀性,而且H2S极具毒性。环保法规几乎都禁止向周围环境排放大量H2S，而且正愈来愈多地要求将H2S转变为元素硫。

Gas sweetening usually uses aqueous solutions of various chemicals. Therefore, sweetening will precede dehydration. Dehydration is often necessary to prevent the formation of gas hydrates, which may plug high-pressure processing equipment or pipelines at high pressure and at temperatures considerably higher than 32°F (0°C).

天然气脱酸气常使用各种化学剂的水溶液，因而脱酸气应在气体脱水之前进行。为防止生成气体水合物，常需进行脱水。在高压和比32°F(0℃)高的温度下，水合物可能堵塞高压工艺设备和管线。

Gas that contains considerable amounts of liquefiable hydrocarbons (ethane or propane and heavier) can produce condensate upon compressing or cooling. The condensate may cause difficulty in pipelining or subsequent processing. Field processing to remove these natural-gas liquids ( NGL ) , sometimes referred to simply as condensate, may be economical or may be required to meet a hydrocarbon dew-point specification. In remote locations such processing is generally avoided if possible. Recovered condensate may, in turn, have to be stabilized by removing dissolved gaseous components to obtain a transportable product.

含有大量可液化烃类(C2+或C3+)的气体，在压缩或冷却时一可能产生凝析油。凝析油会给管输和后续加一带来困难。在矿场脱除这些天然气液体(NGL,有时简称为凝析油)可能是经济的，或为满足烃露点规定所必需的。在边远地区应尽一量避免脱除凝析油的工作。回收的凝析油必须进行稳定，脱除溶解气组分，以获得可输送的产品。

1 .1 .

2 Oil Processing

1 .1 .2原油加工

After free water removal, produced oil often contains excessive residual emulsified water。]. Treating, also called dehydration, is required to reduce the water content to a value acceptable for transportation or sales. Dehydration should be accomplished using the most economic combination of four factors or techniques;namely, residence time, chemical addition, heat, and electrostatic fields. Dilution water must occasionally be added to reduce the salt content of the residual emulsion (i. e. , the sales crude oil) to a suitably low level. In the United States，desalting is usually performed in the refinery；overseas，desalting is sometimes performed in the field.

脱除游离水后，生产的原油内常含有过量的残余乳化水。含有过量残余乳化水的原油需要进行处理(也称脱水)，将水含量降至运输和销售允许的限度内。可应用四种技术的最经济组合实施脱水，即停留时间、化学添加剂、加热和静电场。有时还必须掺人稀释水，将残余乳状液(即销售原油)内的盐含量降低至合理的低浓度。美国，脱盐常在炼厂进行；美国以外地区，脱盐有时在矿场进行。

Hydrogen sulfide in crude oil is limited to reduce handling and transportation difficulties because of its extreme toxicity and corrosiveness. Gas stripping or heating is usually used for hydrogen sulfide removal or sweetening as is discussed latterly.

由于H2S具有剧毒和腐蚀性，故应限制原油内H2S的含量，以降低原油装卸、沛在和输送过程的困难。如在后续内容中讨论的那样，常用气提或加热方法脱除原油内的H2S，或使其“甜化”。

Crude oil stabilization refers to lowering the vapor pressure to a value that will allow safe handling and transport. Vapor pressure control is obtained by stage separation, reboiled distillation, or a combination of the two. During stabilization some of the more volatile hydrocarbons are removed as vapor and this gas phase entrains hydrogen sulfide and other volatile sulfur compounds from the sour crude oil. Additional sweetening may not be required.

原油稳定是指将蒸气压降低至某一数值，在该蒸气压下原油可安全地装卸、储存和运输。多级分离、再沸蒸馏或多级分离与再沸蒸馏相结合，来控制原油蒸气压。在稳定过程中，某些挥发性强的烃类成为蒸气从原油内分出，这种烃类气体还从酸性原油内带出H2S和其他挥发性强的硫化物。原油也可能不需要专门的脱硫或“甜化”处理。

1. 2 Brief Description of Crude Oil Surface Treatment

1. 2原油地面处理简介

Well fluids are often a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, gas, and some impurities. It is necessary to remove the gas and some impurities from the liquid hydrocarbons before they are stored, transported, and sold. Liquid hydrocarbons and objectionable impurities must also be removed from natural gas before the gas goes to a sales line. Impurities that might be found in some well streams are hydrogen sulfide，carbon dioxide free water, water vapor, mercaptans, nitrogen,helium,and solids. Nearly all of site impurities cause various types of operating problems.

井流通常是液态烃、气体和某些杂质的复杂混合物。在液态烃储存、输送和销售前，必须从浪态烃中脱除气体和某些杂质。气体进人销售管道前，也必须从天然气中脱除液态烃和有害杂质.在某些并流中，可能存在的杂质是硫化氢、二氧化碳、游离水、水蒸气、硫醇、氮、氦和固体杂质。几乎所有的杂质都会引起各种操作问题。

The separation of natural gas,liquid hydrocarbons, and impurities is accomplished by various field-processing methods,depending upon the composition of the well stream and the desired end product. Those methods include time, chemicals, gravity,heat,chemicals or electrical processes, and combinations of these.

根据井流的组成和要求的终端产品，可采用各种现场加工方法实现天然气、液态烃和杂质的分离。这些方法包括时间、化学药品、重力、热、机械或电加工，以及上述方法的综合运用。

1 .

2 .1 Separators

1 .

2 .1分离器

Separation of well-stream gas from free liquids is the most common and simplest form of field processing. The equipment most widely used for this type of processing is referred to as a separator. The separation of natural gas from liquids and/or impurities m a separator combines gravity, time,mechanical processes, and occasionally chemicals.

液体与井流气的分离是现场加工最普遍和最简单的方式。这类加工中最常用的设备称为分离器。在分离器内，从液体和/或杂质中分出天然气时可综合使用重力、时间和机械方法，偶尔也采用化学药剂。

The size of the separator is dependent upon rate of flow of the natural ^as and/or liquids going in the vessel. The operating pressure of the vessel is dependent upon the pressure of the gas sales line, the flowing pressure of the well,and operating pressure desired by the lease operator.

分离器的大小取决于进人分离器的天然气流量和/或液体流量。容器的操作压力取决于气体销售管线的压力、井的流动压力和矿场操作人员要求的操作压力。

Separators are built in various designs, such as vertical,horizontal and spherical. The internals of the vessel. to aid in the mechanical separation of the gas and liquids, are of a special design,depending upon the manufacture. Although most separators are two-phase in design separating the gas and liquids, they can be built three-phase lo separate natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons,and free water(Fig. 1-2).

分离器有各种不同设计，如立式、卧式和球形分离器。促进气液机械分离的容器内部构件是由制造商专门设计的。尽管设计中多数分离器只分离气液两相，但能制造分离天然气、液态烃和游离水的三相分离器(图1-2)。

1 .

2 .2 Oil Treating

1 .

2 .2原油处理

When crude oil is produced, various amounts of gas, water,and other impurities are mixed with the oil. Some of this mixture comes as free oil,some as free water, and some as a homogeneous mixture known as an emulsion. The gas ,water, and other impurities (known as basic sediment and water) must be removed before selling the oil. This separation process is called oil treating.

Treating systems are important parts of lease equipment. Experience in a particular field or area is valuable in determining the best equipment for the application.

处理系统是矿场设备的重要组成部分。在确定原油的最佳处理设备时是有价值的，在特定油田和地区的经验十分重要。

In selecting a treating system, a number of factors should be considered to determine the most desirable method of treating the crude oil to pipeline requirements. Some of these factors are:

为了确定原油的最佳处理方法，使之满足管输要求，在选择处理系统时应考虑许多因素。其中的一些因素是：

(1) Tightness of emulsion.

（1）乳液的牢固程度。

(2) Specific gravity of the oil and produced water.

（2）油和采出水的相对密度。

(3) Corrosiveness of the oil ,gas,and produced water.

（3）油，气，和采出水的腐蚀性。

(4) Scaling tendencies of the produced water.

（4）采出水的结垢趋势。

(5) Quantity of fluid to be treated and percent of water in the fluid.

（5）需处理的流体数量和流体内的水含量。

(6) Availability of sales line for the gas.

（6）是否有气体销售管线。

(7) Desirable operating pressure for the equipment.

（7）设备所需的操作压力。

(8) Paraffin-forming tendencies of the crude oil.

（8）原油的结蜡倾向。

Oil-field emulsions are usually of the water-in-oil type;however, a few of the emulsions are oil-in-water type and are called reverse emulsions. Emulsions are complex and each should be considered individually.

油田乳状液通常为油包水型，个别情况为水包油型，并称为反相乳状液。乳状液非常复杂，对每一种乳状液都应单独考虑。

In order to break a crude oil emulsion and obtain clean oil, it is necessary to displace the emulsifier and its film. This brings about the coalescence of droplets of water and furnishes a means and time period of undisturbed settling of the coalesced water drops. There are several methods used in conjunction with one another to “treat”an oil emulsion.

