词汇学笔记(名词解释为主)
1、英语词汇概述：（8%）
（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
‘Indo-European’印欧语系
With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.
1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2．Vocabulary词汇——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.
3. basic word stock 基本词汇i s the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics. （1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the
most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。They include words relating to the following respects:
Natural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and
animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
（2）Stability稳定性. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.
（3）Productivity 多产性. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.
（4）Polysemy多义性. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.
（5）Collocability搭配性. Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.
4.nonbasic words stock非基本词汇Words, void of the stated characteristics, do not belong to the common core of the language. They include the following.（1）Terminology术语consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas
（2）Jargon行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.
（3）Slang俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colorful, blunt, expressive and impressive.
（4）Argot黑话generally refers to the jargon of criminals.
（5）Dialectal words方言词are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.
（6）Archaisms 古语词are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.
（7）Neologisms新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.-。
5.Content words 实义词denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.
6.Functional words 功能词do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
7.native words本地词——–are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Anglo-Saxon Words， are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language （1. neutral in style文体中性
2.frequent in use使用频繁）
8.borrowed words借词——words taken over from foreign languages are know as loan words, constituting 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. The English language has vast debts .
9.Denizens同化词——are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. S uch as port from portus (L).?Denizens‘的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).
10.Translation-loans译借词——Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ? long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch)
11．Semantic-loans借义词——words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ‘joy‘ and ?music ‘, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.
12.Aliens 异形– retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Such as
décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo
2、英语构词法：（27%）
（1）英语单词的结构：自由语素与非自由语素；构词不达意成份，词根、词干、前缀、后缀；。
（2）构词法：词缀法、合成法、转成法、缩略法、逆成法、混成法、拟声法、元音替换法、重音变换法、短语合成法、双词合成法、专有名词转成法。
1.Morpheme词素：A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.
2. Free morpheme自由语素: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. For example: ―help‖, ―table‖, ―room‖ are all free morphemes.
3.Bound morpheme黏着语素: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes either free or bound, to form a word. For example: ―-er‖, ―dis-―, ―-less‖ are all bound morphemes.
4. Bound root黏着词根：A bound root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. For example: the root ―geo-―combines with another root ―-ology‖, we get the word ―geology‖.
5. Affix词缀: morphemes manifesting various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, such as ―-ing‖, ―-est‖, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word, such as ―-ly‖, ―dis-―, ―un-―.
6.Inflectional morpheme or affixes屈折语素或屈折词缀: the manifestation of various grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.
7. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes派生语素或派生词缀：Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
8. Prefix前缀: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
9. Suffix后缀: Suffixes occur at the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
10. Root词根：A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
11. Derivation or Affixation派生法和词缀法：-Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.
12. Prefixation前缀法：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
13. Suffixation后缀法--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.
14. Compounding复合法：Compounding: : It is a process of combining two or more than two words into one lexical unit. For example: sailboat, big-mouth, three-year-old.
15. Conversion转换法：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.
16. Back-formation逆构词: It is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word. For example: typewrite (typewriter), edit (editor)
17. Abbreviation缩写(shortening)：is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form. For example: TV (television), Dr (doctor), hr (hour), Jan (January)
Abbreviation includes four types: I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.
I. Clipped words省略词--are words created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.
II. Initialisms首字母缩略—are words created by combining the initials of a number of words. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.
III. Acronyms首字母缩略-- are words created by combining the initials of a number of words.. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization. initialism来的词没有办法像念单词那样读出来，譬如FBI,CIA,WTO,UK
而acronym来的词可以读出来，譬如APEC,AIDS，NATO
IV. Blends混合--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.
3、词的意义及其演变：（45%）
（1）词的定义；词的词汇意义与语法意义；词义与概念；词的理据。]
（2）词的多义性（单义词与多义词）。
（3）词义演变的类型（辐射型；连锁型）
（4）词义历史发展的倾向：词义的扩大；词义的缩小；词义的扬升；词义的贬降；词义的转移。（5）词与词之间的语义关系：同义关系；反义关系；同形或同音异义关系；上下义关系；语义场。（6）词义的类型：概念意义；内涵意义；风格意义；感情意义；联想意义；搭配意义；主题意义。（7）词的比喻意义：隐喻、换喻。
1. Motivation理据--accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
2. Onomatopoeic Motivation拟声理据--These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example, bang, ping-pang, crow by cocks, etc.
