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并列连词和从属连词

连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用.连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词.并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句.如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等. 一、并列连词

并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子。并列连词包括：基本并列连词如and, or , but , 关联连词如either...or , neither...nor , not only...but also ,both ...and, whether...or 等；介于并列连词与从属连词之间的连词；介于并列连词与从属连词或介词之间的结构如as well as , as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等；此外还有些'半连接词',一些语法学家把它们称为连接副词,如nevertheless, however, meanwhile, otherwise, likewise 等,它们在句中做连接性状语.这类连词主要是从逻辑上,而不是从形式上连接句子,其关系比较松散.

1. 表示意义转折和对比的并列连词

常见的有：but , while, whereas, still, yet , nevertheless, likewise, anyway , only , conversely , on the contrary, by this time, all the same , fortunately, on the other hand , in the meantime 等词语.

2. 表示选择的并列连词

常见的有：or, whether...or, either...or, otherwise 等.例如：

Either ...or 和whether...or 表示选择,其意义比单用or 要强,但由whetrher...or 构成的并列结构一般只能担任句子的从属成分.上例中最后一句, whether...or 结构在句中担任句子的从属成分. Either ...or 和or 一样,可以连接两个并列的独立分句,而whether...or 则不可以. or 用于表示否定的条件意义时,有时可与连用.

Or 连接主语时,如主语都是单数,动词则取单数形式；如主语都是复数,动词则取复数形式,如果主语有的是复数,动词则取复数形式,如果主语有的是单数,有的是复数,动词的数则与它靠近的主语的数相一致.

连接两个主语时,动词的数也应与靠近他的主语的数相一致.例如：

Neither he nor I am a good student.

3. 表示因果意义的并列并列连词

常见的有：for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,thus, accordingly, consepuently, on that account, in that case 等.例如：

The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped.

It rained , therefore the game was called off.

表示原因的并列连词只有for ,它所引导的分句只是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因. for 引导的分句只能置于句末,而且必须用逗号与前一分句隔开.上面所提到的so,therefore 等词,有的语法学家把它们做为连接性状语.

4. 表示联合关系的并列连词

常见的有：and, both...and, neither...nor, not only... but also 等.

当neither...nor, not only ...but also 连接主语时,动词的数则与靠近它的主语的数相一致. Both ...and 不能连接两个以上的并列成分,也不能连接分句.例如：误：Both Mary swept the floor and Nancy mopped it.

5. 其它并列连词

常见的有：as well as, more than, rather than, no less than 等.

(1) as well as 表示'同' 和'也' 的意义

as well as 用作并列连词时它意义相当于not only...but also, 但侧重点在后一并列成分上而as well as 侧重点却在前一并列成分上,A as well as B=not only B but also A.

(2) more than 表示而不是之意. 例如:

(3) rather than 表示'而不是' 之意.

(4) no less than 表示' 同... 一样' 之意.

当as well as ,more than, rather than, no less than 连接两个成分作主语时谓语动词应于第一个成分的数相一致. 在使用并列连词时我们应该注意:

(1) 并列连词不可以连用.

(2) 有些连接性状语副词可以和某些从属连词对应使用.

(3) 在for 或so that 引出的分句中如果主语与前一分句的主语所指相同其主语不可以省略. 同样, 如果第二个分句是由连接副词引出的其主语通常也不可省略. 例如:

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A bus in essma nl ost his wallet. There was pie nty of money in it. So he _61 (make) a promise, Ifsomeone 62 (find) my wallet and returns it to me, I ll give half the money to him. A dustma n found the wallet in the dustb in. He sent it back to the loser. But the bus in essma n cha nged his 63 . There was still a diam ond ring in the wallet, said the loser, I won money in my wallet to you 64 you return it to me! I ve n ever see n a diam ond ring in the wallet, e dustma n. said th They bega n to quarrel 65 (viole nt). The dustma n became angry and took the bus in essma n to see a judge. After the judge heard what 66 (happe n) to them, he said to the bus in essma n, I m sure you are an hon est man .It s tiruedhosiyouvallet 67 there was a diamond ring. But it is also clear that there is 68 money in this wallet. I don t thi nk it 69 s . Wait for some time. Perhaps some one will be able to return your wallet to you. Then the judge tur ned to the dustma and said, Take the wallet home. If the loser doesn t go to get it back 70 three days, it will belong to you. 2 Recently, a survey 1 (carry) out by a website about the common view on students who graduate 2 Beijing University. Only 28% of the interviewed companies think that they are 3 (satisfy) with the graduates from Beijing University. The graduates in their companies have a wide range of 4 (know) and they learn things very quickly and easily. 5 , most of the companies don t think 6 (high) of graduates from Beijing University. In their eyes, the graduates always stick 7 their own opinions and lack the teamwork spirit. Besides, they may not be satisfied with their jobs even with big companies, and they usually have many 8 (complain). As a result, 34% of the companies insist that 9 is not necessary to employ graduates from Beijing University. In brief, society and even the students themselves expect too much from graduates from Beijing University. That 10 asgraduate claims that he himself is rubbish. 3 71 we all kno w, life is full of dreams and havi ng a good dream is of great importanee in our daily life. 72 a good dream, people can t make progress and countries can t develop . And I hold the strong belief every one, whether he is old or young, poor or rich, j unior or senior, does have a good dream! After all, dreaming is certainly a positive part of our life, and 74 (wish) for good thin gs, however, costs nothing! What' s more, it is importa nt to fly our dreams, especially for those 75 ____ are senior high school students. It is high time for them to fly their dreams. If t gi 73

(完整版)高三英语语法填空专项训练(含答案解析)

高三英语专项训练----语法填空 （1）(Topic: ) Once there lived a rich man who wanted to do something for the people of his town. But first he wanted to find out 16 _______ they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town，he placed 17 ___ very large stone. Then he 18____ (hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.“Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, 19____ he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way.20 ______ man came along and did the same thing; then another came，and another. All of them complained about the stone but did not tried to remove 21______. Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 22 _______ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark. Some neighbors will come along later 23 _____ the dark and will fall against the stone.” Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 24 ________ (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 25 ________ the stone，he found a bag of money. （2）(Topic: ) The best gift I ever received is the parents that were given to me. I could not have picked out 16 _______ (good) parents myself. My mom is smart，funny，and very artistic. She loves painting and encouraging other people to paint as well. She owns 17______ own book and art store. And at night she teaches adult 18 ________ (educate). She helps kids 19 _________ have dropped out of high school 20 _________ (get) their diploma. She always has time for me and my brothers. She hardly ever gets mad 21 ______ us and loves doing new things with us，22 _____ going to a new museum or going out onto the beach in the middle of the winter and taking pictures at the beach in the snow. My dad knows 23 _____ to fix anything and loves to play musical instruments. He helps me with my science projects and other school projects. He works hard to make money for our family and hardly ever complains. He loves skating with me and 24______ (build) us a half pipe and other cool things. So I have to say that 25 _______ gift I’m most grateful for is the one the God gave me—my parents. （3）(Topic: ) Sometimes Chinese English teachers are puzzled by such questions，“Have you got any skills in reading comprehension?” Actually，many of the teachers can’t give students 16 ___ efficient way to deal with reading. Anyway，17 _____ often simply say，“Read more and practise more，and you 18 ______ (get) more experience in reading comprehension.” Frankly, these teachers’ good 19_________ (suggest) are only helpful to arouse students’ interest in reading 20 ____ not helpful to deal wit h the questions in the examinations of reading comprehension. Personally，I think the skill for reading comprehension should be based 21 ______ the knowledge of English writing. Since the English passages are written under some rules or principles，the science of reading 22 ______understanding may have a close relationship with writing.