为使原油乳状液破乳并得到净化油，需要一置换乳化剂及其薄膜。这样可促使水摘聚结、并并为聚结水滴提供无干扰的沉降时间和沉降方法。处理原油乳状液有多种彼此组合的方法。

1 .

2 .5 Vertical Treaters

1 .

2 .5立式处理器

separate the gas from the inlet flow. If the treater is located downstream of a separator, this chamber can be very small. The gas separation section should have an inlet diverter and a mist extractor.

图1-5所示的立式处理器是最常用的矿场单井处理器。井流进入处理器顶部的气体分离段。在确定该段尺寸时，应使其有有足够的空间寸来从井流中分离出气体。如果处理器位于分离器下游，气体分离段可以很小。气体分离段应有一个入口分流器和捕雾器。

The liquids flow through a downcomer to the base of the treater. which serves as a free-water knockout section. If the treater is located downstream of a free-water knockout , the bottom section can be very small. If the total wollstream is to be treated this section should be sized for 3 to 5 minutes retention time for both the oil and the water to allow the free water to settle out. This will minimize the amount of fuel gas needed to heat the liquid stream rising through the heating section. The end of the downcomer should be slightly below the oil water interface to “water wash” the oil being treated. This will assist in the coalescence of water droplets in the oil.

液体通过降液管流至处理器底部，该段为游离水分离段。如果处理器位于游离水分离器下游，则该段可以很小。如果要处理全部井流，以油、水在该段都停留3-5 min来确定该段的大小，以便游离水沉降。分出游离水后，将减少向上通过加热段液流所需的加热燃料气为了用水洗涤被处理的原油，降液管的底端应略低于油水界面。水洗将促进原油内水滴的聚结。

The oil and emulsion rises over the heater fire-tubes to a coalescing section where sufficient retention time is provided to allow the small water particles in the oil continuous phase to coalesce and settle to the bottom.

原油及其乳状液上升，通过加热器火筒至聚结段。聚结段可提供足够的停留时间，便连续相原油内的水滴聚结并沉降至处理器底部

Treated oil flows out the oil outlet. Any gas, flashed from the oil due to heating, flows through the equalizing line to the gas space above. Oil level is maintained by pneumatic or lever operated dump valves. Oil-water interface is controlled by an interface controller, or an adjustable external water leg.

处理后的原油从油出口流出。由于加热，从原油内闪蒸出的气体通过平衡管线流入处理器顶端的气体空间。气动或连杆操作的出油阀可控制油面液位，由界面控制器或外部可调出水管线控制油水界面。

The detailed design of the treater, including the design of internals (many features of which are patented) should be the responsibility of the equipment supplier.

处理器及其内部构件(构件的许多特点都有相应专利)的详细设计应由设备供应商负责。

1.2.6 Stabilization and Sweetening of Crude Oil

1.2.6原油的稳定和脱酸

Dissolved gas in the wellhead crude oil must be removed to meet pipeline, storage, or tanker Reid vapor pressure(RVP) specifications . When the oil is essentially free of dissolved natural gas, or “dead”then it can be stored in a vented tank at atmospheric pressure subject, of course, to emission regulations. The presence of the most volatile hydrocarbons ( C1 ,C2,C3,etc. ) increases the RVP dramatically. Removal of these dissolved natural-gas components is called crude oil stabilization.

必须脱去井口原油内的溶解气，以满足管道、储存或油轮运输对雷特蒸气压的技术规定。只有当原油内基本上没有溶解天然气(或称“死油”)并满足废气排放规定时，才能储存在常压通风储罐内。原油内存在挥发性极强的组分(C1，C2，C3，等)时，将极大地增加雷特蒸气压。脱除这些溶解的天然气组分称为原油稳定。

The RVP is usually set in the range of 10 -12 psia,which generally yields a true vapor pressure (T V P )—o r,more properly, a bubble point pressure at 100 。F- of slightly higher value,13—15 psia. Other important specifications that must

的泡点压力）略低，真实蒸气压约为13--15 psia。对原油的其他重要规定还包括水和悬浮固体含量以及H2S含量。对H2S含量的规定范围常为10 -60 ppm（Moins,1980 ）。

Often a considerable amount of gas is dissolved in crude oil. Hydrocarbons are usually worth more as liquid (i. e. , in the crude oil phase than in the vapor or natural gas phase), even when associated gas is used for LNG[I8] or when the gas is sold and condensate is extracted.

原油内常溶有相当数量的气体。液态烃类的价值一般较高(即烃类在原油内比在蒸气或天然气内的价值高)，即使是伴生气用作制造液化天然气，或从气体内回收凝析油、销售气体，其价值也低于原油。

A second possible benefit of spiking crude oil with light hydrocarbons is the potential for increased price due to increased API gravity. This increase is usually small, however—less than one degree API—and the price increase is also modest, about 10 cents/bbl per °API increase.

用轻烃掺入原油的另一好处是，由于API相对密度增加，可提高原油售价。相对密度的增加一般很小，小于10 API，而价格也温和地增加。每增加10API，每桶原油约增加10美分。

As previously discussed, sour crudes do contain sulfur compounds in general and hydrogen sulfide in particular, Stabilization must also remove the volatile sulfur compounds to meet sales or transport specifications.

如前所述，酸性原油一般总含有硫化物，特别是含有H2S。稳定处理时也必须脱除挥发性硫化物，以满足销售和输送的技术要求。

The economic goal of stabilization is to maximize stock-tank oil recovery while meet in vapor pressure and H2S content specifications, as well as BS&W. Butanes increase the vapor pressure of crude oil considerably, since the true vapor pressure of i-C4 and n-C4 are 72. 6 and 52.1 psia, respectively. Control of the butane content controls the RVP and TVP.

在满足蒸气压、H2S和固体悬浮物及水含量的技术要求下，使矿场储罐原油收率最高是原油稳定的经济目的。由于正、异丁烷的绝对真实蒸气压分别为72. 6 psi和52.1psi，故丁烷对原油蒸气压的增加有重要影响。控制丁烷含量就控制了RVP和TVP。

The technical goal of stabilization is to remove C1, C2,and C3 as completely as possible while leaving the maximum amounts of C4(and C5 and heavier) in the crude oil.

稳定的技术目的是尽可能地完全脱除C1，C2，和C3。并在原油内留下尽可能多的C4，（以及C5和重于C5的组分）。

Crude oil can be stabilized by passing it through a series of flash drums or vapor-liquid separator vessels at successively lower pressures. Tray towers with reboilers , alternatively or in conjunction with separators, are also used, though less often.

让原油通过一系列逐步降压的闪蒸罐或气一液分离器可以使原油稳定，也可以使用带重沸器的板式塔或采用板式塔与分离器结合的方式使原油稳定，但使用较少。

Stabilization can also sweeten the crude because the chief sulfur-containing or sour contaminant, H2S, has a boiling point of -76. 5 T-intermediate to that of ethane and propane. Incidentally, dissolved radon gas will also be removed with the light hydrocarbons. its boiling point is -79. 2 °F. Radon radioactivity must be considered very carefully.

由于主要的含硫或酸性杂质为H2S，它的沸点为一76. 5°F，介于乙烷和丙烷之间，故稳定过程也使原油脱酸。顺便提及，氡的沸点为一79. 2 0F，在稳定过程中溶解在原油中的氡气也会随轻烃一起从原油内脱除。必须十分谨慎地对待氡的放射性。

So-called sour crude oil contains H2S and other sulfur-containing compounds. Even small amounts of H2S make the crude oil extremely toxic and corrosive. The other sulfur compounds are far less toxic and not so aggressively corrosive, even though some have equally strong odors. The presence of liquid water exacerbates the corrosion a s does CO2.

性。尽管某些硫化物有与H2S相同的强烈气味，但这些硫化物的毒性和腐蚀性远低于H2S。与CO2类似，液态水的存在也会激化腐蚀。从人员安全和设备防护的角度来看，应脱除H2S，并在某种程度上同时脱除其他硫化物。

1 .3 Treating Oil Field Emulsions

1. 3油田乳状液的处理

1 .3 .1 Theory o f Emulsions

1.3.1乳状液理论

An emulsion is a combination of two immiscible liquids, or liquids that do not mix together under normal conditions. One of the liquids is spread out, or dispersed, throughout the other in the form of small droplets. These droplets can be of all sizes, from fairly large to very small. Sometimes droplets are so small that more than fifty of them could be placed on the head of a pin. A stable emulsion is an emulsion that w ill not break down without some form of treating.

乳状液是两种不相溶液体或在正常条件下不能混合在一起的多种液体的混合物。其中，一种液体以小液珠形式完全分散于另一种液体内。这些液珠的粒径是各不相同的，从很大至非常细小。有时，液珠小至可在一枚大头针端部放置50多个液珠。

Three conditions are necessary for the formation of a stable emulsion.