3. Morphological Motivation形态学理据--Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. For instance, airmail means to "mail by air", miniskirt is "a small skirt".
4. Semantic Motivation语义理据--refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
E.g. When we say the mouth of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal.
5. Etymological Motivation词源理据--The history of the word explains the meaning of the word.
6. Sense意义: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.
7. Reference所指: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
8. Concept概念: 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical .They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind . 3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.
9. Conceptual meaning 概念意义: 1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core
of word-meaning. 2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language
10.Associative meaning联想意义:(一定要把它的四种分支答上)1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3) It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.
11. Morphs语素--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.
12. Allomorph语素变体--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.
13. Opaque Words隐性词--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analyzed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe 斧头, glove手套.
14. Transparent Words透明词--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
15. Polysemy一词多义--The same word may have two or more different meanings. The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.
16. Homonyms--（同音异义，同形异义）: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
17. Perfect Homonyms完全同形同音异义词--are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning。
E.g. bear n. a large heavy animal;
bear v. to put up with
18. Homographs同形异义--are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.
sow /s3u/ v. to scatter seeds
sow /sau/ n. female adult pig
19. Homophones同音异义--are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. E.g.
dear /di3/ n. a loved person
deer /di3/ n. a kind of animal
20. Synonyms同义词-- refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. E.g. maid / girl They are the same meaning of "a young female".
21. Absolute (Complete, Perfect) Synonyms绝对同义词--are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. For instance, composition / compounding They have the perfect same meaning in Lexicology.
22. Relative (near,partial) synonyms相对同义词--are similar or nearly the same in denotation ,but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.
Take stagger/reel/totter for example. Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course. E.g. stagger under a heavy load; Reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling. E.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall; Totter indicates the uncertain, faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk.
23. Sources of Synonyms同义词来源
I. Borrowing借词: Native (ask)--French (question)--Latin (interrogate)
II. Dialects and regional English方言词: railway (BrE)--railroad (AmE)
III. Figurative『a. 比喻的，象征的』and euphemistic 『a.委婉的』use of words: occupation--walk of life (fig.)
lie--distort the fact (euph.)
IV. Coincidence with idiomatic expressions习语:
win--gain the upper hand
hesitate--be in two minds
24. Discrimination of Synonyms辨析同义词
I. Difference in denotation外延的差异: differ in the range and intensity of meaning.
E.g. extend--increase--expand (range)
want--wish--desire (intensity)
II. Difference in connotation内涵的差异: differ in the stylistic and emotive colouring. E.g.
ask (neutral); beg (colloquial); request (formal)
III. Difference in application应用的差异: in usage. E.g.
empty box ; vacant seat
25. Antonymy反义关系--is concerned with semantic opposition.
26. Antonyms反义词--are words which are opposite in meaning.
27. Types of Antonyms反义词的种类
I. Contradictory terms矛盾反义词: mutually opposed; true oppositeness of meaning; no possibility between them; E.g. alive--dead; present--absent
II. Contrary terms相反词: gradable
E.g. rich--(well-to-do)--poor;
hot--(warm,cool)--cold
III. Relative terms相对反义词: relational oppositeness
E.g. parent--child; husband--wife; sell--buy
IV. Semantic incompatibles语义不兼容: contrastingness.
E.g. north,south,east,west;
spring,summer,autumn,winter.
28. Hyponymy下义关系-- Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general is called a superordinate（上坐标词）, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. (Hyponyms of the same superordinate are
co-hyponyms to each other.) e.g. superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, lion, tiger.
29. Extension of meaning 广义(generalization) refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. For example, the word ―holiday‖ was originally used to mean a day of religious signi ficance because it was a ―holy day‖. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, whether he or she is religious or not.
30. Narrowing of meaning狭义(specialization)-- refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its
histor ically earlier meaning. For example, the word ―liquor‖ in contemporary
English is an alcoholic drink, but it was once synonymous with ―liquid‖, be it alcoholic or not.
31. Elevation or amelioration改善--refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
E.g. Marshal and constable meant a "keeper of horses", but now have risen to a "high-ranking army officer" and "policeman" respectively.
32. Degradation or pejoration of meaning降格--It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.
E.g. A wench was a "country girl" and now means "prostitute".
33. Metaphor『n.隐喻』--is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.
E.g. the teeth of a comb; blood bank; He has a heart of stone; The curtain of night has fallen.
