刘明华《新闻写作教程》笔记和课后习题含考研真题详解(通讯写作的基本环节(之一)——通讯的主题)【圣才

刘明华《新闻写作教程》笔记和课后习题含考研真题详解

第十七章通讯写作的基本环节（之一）——通讯的主题

17.1复习笔记

【知识框架】

【重点难点归纳】

一、通讯主题的定义

通讯主题是指通讯要表现的中心思想，是通讯作者经过对现实社会的观察、体验、分析、研究，通过对通讯素材的提炼和组织，所表达的对客观世界的一种认识或一种思想观念。

二、主题对于通讯写作的意义

（1）鲜明的目的性是通讯写作的主要特征。

目的性是通过确定主题和表现主题来实现的，写通讯之前，必须确定表达什么主题。通讯是新闻工作者在一种思想观念统辖下“组织起来”的新闻报道体裁。

（2）先立意后动笔，才能成竹在胸，这是通讯写作必须恪守的原则，是写作成败的关键环节。

只有选定了主题，选对了主题，才能围绕主题选择新闻事实，选择组织素材、谋篇布局的结构，选择恰当的表达方式。

（3）通讯的主题，是人们评价一篇通讯时首先的评价标准。

一篇通讯的质量高低、价值大小，主要看其主题正确不正确、深刻不深刻，思想意义和指导作用大不大。

三、通讯主题的要求

1．符合客观事物的本质特征

主题往往是作者对新闻事实传播价值的认识，要确定正确的主题，首先要认清报道的事实中是否存在记者这种认识的依据，即主题与客观存在的实际情况是否相符的问题，也就是主题的真实性问题。

2．通讯的主题要深刻

主题的深刻表现在它能揭示事物的本质，反映客观事物的内在规律性。事物的本质是多层次的，因此记者的认识也是没有止境的。深化主题有三条经验：

（1）深度来自全局意识

将题材放到全局的高度去衡量，深入研究其在全局中所占的地位，它是否有利于或者有害于社会发展的根本问题，他们的代表性、典型性如何等。

（2）深度来自历史感

把新闻事实放到流动的历史长河中来考察，显现历史的逻辑。

（3）深度来自展示人的心灵

凡是写人或与人有关的通讯，都要在开掘人物思想深度上下功夫，方能取得读者的回应。

3．通讯的主题更强调社会人文意义上的针对性

在急剧变化的社会环境中，人们迫切从新闻作品中寻找对周围世界的解释和精神依托，通讯的主题一定要有社会人文意义上的针对性。主题针对性在这里有两层含义：（1）新鲜

新鲜即主题要对社会生活中新出现的倾向和问题说明、表态。

（2）时代色彩

时代色彩即抓住主要社会矛盾，及时了解社会思潮，把握时代脉搏。

四、通讯提炼主题的方法

1．依据事实，提炼主题

反复研究手中的事实，列出多种主题，然后看哪条是这些事实的本质特征，哪类主题传播以后更具有针对性和时代色彩，如此反复，琢磨、推敲而后确定主题。

2．预设主题＋事实印证

作者依据长期对生活的观察和思考的结果或媒体布置的报道思想，预先设定了要写的主题，然后围绕主题去等待、选择表现这个主题的新闻事实，以验证主题。

17.2课后习题详解

1．主题对于通讯写作有何重要意义？

答：通讯的主题是指通讯要表现的中心思想，是通讯作者经过对现实社会的观察、体验、分析、研究，通过对通讯素材的提炼和组织，所表达的对客观世界的一种认识或一种思想观念。

通讯主题的重要意义，具体参见本章复习笔记相关内容。

2．通讯写作对主题有哪些要求？

答：通讯的主题是指通讯要表现的中心思想，是通讯作者经过对现实社会的观察、体验、分析、研究，通过对通讯素材的提炼和组织，所表达的对客观世界的一种认识或一种思想观念。基于主题对通讯的重要意义，其应当满足以下几个要求：

（1）符合客观事物的本质特征

主题往往是作者对新闻事实传播价值的认识，要确定正确的主题，首先要认清报道的事实中是否存在记者这种认识的依据，即主题与客观存在的实际情况是否相符的问题，是主题的真实性问题。