稳定乳状液是一种不采用某种处理方法不能破乳的乳状液。形成稳定乳状液必须具备三个条件:

(1) The liquids must be immiscible.

（1）各液体必须是互不相溶的;

(2) There must be sufficient agitation to disperse one liquid as droplets in the other.

（2）需要有足够的搅动，使一种液体成为液珠分散于另一种液体内;

(3) There must be an emulsifying agent, or emulsifier, present.

（3）需要有乳化剂。

To form a stable emulsion of crude oil and water,an emulsifying agent must be present. Emulsifying agents commonly found in petroleum emulsions include asphalt; resinous substances; oil soluble organic acids; and other finely divided materials that are more soluble, wettable, or dispersable in oil than in water. Some finely divided solids are iron, zinc and aluminum sulfates, calcium carbonate,silica,and iron sulfide. Each of these emulsifiers usually occurs as a film on the surface of the dispersed droplets.

为形成原油和水的稳定乳状液，必须要有一种乳化剂。在石油乳状液内发现的乳化刑通常包括沥青、树脂物质、油溶性有机酸以及那些更易溶解于油中、易为油所润湿或易在油中分散的细颗粒物质。某些细颗粒固体为铁、锌和硫酸铝、碳酸钙、硅和硫化铁。上述每种乳化剂一般都会在分散液珠表面形成薄膜。

In an emulsion, the liquid that is broken up into droplets is known as the discontinuous, dispersed or internal phase. The liquid that surrounds the droplets is known as the continuous or external phase. An emulsion of oil and water may have either oil or water as the dispersed phase, depending on the characteristics of the emulsifying agent, but in most cases it is the water that is dispersed as droplets in the oil.

乳状液内破碎为液珠的液体称为一作连续相，也称分散相或内相。液珠周围的液体称为连续相或外根据乳化剂的性质，油水乳状液内油或水均可成为分散相，但多数情况下水以水珠分散于油中。

An oil-water emulsion may contain from a trace to 90 percent or more water. Also, an emulsion may be tight ( difficult to break) or loose ( easy to break ). Whether an emulsion is tight or loose depends on several factors, which include the properties of the oil and water, the percentage of each found in the emulsion, and the type and amount of emulsifier present.

油水乳状液的水含量可从含微量水(痕迹)至90%或90%以上.乳状液可能很牢固(难于破乳)，也较疏松(易于破乳)。乳状液破乳的难易取决于若干因素，包括油水性质、乳状液内油和水的百分含量、乳状液内乳化剂的类型和数量。

dispersed as droplets in water. Sometimes, but very rarely oil is produced in a dual emulsion in which the dispersed phase is droplets of oil-in water emulsion and the external phase is oil.

些油田偶尔会产生反相型乳状液，即油为内相并呈油珠分散于水中。在极少数的情况下，原油以双重乳状液采出，分散相是水包油型乳状液，外相为油。

In water-in -oil emulsion, there are two forces in direct opposition. One force is the film of emulsifying agent that surrounds the water droplets. This force tends to prevent the droplets from merging together to form larger drops, even when the droplets collide. The other force is the opposite tendency of water droplets to join together to form larger drops. The larger drops yield to the force of gravity and settle out. Therefore. !o break down a petroleum emulsion ,the properties of the emulsifying agent must be neutralized or destroyed so that the droplets of water may unite. Many procedures for the neutralization and destruction of the emulsifying agent have been developed.

在油包水型乳状液内存在两种起相反作用的力，一种力一与水珠周围的乳化剂薄膜有关，即使在水珠碰撞时，它也有阻止水珠合并而形成大水珠的趋势。另一种力是水珠有相互合并和形成大水珠的相反倾向。较大的水珠会在重力作用下沉降出来，因而要破坏石油乳状液，就必须抑制或破坏乳化剂的性质，使水珠合并。已经开发了许多抵消和破坏乳化剂的方法。

1 .3 .

2 The Major Reasons for Dehydrating Crude Oil

1.3.2 原油脱水的主要原因

The worldwide crude oil production of about 60 million bpd is accompanied by at least as much water. In old fields,water-oil ratios greater than 10 are not uncommon. Therefore, it is not a surprise that emulsion formation is the rule rather than the exception. The salt content of the produced brine may range from practically zero to almost saturated. In particular, dilute brines form emulsions with crude oil that can be very difficult to break (i. e. , resolve into separate oil and water phases).

世界原油产量约为60×106 bpd，伴随而产出的水量至少不低于原油产量。在老油田，水油比超过10者并不罕见。可见产生乳状液是正常现象，而非特例。产出盐水内的盐含量范围可能从零至几乎被盐饱和。由稀盐水和原油形成的乳状液很难破乳（即很难分离为油、水两相）。

The major reasons for dehydrating and desalting crude oil are :

原油脱水脱盐的主要原因为：

(1) Crude oil purchasers specify maximum permissible contents of sediments and water, S&W, formerly called basic sediment and water, BS&.W. Typically, limits vary from 0. 1—3 wt. :0. 1 % in cold climates, 0.5% in the Gulf coast and Texas, and 3% for low gravity California crude.

（1）原油买方规定了最大允许沉积物和水的含量(S&W)，此含量以前被称为底部沉积物和水(BS & W)。典型的限定范围为0.1%-3%(质量分数)，寒冷地区为0. 1%,(墨西哥)海湾地区和得克萨斯州为0.5%，加利福尼亚州的低相对密度原油为3%。

(2) Crude oil is bought and sold on a °API gravity basis and high-gravity oils command higher prices. Water lowers the °API gravity and reduces the selling price of oil.

（2）买卖原油以0API相对密度为基准，0API相对密度高的原油能得到较高的售价。原油内的水降低了0API相对密度，因而降低了原油的售价。

(3) Shipping emulsified oil wastes costly transportation capacities occupied by valueless water ( i. e. , S&.W).

（3）由于无用的水占有体积，输送乳化原油浪费了宝贵的输送能力。

(4) The viscosity of crude oil increases as the water content is increased. ( Adding 1 % more water (or S&-W) typically produces a 2 % viscosity increase in a 30 °API crude and a 4% viscosity rise in a 15 °API crude.) （4）随着水含量增加，原油猫度增大。0API相对密度为30的原油内多增加1%的水，其黏度一般会增大2%; 0API

(5) Mineral sails present in oilfield waters corrode production equipment, tank cars, pipelines and storage tanks.

（5）油田水内存在矿物盐，会腐蚀生产设备、铁路油槽车、管道和储罐。

(6) Refining of water-bearing crude can cause severe corrosion and plugging problems. Distillation of crude containing water-borne inorganic salts contributes to corrosion and fouling of refining equipment. Under some circumstances chlorides can hydrolyze to HC1,which is extremely corrosive.

（6）炼制含水原油会引起严重的腐蚀和堵塞问题。蒸馏乳化水内含无机盐类的原油将导致炼制设备的腐蚀和污垢。在某些环境下，氯化物会水解为盐酸，它的腐蚀性极强。

1 .3 .3 Treating Methods

1 .3 .3处理方法

Any method of removing water, salt, sand, sediments and other impurities from crude oil is called oil treating. Oil-treating methods have one common goal, namely, to provide a suitable environment for gravity to separate the brine from the crude. 从原油内脱除水、盐、砂、沉积物和其他杂质的任何方法都被称为原油处理。各种原油处理方法具有共性，即为重力沉降提供良好氛围，使盐水从原油内分出。

The following are common treating methods:

以下为常用的处理方法:

(1) Settling or providing low velocity ( reduced turbulence and increased residence time to allow free water to separate).

（1）沉降或提供较低流速（减少湍流，并增加停留时间，允许分开游离水）。

(2) Degassing or separating the gas from the liquid as it is released in the production equipment.Rising gas bubbles severely impede the settling of water drops. Many reports have documented in detail the benefits of degassing prior to emulsion treating.

（2）当生产设备内产生气体时，应使气体和液体分离(或称脱气)。上升的气泡会极力阻止水珠的沉降。许多报道详细证明了在处理乳状液前脱气的好处。

(3) Chemical treating or adding emulsion breakers or demulsifiers.

（3）化学处理或添加破乳剂。

(4) Washing or providing a continuous-phase water wash.

（4）水洗或提供连续相水洗。

(5) Heating to reduce oil viscosity and accelerate separation.

（5）加热以降低油粘度和并加速分离。

(6) Electrical treating (i. e ., applying AC and/or DC electric fields).

（6）电处理（即，使用交流和/或直流电场）。

(7) Mechanical treating or providing increased surface area to promote drop coalescence.

（7）机械处理或增大水珠的表面积，以促进液滴聚结。

addition，the treated brine or produced water must be essentially oil-free to satisfy environmental discharge regulations (often 15 —40 ppm) or to prevent reinjection problems such as scale formation and/or reservoir plugging. Note that the oil-in-water environmental regulation is far m ore severe than the water-in-oil transport/sales specification.