34. Metonymy『n.借代』--is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes, as in crown for king, the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. (Kettle for water in the kettle)
35. Synecdoche『n.提喻法』--means using a part for a whole, an individual for
a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.
For example, bread for food, the army for a soldier.
He is a poor creature. --creature for man
36. Analogy『n.类似，相似』--is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.
For example, telethon and talkathon are created on the model of marathon. 最后再给大家一个图表，清晰的表示出上面十几个概念的相互联系。
4、英语习语：（15%）
（1）习语的定义。
（2）英语习语的分类：从语义角度；从来源角度；从功能角度分类。
（3）习语的运用。
27. Idiom习语--Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. For example, fly off the handle (become excessively angry) and put up with (tolerate). In a broad sense, idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions ,proverbs,etc.
28. Characteristics of Idioms: 习语的特点
I. Long use
II. Unitary单一meaning; semantic unity.
III. Syntactic frozenness; structural stability.
29. Figurative idioms比喻习语--are idioms that include metaphor隐喻. Strictly speaking, they are true idioms. E.g. a dog in the manger.
30. Sources of Figurative idioms比喻习语的来源:
I. Colloquialisms白话俗语: big wheel (an influential or important person)
II. Literary expressions: to kill the fatted calf宰杀那头小肥牛（热情款待）
III. Slang俚语: in the soup(in serious trouble)
IV. Foreign idioms外来习语: sour grapes.
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3英语词汇学考试大纲
字号：T|T2009-10-24 09:19 来源：自考之家编辑：admin点击：314次【自考英语论坛】
一、英语词汇学考试大纲：
1、英语词汇概述：（8%）
（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
2、英语构词法：（27%）
（1）英语单词的结构：词根、词干、前缀、后缀；自由语素与非自由语素；构词不达意成份。（2）构词法：词缀法、合成法、转成法、缩略法、逆成法、混成法、拟声法、元音替换法、重音变换法、短语合成法、双词合成法、专有名词转成法。
3、词的意义及其演变：（45%）
（1）词的定义；词的词汇意义与语法意义；词义与概念；词的理据。]
（2）词的多义性（单义词与多义词）。
（3）词义演变的类型（辐射型；连锁型）
（4）词义历史发展的倾向：词义的扩大；词义的缩小；词义的扬升；词义的贬降；词义的转移。（5）词与词之间的语义关系：同义关系；反义关系；同形或同音异义关系；上下义关系；语义场。（6）词义的类型：概念意义；内涵意义；风格意义；感情意义；联想意义；搭配意义；主题意义。（7）词的比喻意义：隐喻、换喻。
4、英语习语：（15%）
（1）习语的定义。
（2）英语习语的分类：从语义角度；从来源角度；从功能角度分类。
（3）习语的运用。
5、美国英语：？？？
（1）美国英语形成的历史背景。
（2）美国英语的特点。
（3）美国英语与英国英语的比较。
（4）美国英语对英语发展的影响。
6、英语词典：（5%）
（1）种种不同类型的英语词典。
（2）美国出版的英语词典与英国出版的英语词典的比较。
（3）英语词典的使用。
全国考试题型：题数计分时间（分钟）
一、选择题： 15 30% 15
二、填空题： 5 10% 5
三、匹配题： 10 10% 10
四、分类题： 10 10% 10
五、名词解释： 5 10% 20
五、简答题： 3 12% 30
六、论述题： 2 18% 60
合计： 50 100% 150
(1)单项选择题 30分（每小题2分） 20
(2)教程内容填空题 10分（每小题2分） 15
(3)匹配题 10分（每小题1分） 15
(4)判断填空题 10分（每小题1分） 20
(5)术语解释题 10分（每小题2分） 20
(6)简答题 12分（每小题4分） 30
(7)分析题 18分（每小题9分） 30
认知领域能力层次要求的分数比例
识记（A） 20%
领会（B） 30%
简单应用（C） 30%
综合应用（D） 20%
课程中各章在试卷中的分数比例
第一、二章 15%
第三、四章 20%
第五、六章 25%
第七章 10%
第八章 10%
第九章 15%
第十章 5%
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
词汇学简论摘要笔记
1。词汇学是以语言中的词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。 2。词的意义的体现，则有事物、思维和语言结构三者。因而词的基本分类，则有客体、特征、状态和代替之别。据此研究，一在抓词的理据；二在抓词的变化，考察哪些意义变化引起哪些形式变化和哪些形式变化引起哪些意义变化。即通过词的结构分析，串连语音、形态、语义的内在联系和词义系统相符的名词，确定词与词间的语源关系，从而寻求词根及其衍化轨迹。现代词汇学的研究，不能再墨守传统训访学的方式和方法。既要由上而下地从经籍递推到大众口语，又要根据大众的词汇逆溯到它们最初的来源。这样，对词形结构的分析，词义发展的识别和语音衍化的探讨，才能有所创获。 3。对于某一发展阶段上的语言体系的描写和研究又叫共时的或静态的研究；对于语言体系及其各个组成部分在历史上的发展变化的研究又叫历时的或演化的研究。“共时性”(synchronie)和“历时 性” (diachronie)这两个概念是瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussurel857—1913)在他的《普通语言学教程》里首先提出来的。