（2）通讯的主题要深刻

主题的深刻表现在它能揭示事物的本质，反映客观事物的内在规律性。事物的本质是多层次的，因此记者的认识也是没有止境的。深化主题有三条经验：

①深度来自全局意识

将题材放到全局的高度去衡量，深入研究其在全局中所占的地位，是否有利于或者有害于社会发展的根本问题，代表性、典型性如何等。

②深度来自历史感

把新闻事实放到流动的历史长河中来考察，显现历史的逻辑。

③深度来自展示人的心灵

凡是写人或与人有关的通讯，都要在开掘人物思想深度上下功夫，方能取得读者的回应。

（3）通讯的主题更强调社会人文意义上的针对性

在急剧变化的社会环境中，人们迫切从新闻作品中寻找对周围世界的解释和精神依托，通讯的主题一定要有社会人文意义上的针对性。主题针对性在这里有两层含义：

①新鲜

新鲜即主题要对社会生活中新出现的倾向和问题说明、表态。

②时代色彩

时代色彩即抓住主要社会矛盾，及时了解社会思潮，把握时代脉搏。

3．就现实的某一事件或某一新闻人物，试作通讯主题方面的训练。

答：（一）通讯稿件

烈士妻子悲痛入院武警总医院精心照顾

新华网北京1月19日电（邱丽芳吴敏）郭宝山夫人孙革敏自得知爱人逝去后住进武警总医院，得到了医护人员的精心照顾。

悲伤的孙革敏告诉武警总医院的医护人员，郭宝山平时身体很好，但就是牙不好。去年他在武警总医院种了颗牙，牙桩打好了，牙冠也做好了，这次临去海地前，医生还通知他来安装牙冠，但他忙于维和的事，没有戴上牙冠就走了。武警总医院的医护人员守护着痛哭不已的孙革敏，同时也在缅怀英雄，他们呼唤着英雄：“郭局长，我们还等着您回来安牙呢！”

1月13日4∶48分，孙革敏收到郭宝山发回的信息：“安抵海地，勿念”。没想到，一个多小时后，海地就发生了地震。孙革敏眼含热泪地讲述着：“老伴儿还是个硬汉子，遇事儿特别坚强。我不想让大家看到我的泪水，他在天国会不安的。”

因为过于悲伤，孙革敏的神情有些恍惚。她说丈夫去海地之前，自己就知道那里很危险。但是这么多年来，孙革敏对于丈夫的决定已经只有“服从”。郭宝山临行前说：“我管不了那么多，维和是大事儿。”在知道郭宝山局长出事儿后，很多人都打来电话慰问，孙革敏尽管心里难受，但是也为丈夫感到骄傲。

临去海地前几天，郭宝山和老伴儿也刚刚买了蛋糕，纪念他们结婚33周年，而这也成了孙革敏记忆中永远的记忆。

原本郭宝山这次从海地回来后要主持儿子的婚礼。“老伴儿已经60岁了，他这一走，再也看不到婚礼，吃不到婚宴，最终还是留下了遗憾。一想到这些，我的心里就觉得憋闷与难受。”孙革敏说。

（二）分析

这是有关海地维和英雄郭宝山夫人的一篇通讯。在众多相关题材的报道中，该报道能够脱颖而出，就在于它的主题很真实。

报道维和英雄，可以从多个方面选择主题，例如，他们的工作态度、工作经历等等，但记者从生活的角度报道郭宝山的爱国敬业精神。“他的牙还没有补好”“他还没有主持儿子的婚礼”，虽然只是生活琐事，但正是这种平凡感动着我们。

有些报道专注于他们的工作而忽略他们也是普通人，有家人有平凡的生活，使得报道不能以情动人，达不到良好的报道效果。

17.3考研真题与典型题

17.3.1概念题

通讯主题

17.3.2简答题

通讯提炼主题的方法有哪些？

17.4考研真题与典型题详解

17.4.1概念题

通讯主题

答：通讯主题是指通讯要表现的中心思想，是通讯作者经过对现实社会的观察、体验、

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