此外，现场处理能除去液雾、砂、淤泥和其他杂质。显然，对乳状液的成功处理可使原油满足管输或炼制的规范—通常要求沉积物和水的质量分数为。0.1%-1.0%。另外，处理后的盐水或采出水必须基本上不含油以满足向环境排放的规定(常为15--40 ppm)，或防止诸如生成水垢和/或堵塞油藏等采出水回注问题。注意:水包油乳状液的环境排放规定比油包水乳状液的管输/销售规范严格得多。

1. 4 Overview of Gas-handling Facilities

1. 4气体处理设备概论

The objective of a gas-handling facility is to separate natural gas, condensate, or oil and water from a gas-producing well and condition these fluids for sales or disposal. This volume focuses primarily on conditioning natural gas for sales.

气体处理设备用于从气井井流中分离天然气、凝析液或油和水，并使这些流体符合销售或排放的要求。本节重点讨论如何使天然气的品质符合销售的要求。

Fig. 1-6 is a block diagram of a production facility that is primarily designed to handle gas wells. The well flow stream may require heating prior to initial separation. Since most gas wells flow at high pressure, a choke is installed to control the flow . When the flow stream is choked, the gas expands and its temperature decreases. If the temperature gets lo w enough, hydrates (a solid crystalline - like “ice”，matter) w ill form. This could lead to plugging, so the gas may have to be heated before it can be choked to separator pressure. Low-temperature exchange ( L T X ) units and indirect fired heaters are commonly used to keep the well stream from plugging with hydrates.

图1-6所示为用于处理气井气的生产设备方框图。在一级分离前井流可能需要加热。由于多数气井的压力很高，故用节流件来控制气体流量。气体节流时其体积膨胀，气体温度下降。如果节流后气体温度太低，将生成水合物(一种固态晶体状的似“冰”物质)。由于形成的水合物会引起堵塞，故气体节流至分离压力前可能需要加热。低温换热装置(LTX)和间接式加热炉常用于防止井流被水合物堵塞。

Gas transmission companies require that impurities be removed from gas the purchase. They recognize the need for removal for the efficient operation of their pipelines and their customers gas-burning equipment. Consequently, contracts for the sale of gas to transmission companies always contain provisions regarding the quality of the gas that is delivered to them,and periodic tests are made to ascertain that requirements are being fulfilled by the seller.

输气公司要求购买的是除去杂质的气体，以使其输气管道及用户的燃烧设备高效工作。因此，输气公司的购气合同中总是包含对气体品质的规定，并进行定期试验以确定卖方的气体是否满足对气体品质的要求。

Acid gases, usually hydrogen sulfide ( H2S) and carbon dioxide ( CO2) ,are impurities that are frequently found in natural gas and may have to be removed. Both can be very corrosive, with CO2 forming carbonic acid in the presence of water and H2S potentially causing hydrogen embrittlement of steel. In addition, H2S is extremely toxic at very low concentrations. When the gas is sold，the purchaser specifies the maximum allowable concentration of C()2 and H 2S. A normal limit for CO 2 is between 2 and 4 volume percent, while H2S is normally limited to 1/4 grain per 100 standard cubic feet (scf) or 4 ppm by volume.

酸气常指硫化氢( H2S)和二氧化碳( CO2)，是天然气内经常存在并.且必须脱除的杂质。这两种气体有很强的腐蚀性，存在游离水时CO2会生成碳酸，而H2S则可能引起钢的氢脆。此外，即使H2S浓度很低.它也具有极强的毒性。在气体销售时，买方会规定CO2和H2S的最大允许浓度。CO2的体积分数常限定在2%--4%，H2S常限定为0.25 gr/100 scf，或H2S的体积分数小于4/106。

Another common impurity of natural gas is nitrogen. Since nitrogen has essentially no calorific value, it lowers the heating value of gas. Gas purchasers may set a minimum limit of heating value (normally approximately 950 BTU/scf). In some cases it may be necessary to remove the nitrogen to satisfy this requirement. This is done in very low temperature plants or with permeable membranes.

氮气是天然气内常见的另一种杂质。氮气本质上没有热值，但它会降低含氮天然气的热值。气体买方可规定气体的最低热值(常为950 BTU/scf ) 有些情况下可能必须脱氮，以满足对热值的要求。脱氮常在低温厂内进行，或用渗滤膜脱氮。

Natural gas produced from a well is usually saturated with water vapor. Most gas treating processes also leave the gas saturated with water vapor. The water vapor itself is not objectionable, but the liquid or solid phase of water that may occur when the gas is compressed or cooled is very troublesome. Liquid water accelerates corrosion of pipelines and other

dehydration eliminates these possible difficulties and is normally required by gas sales agreements. When gas is dehydrated its dewpoint (the temperature at which water will condense from the gas) is lowered.

由气井生产的天然气常被水蒸气所饱和。从多数气体处理工艺单元流出的气体也为水蒸气所饱和。水蒸气本身无害，但压缩或冷却气体时产生的液态积存在管道或固态水常给气体处理带来麻烦。液态水会加速管道和其他设备的腐蚀;存在液态水时可能生成水合物，会堵塞阀、管件甚至管道;液态水积存在管道低洼处会降低管道的输送能力。气体销售合同中常要求脱去水蒸气，以消除上述可能发生的故障。气体脱水后，其露点(气体内水凝析时的温度)降低。

A typical dehydration specification in the U. S. Gulf Coast is 7 lb of water vapor per MMscf of gas (7 lb/MMscf). This gives a dew point of around 32 0F for 1 000 psi gas. In the northern areas of the U.S. and Canada the gas contracts require lower dew points or lower water vapor concentrations in the gas. Water vapor concentrations of 2 --4 lb/MMscf are common. If the gas is to be processed at very low temperatures, as in a cryogenic gas plant ,water vapor removal down to 1 ppm may be required.

在美国海湾地区，典型的脱水技术规定为7 1b/MMscf，相当于1000 psi压力下气体的露点约为320F。在美国北部地区和加拿大，气体合同中会要求更低的露点，或要求气体内水蒸气浓度更低。水蒸气浓度常为2--4 Ib/MMacf。若需要在很低的温度下加工气体，如需在气体深冷处理厂加工气体，则可能需要将水蒸气脱至1/106以下。

1 .5 The Trays and Packing

1.5 塔板和填料

The number of actual equilibrium stages determines the number of flashes that will occur. The more stages, the more complete the split , but the taller and more costly the tower. Most condensate stabilizers will normally contain approximately five theoretical stages. In a refluxed tower, the section above the feed is known as the rectification section，while the section below the feed is known as the stripping section. The rectification section normally contains about two equilibrium stages above the feed and the stripping section normally contains three equilibrium stages.

真实平衡级数确定了发生闪蒸的次数。级数愈多，物料的分离愈完善，但会使塔高增加，塔的投资增大。多数凝析液稳定塔一般有5个理论级数。在带有回流的塔内，进料以上部分称精馏段，进料以下部分称提馏段。进料板以上的精馏段一般含2个平衡级，而提馏段一般含3个平衡级。

Theoretical stages within a tower are provided by actual stage devices (typically either trays or packings). The actual diameter and height of the tower can be derived using manufacturer’s data for the particular device. The height of the tower is a function of the number of theoretical stages and of the efficiency of the actual stages. The diameter of the tower is a function of the hydraulic capacity of the actual stages.

塔内的理论级由真实级设备提供(一般为塔板或填料)。参照制造商为特定装置提供的数据，可得到塔的真实直径和塔高。塔高是理论级数和真实级效率的函数。塔的直径是真实级水力性能的函数。

1 .5 .1 Trays

1 .5 .1塔板

For most trays, liquid flows across an “active area”of the tray and then into a “downcomer”to the next tray below, etc. Inlet and/or outlet weirs control the liquid distribution across the tray. Vapor flows up the tower and passes through the tray active area, bubbling up through (and thus contacting) the liquid flowing across the tray. The vapor distribution is controlled by (1) perforations in the tray deck (sieve trays), (2) bubble caps (bubble cap trays), or (3) valves (valve trays).

对多数塔板来说，液体流过塔板的“活性面积”后，由降液管流至下一层塔板，并依此类推.人日和/或出口堰板控制着横向流经塔板的液体分布。蒸气沿塔向上流动并通过塔板的活性面积，它以鼓泡方式通过流经塔板的液层(这样可使气液密切接触)。蒸气的分布由以下方法控制:在塔板上开孔(筛板);泡罩(泡罩塔板);阀(阀板)。

Trays operate within a hydraulic envelope. At excessively high vapor rates, liquid is carried upward from one tray to the next (essentially back-mixing the liquid phase in the tower). For valve trays and sieve trays, a capacity limit can be reached at low vapor rates when liquid falls through the tray floor rather than being forced across the active area into the downcomers. Because the liquid does not flow across the trays, it misses contact with the vapor, and the separation efficiency drops dramatically.