索绪尔对“共时”和“历时”的解释是，“有关我们这门科学的静态方面的一切都是共时的，涉及演他的一切都是历时的”“共时和历时分别指一种语言状态和一种演化情况。”汉译本《普通语言学教程》，商务印书馆，1980，页119. （P2） 4。个别语言词汇学又可以分为历史词汇学和描写词汇学。前者研究语言的词汇在历史过程中的发展，后者研究在历史发展的某一阶段(一般是指现阶段)语言的词汇系统的状况和特点。自然，二者也是相互为用，不可以截然划分开来的。（P2） 5。若是研究一个民族的古代历久那就更加用得着词汇学(特别是历史词汇学)的知识。正如当代语言学家丰克 (Wilfred Funk)在《词的来源和它们的传奇故事》(Word Origin and Their Romantic Stories，1950)中所说，“词汇也象个小窗户，通过它可以熟悉一个民族的过去。”有时候在缺乏其他史料的情况下，语言材料(主要是词汇材料)就成了研究古代历史上某一个问题的重要依据甚至是唯一依据。（P7） 6。把语言材料应用于古代历史的研，在西方创始于德国语言学家雅各·格林(Jakob Grimml785—1863)。他的著名论点是：“我们的语言也就是我们的历史。”（J。Grimm：《K1einere Schriften》 (小品集)第1册，1864，页290.转引自阿巴耶夫：《语言史和民族史》，《民族问题译丛》1957年第12期，页13。）（P7） 7。分别来说历史词汇学的知识能够帮助解决古代民族史上如下三方面的问题：1)民族起源，即一个民族的起源和形成过程如何，它跟哪些别的民族有亲属关系；2)民族文化历史，即一个民族在各个历史阶段上的文化水平及其主要特点如何；3)民族间互相交往和影响，即一个民族在历史上跟哪些别的民族发生过关系，它受到过它们哪些影响，又对它们有过哪些影响。 解决头一个问题主要依靠基本词汇的材料，而解决后两个问题就还要利用一般词汇的捞料，因为一个民族的物质生活和精神生活的特点及变化都会在语言的词汇中留下它们的痕迹。（P8） 8。总括词的语言外部联系和语言内部联系两个方面，就可以看出一种语言的词汇是在历史上形成并不断发展的社会现象，它本身构成一个完整的体系；词和词之间、词和语言的其他要素之间以及词和客观现实之间都存在着不可分割的多种多样的联系。P14
词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word
词汇学笔记文档6
3. conversion Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another. Since the words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. ? Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. ? Conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning it originally carried. ?1). Conversion to nounss ?Deverbal. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways according to Quirk et al: ?State (of mind or sensation) doubt the state of doubting want what is wanted desire, love , hate , smell, taste b. Event or activity search the activity of searching laugh the act of laughing attempt, hit, release, swim, shut-down,etc c. Result of the action catch what is caught find what is found reject , buy, hand-out, answer , bet d. Doer of the action help one who helps cheat one who cheats Bore, coach, scold, stand-in(替代) e. Tool or instrument to do the action with cover used to cover something wrape used to wrap something cure, paper, etc. f. Place of the action Pass where one has to pass Walk a place for walking Divide , turn, drive, lay-down ? Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have, take, make. Give; e.g. to have a look ? words like hand-out, stand-by, are converted from phrasal
考研英语词汇复习笔记
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
词汇学复习重点(精心挑选整理过的)
Motivation of words分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,) Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. 3.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 4.What are the characteristics of antonyms? 1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 5.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning 6.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes 7.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy). 8.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less 9.Definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was
完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.
英语词汇学笔记--名词解释篇
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
词汇学 名词解释(部分)
Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.