塔板在水力包络线内工作。蒸气流量过大会将液体从下层塔板带至上层塔板(液相在塔内返混)。对阀板和筛板，在蒸气流量过低时会达到板的工作下限，此时液体不再横向流经活性面积进人降液管，而是通过板底向下滴漏。由于液体没有横向流过塔板，液体与蒸气没有接触，所以使分离效率大大下降。

Trays are generally divided into four categories：sieve trays, valve trays, bubble cap trays, and high capacity/high efficiency trays.

塔板一般分为四类：筛塔板、阀板、泡罩塔板、高处理量/高效率塔板。

1. 5. 1.1 Sieve Trays

1. 5. 1.1筛塔板

falling through the perforations in the tray floor. If the vapor velocity is much lower than design liquid will begin to flow through the perforations rather than into the downcomer. This condition is known as weeping. Where weeping is severe, the equilibrium efficiency will be very low. For this reason，sieve trays have a very small turndown ratio.

筛板是塔板中最便宜的。采用筛板时，向上流经塔的蒸气通过筛板上的小孔与液体接触（图1-7b）筛板依靠蒸气速度阻止塔板上的液体向下滴漏。若蒸气流速低于设计流速太多，液体将不再进人降液管，而是通过小孔向下滴漏。这种工况称为漏液。漏液严重时会使平衡效率很低，因此筛板的流量调节比很小。

1. 5.1. 2 Valve Trays

1.5.1.2 阀板

Valve trays are essentially modified sieve trays. Like sieve trays, holes are punched in the tray floor. However，these holes are much larger than those in sieve trays. Each of these holes is fitted with a device called a “valve”. Vapor flowing up through the tower contacts the liquid by passing through valves in the tray floor (Fig. l-7c). Valves can be fixed or moving. Fixed valves are permanently open and operate as deflector plates for the vapor coming up through the holes in the tray floor. For moving valves，vapor passing through the tray floor lifts the valves and contacts the liquid. Moving valves come in a variety of designs, depending on the manufacturer and the application. At low vapor rates，valves will close, helping to keep liquid from falling through the holes in the deck. At sufficiently low vapor rates, a valve tray will begin to weep. That is, some liquid will leak through the valves rather than flowing to the tray downcomers. At very low vapor rates，it is possible that all the liquid will fall through the valves and no liquid will reach the downcomers. This severe weeping is known as “dumping”. At this point，the efficiency of the tray is nearly zero.

阀板基本上是改良的筛板。如筛板类似，阀板上开有孔。然而，这些孔比筛板的孔大的多。每个孔都装有称为“阀”的设备。塔内向上流动的蒸汽通过塔盘板上的阀与液体接触（图1-7c）。阀门可以固定的或浮动的。固定式阀是常开的，工作时它犹如通过塔板孔向上流动的蒸气折流板。对于浮动阀，通过塔板的蒸气举升阀瓣并与液体接触。根据制造商的不同和塔的使用条件，浮动阀有各种设计。当蒸气流量较低时，阀处于关闭状态，防止液体通过塔板上的孔向下滴漏。当蒸气流量很低时，阀板将开始滴漏，即一些液体通过阀孔泄漏而不流向塔板的降液管。当蒸气流量极低时，液体可能全部通过阀门漏失，而不进人降液管。这种严重的液体泄漏称为“卸液”，此时塔板的效率几乎为零。

1. 5.1. 3 Bubble Cap Trays

1. 5.1. 3汽泡罩板

In bubble cap trays, vapor flowing up through the tower contacts the liquid by passing through bubble caps (Fig. l-7a). Each bubble cap assembly consists of a riser and a cap. The vapor rising through the column passes up through the riser in the tray floor and then is turned downward to bubble into the liquid surrounding the cap. Because of their design，bubble cap trays cannot weep. However bubble cap trays are also more expensive and have a lower capacity/higher pressure drop than valve trays or sieve trays.

在泡罩塔中，沿着塔向上流动的蒸汽流经泡罩与液体接触（图l-7a）。泡罩由一个立管（升气管）和一个帽组成。沿着塔向上流动的蒸汽流经安装在塔板上的立管，然后将将改变气流的方向，向下在泡罩四周的液层内鼓泡。这样的设计可以使汽泡罩塔不会发生滴漏。然而泡罩塔十分昂贵，与阀板或筛塔板相比其处理量低/压力降高。

1. 5.1. 4 High Capacity/High Efficiency Trays

1. 5.1. 4高容量/高效率塔板

High capacity/high efficiency trays have valves or sieve holes or both. They typically achieve higher efficiencies and capacities by taking advantage of the active area under the downcomer. At this time, each of the major vendors has its own version of these trays, and the designs are proprietary.

高容量/高效率塔板有阀孔或筛孔或两者都有。这些塔板充分利用了降液管下方的活性面积，可以获得高的效

1 5.

2 Packing

5.2 1填料

Packing typically comes in two types：random and structured.

填料通常分为两类：随机填料和规整填料。

Liquid distribution in a packed bed is a function of the internal vapor/liquid traffic,type of packing employed, and the quality of the liquid distributors mounted above the packed bed. Vapor distribution controlled by the internal vapor/liquid traffic, by the of packing employed, and by the quality of the vapor distributors located below the packed beds.

在填料床内，液体的分布取决于气液在填料内的流动情况、所用填料类型以及在填料床上方安装的液体分配器的质量。塔内蒸气的分布取决于气液在填料内的流动情况、所用填料类型以及安装在填料床下方蒸气分配器的质量。

Packing material can be plastic,metal,or ceramic.Packing efficiencies can be expressed as HETP (height equivalent to a theoretical plate.

填料的材料有塑料、金属或陶瓷。填料的效率表示为HETP，即理论塔板等效高度。

1.5.

2.1 Random Packing

1.5.

2.1随机填料

A bed of random packing typically consists of a bed support (typical a gas injection support plate) upon which pieces of packing material are randomly arranged ( they are poured or dumped onto this support plate). Bed limiters, or hold-downs, are sometimes set above random beds to prevent the pieces of packing from migrating or entraining upward. Random packing comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. For given shape (design) of packing, small sizes have higher efficiencies and lower capacities than large sizes.

随机填料床包括床支撑(一般为能注人气体的支撑板)和在支撑上随机堆放的填料（常将填料倒在该支撑板上）。随机填料床上方有时安装有压紧装置，防止填料移动或被向上气流携带。随机填料有各种形状和大小。对于给定形状(设计)的填料，小填料的效率比大填料高，但处理量低。

Fig. 1-8 shows a variety of random packing designs. An early design is known as a Raschig ring. Raschig rings are short sections of tubing and are low-capacity, low-efficiency,high-pressure drop devices. Today’s industry standard is the slotted metal (Pall) ring. A packed bed made of 1 in slotted metal rings will have a higher mass transfer efficiency and a higher capacity than will a bed of 1 in Raschig rings. The HETP for a 2 in slotted metal ring in a condensate stabilizer is about 36 in. This is slightly more than a typical tray design, which would require 34 in (1.4 trays X 24 in tray spacing) for one theoretical plate or stage.

图1-8所示为各种随机填料。早期设计中为拉西环。拉西环是一段短管，它是处理量低、效率低、压降高的填料。现在的工业标准是使用开槽的金属(鲍尔)环。与拉西环相比，1 in开槽金属环构成的填料床有较高的传质效率和较大的处理量。在凝析液稳定塔内，2 in开槽金属环的理论板等效高度约为36 in，略大于塔板典型设计中每块理论板(或理论级)所需的板间距34in（1.4块塔板×24in塔板间距）。

1. 5.

2. 2 Structured Packing

1. 5.

2. 2规整填料

A bed of structured packing consists of a bed support upon which elements of structured packing are placed. Beds of structured packing typically have lower pressure drops than beds of random packing of comparable mass transfer efficiency. Structured packing elements are composed of grids (metal or plastic) or woven mesh (metal or plastic) or of thin vertical crimped sheets (metal, plastic, or ceramic) stacked parallel to each other. Fig. 1-9 shows examples of the vertical crimped sheet style of structured packing.

属、塑料或陶瓷)组成。图1-9所示为垂直波纹薄板规整填料的示例。

The grid types of structured packing have very high capacities and very low efficiencies , and are typically used for heat transfer or for vapor scrubbing. The wire mesh and the crimped sheet types of structured packing typically have lower capacities and higher efficiencies than the grid type.

格栅型规整填料的处理能力很高，但效率较低，常用于传热或蒸气净化。板型规整填料的处理能力较低，但效率较高。

1 .5 .3 Trays or Packing

1 .5 .3 塔板或填料

There is no umbrella answer. The choice is dictated by project scope (new tower or retrofit), current economics, operating pressures, anticipated operating flexibility, and physical properties.

用塔板还是填料，对此尚无统一答案。应该根据工程范围（新塔或旧塔翻新），现代经济学，操作压力，要求的操作弹性和气液物理性质等选择塔板或填料。

1.5.3.1 Distillation Service

1.5.3.1 用于蒸馏

For distillation services , as in condensate stabilization, tray design is well understood, and many engineers are more comfortable with trays than with packing. In the past, bubble cap trays were the standard. However, they arc not commonly used in this service anymore. Sieve trays are inexpensive but offer a very narrow operating range when compared with valve trays. Although valve trays offer a wider operating range than sieve trays, they have moving parts and so may require more maintenance. High capacity/high efficiency trays can be more expensive than standard valve trays. However, high capacity/high efficiency trays require smaller diameter towers, so they can offer significant savings in the overall cost of the distillation tower. The high capacity/ high efficiency tray can also be an ideal candidaie for tower retrofits in which increased throughputs are required for existing towers.

当用于像凝析液稳定这种蒸馏时，许多工程师十分熟悉塔板的设计并喜欢使用塔板。以前泡罩塔板是标准设计，然而现在已不再使用这种塔板。筛板价格很低，但与阀板相比操作范围很窄。尽管阀板比筛板的操作范围宽，但阀板存在运动部件，所需的维修量较大。高处理量/高效塔板的价格比标准阀板贵，但所需的塔径较小，能较好地节省蒸馏塔的总费用。当现有的塔需要增大处理量时，高处理量/高效率塔板是塔翻新的理想选择。

Random packing has traditionally been used in small diameter ( <20 in ) towers. This is because it is easier and less expensive to pack these small diameter towers. However random packed beds are prone to channeling and have poor turndown characteristics when compared with trays. For these reasons, trays were preferred for tower diameters greater than 20 in. In recent years an improved understanding of the impact of high pressure on packing performance has been gained. Improved vapor and liquid distributor designs and modified bed heights have made the application of packing to larger-diameter, high-pressure distillation towers more common. A properly designed packed bed system (packing, liquid distributors, vapor distributors) can be an excellent choice for debottlenecking existing distillation towers.

在传统上，小直径(<20in)塔内一直使用随机填料，因为向小直径塔内充装填料肠容易又省钱。然而与塔板相比，随机填料容易发生沟流且流量调节比特性较差，因此直径大于2in的塔曾倾向于使用塔板。近年来，高压对填料性能的影响已有了进一步的了解，蒸气和液体分配器的改进和床高的调整，使填料日益广泛地用于高压、大直径蒸馏塔。设计合理的填料床系统(充装、液体分配器、蒸气分配器)可能是解决现有蒸馏塔瓶颈的极好选择。

1.5.3 .2 Stripping Service

1.5.3 .2用于气提

conjunotion with structured packing can lead to smaller-diameter and shorter stripping towers than can be obtained with trays.

当用于诸如甘醇或胺接触塔的气提时常用泡罩塔板。近年来，已逐步倾向于使用波纹板规整填料。与采用塔板相比，应用改进的蒸气和液体分配器以及规整填料可使塔径减小、塔高降低。

1.6 Gas Sweetening

1.6气体脱酸

In addition to heavy hydrocarbons and water vapor, natural gas often contains other contaminants that may have to be removed. Carbon dioxide ( CO2) ,hydrogen sulfide ( H2S ) , and other sulfur compounds such as mercaptans are compounds that may require complete or partial removal for acceptance by a gas purchaser. These compounds are known as“acid gases”. H2S combined with water forms a weak form of sulfuric acid,while CO2 and water forms carbonic acid，thus the term “acid gas”.

除重烃和水蒸气外。天然气还常含有必须脱除的其他污染物。气体买方常要求全部或部分地脱除CO2 ，H2S和其他硫化物(如硫醇)。这些组分称为“酸气”。H2S与水结合可生成弱硫酸，而CO2和水可生成碳酸，“酸气”的称谓便由此而来。

Natural gas with H2S or other sulfur compounds present is called “sour gas”，while gas with only CO2 is called “sweet”. Both H2S and CO2 are undesirable，as they cause corrosion and reduce the heating value and thus the sales value of the gas. In addition, H2S may be lethal in very small quantities. The following shows physiological effects of H2S concentrations in air.

含H2S或其他硫化物的天然气称为“含硫天然气”，而仅含CO2的气体称为“甜气”或脱硫(无硫)天然气。H2S 和CO2都会引起腐蚀并减少天然气热值、降低销售价格，都是气体内不希望存在的组分。此外极少量的H2S就可能使人致死。下面说明空气中H2S浓度的生理影响。

At 0. 13 ppm by volume, H2S can be sensed by smell. At 4. 6 ppm the smell is quite noticeable. As the concentration increases beyond 200 ppm, the sense of smell fatigues , and the gas can no longer be detected by odor. Thus, H2S cannot always be detected by smell. Even if H2S cannot be smelled, it is possible that there is sufficient H2S present to be life threatening. At 500 ppm, H2S can no longer be smelled, but breathing problems and then death can be expected within minutes. At concentrations above 700 to 1000 ppm, death can be immediate and without warning. Generally,a concentration of 100 ppm H2S or more in a process stream is cause for concern and the taking of proper operating precautions.

H2S体积分数为0.13/106时，就能察觉H2S气味;体积分数为4. 6/106时，气味已十分明显;浓度增加至200/106以上时，会发生嗅觉疲劳，不能再靠气味察觉H2S,所以不能完全凭嗅觉探测是否存在H2S。即使闻不到H2S气味，也可能存在对生命构成威胁的H2S浓度。体积分数为500/106时，已不能闻到H2S，但在几分钟之内会休克，之后则是死亡。体积分数为700/106或者更高时，没有任何征兆就会立即死亡。在工艺流体内，H2S体积分数为100/106或更高时，一般需要给予关注并采取适当的预防措施。

Gas sales contracts for natural gases will limit the concentration of acid compounds. In the United States ,typically,gas sales contracts will permit up to 2% to 3 % carbon dioxide and 0. 25 grain per 100 scf (approximately 4 ppm) of hydrogen sulfide. The actual requirement for any sales contract may vary, depending upon negotiations between seller and purchaser.

天然气销售合同中会限制酸性组分的浓度。美国气体销售合同一般允许含有2%--3%以下的CO2和低于0.25 gr/100 scf(体积分数约为4. 0/106)的H2S。各气体销售合同的要求可能不同，取决于买卖双方的谈判。

Next to sales contract specifications,corrosion protection ranks highest among the seasons for the removal of acid gases. The partial pressure of the acid gas may be used as a measure whether treatment is required. The partial pressure of a gas is defined as m t total pressure of the system times the mole% of the gaseous component. Where CO2 present with free water, a partial pressure of 30 psia or greater would indicate that CO2 corrosion should be expected. If CO2 is not removed, inhibition and special metalinrgy may be required. Below 15 psia, CO2corrosion is not normally a problem ,although inhibition may be required.

除销售合同规定外，防腐为脱除酸气的首要原因。可用酸气分压作为一种度量方式，确定是否需要对天然

尽管可能需要加防腐剂，但一般不会构成CO2腐蚀问题。

H2S may cause hydrogen embrittlement in certain metals. National Association of Corrosion Engineers ( NACE) gives two figures, according to the figures and the H2S concentration NACE recommends special metallurgy to guard against H2S corrosion.

对于某些金属，H2S可能引起氢脆。美国腐蚀工程师协会给出了两幅图表。根据H2S浓度和图表，美国腐蚀工程师协会推荐了防止H2S腐蚀的特殊冶金技术。

In the sulfide stress cracking region, appropriate metallurgy is required in line piping, pressure vessels, etc. There is a listing of acceptable steels in the NACE standard. Steels with a hardness of less than 22 Rockwell C hardness should be used in areas where sulfide stress cracking is a problem.

在硫化物应力开裂区会标准中列有适用钢材表配管用的管子、压力容器等需要采用合适的冶金技术。在美国腐蚀工程师协在容易发生硫化物应力开裂的区域应采用硬度小于洛氏C硬度22的钢材。

1. 6 .1 Gas Sweetening Processes

1. 6 .1气脱硫工艺

Numerous processes have been developed for gas sweetening based on a variety of chemical and physical principles. These processes can be classified as:

根据各种化学和物理原理开发了多种气体脱硫工艺。这些工艺可分为:

(1) Batch processes, e. g. , iron sponge,Chemsweet, SulfaCheck,and causticsoda. Because the reactant is discarded, the use is limited to removing small amounts of sulfur, i. e . ,low gas flow rates and/or small concentrations of hydrogen sulfide.

（1）批量处理工艺，如海绵铁、Chemsweet , SulfaCheck和苛性钠等。由于反应物被废弃(不便再生)，故批量处理工艺仅局限于脱除少量硫黄，即适用于气体流量很小和/或H2S浓度很低的场合。

(2) Aqueous amine solutions,e.g.,monoethanolamine (MEA) ,diethanolamine (DEA) ,diglycolamine (DGA),methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) ,diisopropanolamine (DIPA). These solutions are regenerated and are used to remove large amounts of sulfur, and CO2 when needed.

（2）胺的水溶液，如一乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA )、二甘醇胺C DGA }、甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA) ,二异丙醇胺(DIP A)等。这些溶液可以再生，用于脱除大量硫黄，需要时也可脱除CO2。

(3)Mixed solutions (mixtures of an amine,physical solvent and water), e. g. Sulfinol, Ucarsol,and Optisol. These solutions also absorb organic sulfur and are capable of high acid gas loadings.

（3）混合溶液(胺、物理溶剂和水的混合物)，如矾胺法(Sulfinol ) , Ucarsol和Optisol等。这些溶液也吸收有机硫并且有处理高酸气负荷的能力。

(4) Physical solvents, e.g. ,Selexol, Rectisol,Purisol Fluor Solvent. These can be regenerated without heat and simultaneously dry the gas. They are used for bulk removal of CO2 frequently offshore.

（4）物理溶剂，如Selexol(塞列克索法)、Reetisol(冷甲醇法)、Purisol ( N一甲基毗咯烷酮吸收法)、Floor(弗卢尔法)溶剂等。这些溶剂不加热就能再生，同时还可使气体干燥。它们常用于海上脱除大量CO2。

(5) Hot potassium carbonate solutions ,e.g. , Hot Pot, Catacarb, and Benfield. These are chemical analogs of the physical solvents.

（5）热碳酸钾溶液，如Hot Pot, Catacarb和Benfield等。它们是物理溶剂的化学类似物。

2014春华师在线翻译作业

单选题 第1题 (2) 分这些工人都是篮球的热心观众。 A、These workers are avid watchers of basketball matches. B、These workers are avid watchers of basketball. C、These workers are warmhearted watchers of basketball. 第2题 (2) 分她常常动不动就骂她的孩子们，但孩子们都知道她使刀子嘴豆腐心。 A、She was always scolding her children, but they knew that her scolding might be like a knife but her heart B、She was always scolding her children, but they knew her bark was worse than her bite. C、She was always scolding her children, but they knew that she was kindhearted while scolding. 第3题 (2) 分这个小女孩长得又漂亮又聪明，真是人见人爱。 A、This little girl is beautiful and clever. Indeed everybody here loves her. B、This little girl is very beautiful and clever. It is true everybody here loves her when they see her. C、This little girl is so beautiful and clever that no one who sees her can help loving her. 第4题 (2) 分 On these pages you get the story of what happened --- and how leading Americans see the priorities now. A、以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及美国领导人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。 B、以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及领导的美国人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。 C、以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及当领导的美国人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。 第5题 (2) 分 His preoccupation with business left little time for his family. A、他全神贯注于事业，为他的家庭留下了很少的时间。 B、他对事业的全神贯注留给他家庭的时间很少。

油气储运名词解释

油田生产中的“三脱”三“回收 油田生产中的“三脱”三“回收”： “三脱”是指油气收集和输送过程中的原油脱水、原油脱天然气和天然气脱轻质油；“三回收”是指污水回收、天然气回收和轻质油回收。 原油脱水 从井中采出的原油一般都含有一定数量的水，而原油含水多了会给储运造成浪费，增加设备，多耗能；原油中的水多数含有盐类，加速了设备、容器和管线的腐蚀；在石油炼制过程中，水和原油一起被加热时，水会急速汽化膨胀，压力上升，影响炼厂正常操作和产品质量，甚至会发生爆炸。因此外输原油前，需进行脱水，使含水量要求不超过 0.5%。 破乳剂 破乳剂是一种表面活性物质，它能使乳化状的液体结构破坏，以达到乳化液中各相分离开来的目的。原油破乳是指利用破乳剂的化学作用将乳化状的油水混合液中油和水分离开来，使之达到原油脱水的目的，以保证原油外输含水标准。 原油脱气 通过油气分离器和原油稳定装置把原油中的气体态轻烃组分脱离出去的工艺过程叫原油脱气。 合格原油主要标准 国家规定在净化后的原油中含水不能超过 0.5%，含盐不大于50 毫克/升，每吨原油含气不超过1立方米。 油气分离器 油气分离器是把油井生产出的原油和伴生天然气分离开来的一种装置。有时候分离器也作为油气水以及泥沙等多相的分离、缓冲、计量之用。从外形分大体有三种形式，立式、卧式、球形。

油气计量 油气计量是指对石油和天然气流量的测定。主要分为油井产量计量和外输流量计量两种。油井产量计量是指对单井所生产的油量和生产气量的测定，它是进行油井管理、掌握油层动态的关键资料数据。外输计量是对石油和天然气输送流量的测定，它是输出方和接收方进行油气交接经营管理的基本依据。 油气计量站 它主要由集油阀组（俗称总机关）和单井油气计量分离器气组成，在这里把数口油井生产的油气产品集中在一起，轮流对各单井的产油气量分别进行计量。 计量接转站 有的油气计量站因油压较低，增加了缓冲罐和输油泵等外输设备，这种油气小站叫计量接转站，既进行油气计量，还承担原油接转任务。 转油站 转油站是把数座计量（接转）站来油集中在一起，进行油气分离、油气计量、加热沉降和油气转输等作业的中型油站，又叫集油站。有的转油站还包括原油脱水作业，这种站叫脱水转油站。 联合站 它是油气集中处理联合作业站的简称。主要包括油气集中处理（原油脱水、天然气净化、原油稳定、轻烃回收等）、油田注水、污水处理、供变电和辅助生产设施等部分。 水套加热炉 水套加热炉主要由水套、火筒、火嘴、沸腾管和走油盘管五部分组成，用在油井井场给油井产出的油气加温降粘。采用走油盘管浸没在水套中的间接加热方法是为了防止原油结焦。 原油损耗 原油从油井产出时是油气混合状态。在其集输、分离、计量、脱水、储存等过程中，由于污水排放和伴生天然气的携带，油罐在进出油和温度变化时的大小呼吸蒸发，

各专业的英文翻译

中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence

中国石油集团公司对外名称系列英文翻译

一、公司领导职务英文翻译 集团公司：China National Petroleum Corporation 总经理： President 副总经理： Vice President 总会计师： Chief Financial Officer 纪检组长： Chief of Discipline & Inspection Group、Vice President 总经理助理：Assistant President 总法律顾问：General Counsel 副总会计师：Deputy Chief Financial Officer 副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist 副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer 股份公司：PetroChina Company Limited 董事长： Chairman, Board of Directors 副董事长： Vice Chairman, Board of Directors 董事： Director, Board of Directors 监事会主席：Chairman, Board of Supervisors 总裁： President 副总裁： Vice President 财务总监： Chief Financial Officer 总工程师： Chief Engineer 总地质师： Chief Geologist 董事会秘书：Secretary, Board of Directors 二、机关部门及处室职务英文翻译 一、机关部门职务： 1、办公厅、直属党委、××办公室、××部、××局：

主任（总经理）： Director-General 副主任（副总经理）：Deputy Director-General 副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer 副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist 副总会计师：Deputy Chief Accountant 副总审计师：Deputy Chief Auditor 2、专业公司：总经理：President 副总经理：Vice President 总工程师：Chief Engineer 总经济师：Chief Economist 总地质师：Chief Geologist 总会计师：Chief Financial Officer 3、董事会助理秘书：Assistant Secretary, Board of Directors 纪委书记? Secretary,?Disciplinary Inspection? 工会主席 Chairman, Worker’s Union???? 4、处室主任、处长：Director 副主任、副处长：Deputy Director 二、下属子公司、分公司职务： 总经理：President 副总经理：Vice President （副）总工程师：(Deputy) Chief Engineer （副）总经济师：(Deputy) Chief Economist （副）总地质师：(Deputy) Chief Geologist （副）总会计师：(Deputy) Chief Accountant 处室、处级办公室：Department 处室主任、处长：Director 副主任、副处长：Deputy Director 科室：Division；

专业英语翻译1

专业英语翻译1

Basic Chemistry 1. Atomic Structure Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构 物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。 质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。 它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。 The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素

油气储运专业英语reading部分翻译

Petroleum and Its Modern Uses [1] Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are the most widely used sources of energy in the m odern world. They are of primary importance in the industrialized countries, where vast am ounts of energy are consumed to operate the different kinds of machines used today. The se three energy sources are collectively referred to as fossil fuels. 石油、煤炭和天然气是现代世界最广泛使用的能源。它们在工业化国家中最为重要，在这些国家，人们消耗大量的能源来操作今天使用的各种机器。这三种能源统称为化石燃料。 [2] At various depths beneath land and sea, there are accumulations of hydrocarbons form ed millions and even hundreds of millions of years ago by decomposition of animal and v egetable remains. They were covered by sand or mud, which in time was itself covered by the water of the seas. Hydrocarbons are compounds of hydrogen and carbon which, at n ormal temperatures and pressures, may be gaseous, liquid or solid according to their mole cular complexity. The natural deposits are correspondingly gaseous, liquid or solid, dependi ng on the relative proportion of the various hydrocarbons present in mixture. Petroleum is composed largely of the remains of these tiny marine animals and plants that lived so lo ng ago. 在陆地和海洋的不同深处，有数百万年甚至数亿年前由于动物和植物残骸的分解而形成的碳氢化合物的积聚。它们被沙或泥覆盖着，而沙或泥很快就被海水覆盖了。碳氢化合物是氢和碳的化合物，在正常的温度和压力下，根据其分子复杂性，碳氢化合物可以是气态、液态或固态的。根据混合物中各种碳氢化合物的相对比例，天然沉积物相应地是气态、液态或固态的。石油主要由这些生活在很久以前的微小海洋动植物的残骸组成。 [3] Oil in one form or another has been used by humankind for many centuries to provid e light and heat. Until only a relatively short time ago, most o f this oil came from animal or vegetable sources. Olive oil, for example, was used in lamps and for cookin g in the anc ient civilizations bordering the Mediterranean. Many other kinds of oils have also been co mmercially important, including oil from sesame seeds or cottonseed and oil from whales. 人类用这种或那种形式的油来提供光和热已有许多世纪了。直到相对较短的时间以前，这些油大部分来自动物或蔬菜来源。例如，在地中海沿岸的古代文明中，橄榄油被用于灯具和烹饪。许多其他种类的油在商业上也很重要，包括芝麻油、棉籽油和鲸鱼油。 [4]Petroleum differs from other oils because it comes from a mineral source rather than any ani mai or vegetable source. In fact, the prefix "petr- in the word petroleum is derived from the Gre ek word for rock. When petroleum first went on the market, it was called rock oil to distinguish it from all the other kinds of oil. Since then modern technology has become such an enormous consumer of energy that petroleum is probably the most valuable single product in the world. I ndeed it is often called "black gold". 石油不同于其他石油，因为它来自矿物来源，而不是任何动物或植物来源。事实上，单词petroleum中的前缀“peter-”源自希腊单词rock。当石油首次进入市场时，它被称为岩石油，以区别于所有其他种类的石油。从那时起，现代技术已经成为巨大的能源消费国，石油可能是世界上最有价值的单一产品。实际上，它通常被称为“黑金”。 [5]Up until the industrial revolution, human beings did not use energy on anywhere near the same scale that we do nowadays. The machines of the ancient world ( which were few and

华师在线 翻译作业

翻译作业 1．这些工人都是篮球的热心观众。A.These workers are avid watchers of basketball matches. 2．She is an absolutely one-man wife.C.她是一个忠实的妻子，坚信从一而终的信念。 3．Every one of us, except my poor hoodwinked grandmother, heard of the bad news. C.我们大家都得知了这一不幸的消息，只有我那可怜的奶奶，还蒙在鼓里。 4．学校不会管这样的事情。B.The school authority will not bother about such things. 5．A pretext was the last thing that Hastings was likely to want. A.哈丁斯好像不需要什么借口。6．他最终什么时候来，大家都吃不准。C.When he’ll finally turn up is anybody’s guess! 7．别管枝节问题，让我们讨论实质性问题，以求得基本的一致。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7c2811446.html,y aside the side-issues for the moment; let’s get down to brass tacks and thrash out a basic agreement. 8．但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交朋友，终日闭门读书。B.He was, however, eccentric. He neither looked for an official post, nor had any friends, studying behind closed doors al day. 9．在那个殖民地，行政官员调动频繁，就像走马灯似的。A.The transfer of administrative personnel in that colony was so frequent as to create a kaleidoscope effect. 10．这个小女孩长得又漂亮又聪明，真是人见人爱。C.This little girl is so beautiful and clever that no one who sees her can help loving her. 11．当时我们已经变得像一家人那样亲密，东西不分你我，彼此可以把筷子伸到对方的碗里抢肉吃。C.We had come to be like one family by now, being on such intimate terms that we helped ourselves freely to each other’s things and sometimes could dig our chopsticks into each other’s bowls for choice pieces of meat. 12．即使商品质量好，也不能漫天讨价。A.Even quality goods must have a price ceiling. 13．Failure to answer half the questions they asked made the police suspect him. A.由于他未能回答他们所问问题的一半，使得警察对他产生了怀疑。 14．If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some; for he that goes a borrowing goes a suffering. A.要想知道钱的价值，就得体会一下借钱的滋味。因为开口向人借钱总是很不好受的。 15．He relaxed himself by playing chess at the end of an arduous day’s work. B.他工作了一天非常劳累，下班后下棋轻松一下。 16．I haunted all the meetings in London where debates followed lectures. A.伦敦的集会，凡是演讲结束以后接着进行辩论的，我都参加。 17．You are posted in what had preceded all this, but I was not. C.你现在已经明白了这件事的全部原委，但我当时却全然不知。 18．Of many thousand spare parts does not come up to the standard but one. B.在成千上万个备件中，只发现一个不合格。 19．…but Lady Southdown dismissed poor Briggs as quickly as decency permitted. A.无奈莎吴唐老太太不喜欢布里格斯，勉强留她住了几天，糊过面子，就急急的打发她走了。20．俗话说，不怕不识货，就怕货比货。A.Inferior goods can’t stand comparison, as the saying goes. 21．这具有重大的历史意义。A.This is of historic significance. 22．There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character. A.他的性格既残暴又狡猾。 23．她常常动不动就骂她的孩子们，但孩子们都知道她使刀子嘴豆腐心。B.She was always scolding her children, but they knew her bark was worse than her bite. 24．A cat, whose eyes can take in more rays of light than out eyes, can see things clearly in the night. C.由于猫的眼睛能比我们人的眼睛吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜间看东西很清楚。25．His preoccupation with business left little time for his family. C.他全神贯注于事业，因而与家人在一起的时间很少。 26．Nepal’s wide range of topographies support similarly broad cultural variations. A.由于尼泊尔具有多样化的地貌特征，她的文化也呈现出多样性。 27．必须努力加强廉政建设。A.Great efforts should be made to keep government clean. 28．利润可能下降，但赞助活动仍方兴未艾。A.Profits may be falling, but sponsorship lives. 29．一切都考虑进去，她的建议似乎更切实可行。B.Everything taken into consideration, her proposal seems more practicable. 30．颐和园是我国劳动人民勤劳和智慧的产物。B.The Summer Palace is a monument to the industry and wisdom of the laboring people of China. 31．她变本加厉地剥削欺压工人。A.She redoubled his efforts in exploiting and oppressing the workers. 32．中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。A.It won’t be long before the Chinese people become well off. 33．手头上的钱不够用了，他只好打消买皮鞋的念头。B.Money being not enough, he has to drop the idea to buy a pair of leather shoes for the time being. 34．You’re being merely childish.A.你这样做简直是孩子气。 35．这次展出还是老一套。C.The exhibit does not lend itself to much exciting variation. 36．他想一吐胸中块垒，但却找不到一个可以倾诉的人。C.He wanted to get his problem off his chest, but there was no one to whom he could unbosom himself. 37．On these pages you get the story of what happened --- and ````ee the priorities now.A.以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉――以及美国领导人当前如何看待事情的轻重缓急。38．There’s been some dirty work with the club accounts and some money is missing.A.俱乐部的帐目有鬼，有些钱不知去向。 39．张先生腋下夹着一本字典，手里端``，```踱着步一边哼着一首流行歌曲。B.With a dictionary under his arm and a cup in his hand, Mr. Zhang was humming a popular tune as he paced. 40．大院周围，乱乱地戳着一幢幢茅棚土屋，风雪猛烈地冲撞着家家的破门烂窗。 A.Around the manor lay a wretched and confused mass of thatched huts, whose windows and doors rattled miserably in the snowstorm. 41．A causeless event or thing, we can not think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.C.任何事情的发生都不可能是无缘无故的，正如一根棍子不可能只有一头一样。42．The children are always up to amusing tricks. A.孩子们总是喜欢调皮捣蛋寻开心。 43．War was avoided by a master stroke of statesmanship. B.由于运用了高超的政治策略，战争才得以避免。 44．The door opens, and who should enter but the very man we were talking of? A.门开了，谁想到走进来的正是我们方才谈论的人！ 45．这些话，勾起他许多心事。他的````````子黯淡下来。C.These words awakened to him many memories of the past. Like the darkness pervading the room, his thoughts, too, grew somebre. 46．Few went out in such a cutting and blinding wind. C.寒风刺骨，刮得叫人睁不开眼睛。在这样恶劣的天气，很少有人出门。 47．She is a good washer. C.她洗衣服总是洗得很干净。 48．她没来开会，我们都觉得很遗憾。A.We all think it a pity that she didn’t show up at the meeting. 49．不错，有了自己的孩子使他们的造反冲动收敛了许多。C.True, parenthood has tamed their rebellious impulses. 50．我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。A.An international call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.

我国油气储运标准化现状与发展对策

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