施心远主编《听力教程》3-Unit-7答案

施心远主编《听力教程》3-Unit-7答案

UNIT 7

Section one Tactics for Listening

Part 1 Spot Dictation

Meet Your Chiropractor

The doctor of chiropractic (D.C.) is a (1) well-recognized member of the health team who (2) considers the human body as a total functioning (3) unit and gives special attention to the spine, (4) muscles, nerves, circulatory and skeletal (5) systems. The chiropractor seeks to (6) relieve pain.

The procedures utilized are primarily focused on the (7) spine. The chiropractor is concerned about the spine's relationship to the (8) nerve system, which controls important body functions. The chiropractor knows that a malfunctioning* spinal joint cannot only cause (9) back pain or headaches, it can also (10) interfere with the nerves leading from the spine, thereby (11) affecting other portions of the body.

Millions of Americans are chiropractic patients for a wide variety of (12) health disorders. They depend on their chiropractor as their (13) family doctor to help them maintain their health through proper (14) diagnosis, treatment, and referral when (15) necessary.

A minimum of six years of college study including internships (16)

goes into the making of a chiropractic physician. Many doctors of chiropractic choose to (17) limit their practices to certain specialties, such as (18) sports injuries, nutrition, orthopedics or radiology.

As a (19) licensed and regulated member of the healing arts, the doctor of chiropractic must pass a state (20) licensing board examination in order to practice.

Part 2 listening for Gist

Like the "Iron Age" volunteers, Paul has also chosen to cut himself off from many aspects of modem life, not, however, as an experiment but because he feels it is a more satisfactory way to live. He is talking about his small cottage in the Welsh mountains: "And that brings me to say what is primitive about it, namely, it is anything that has to be done, and there are obviously certain basic needs of life, is 'DIY' as they say: Do it yourself. There is no labor to be had nowadays in such a remote part. Er, there are no neighbors for most of the year and so you are on your own entirely. The place itself is extremely primitive. Er, I mentioned the water. I mentioned that we now have got electricity. Er, the building itself - it's important to keep it clean and it's stupid to try. We try to keep it tidy, and reasonably clean. It is very difficult to keep it warm, warm enough particularly in winter and that we do by an old kitchen range

with coal and wood."

Exercise

Directions: Listen to the passage and find its topic sentence.

The topic sentence is "The place itself is extremely primitive."

Section Two Listening Comprehension

Part1 Dialogue

Dr Martin Answay writes a column in a popular women's magazine on health problems. He is also an expert on heart disease. Q: Is there a secret to good health? I mean, is there some way we can achieve it which is not generally known?

A: It certainly isn't a secret. However, there is a great deal of ignorance, even among supposedly educated people, about how to be reasonably healthy.

Q: Well, what advice do you give, then?

A: Vh ... to begin with, take diet. I believe that one of the greatest dangers to health in Britain and other countries ... particularly developed countries ... is the kind of food we tend to prefer.

Q: Such as?

A: Such as that great national institution, the British breakfast, for

example, ham and eggs. Or the kind of lunch so many people in this country have: sausage and chips! Or all the convenience foods like hamburgers. Or even things we regard as "healthy", such as full-fat milk. Or Cheddar cheese. The list is endless.

Q: What's wrong with those things?

A: The excessive consumption of such things leads to the overproduction of cholesterol, which in turn results in heart

attack.

Q: Excuse me, but what exactly is cholesterol?

A: It's a ... wax-like substance ... yellowish ... and it's produced naturally in our livers. We all need some cholesterol for survival. Q: Well, if we need it, in what way is it bad for us?

A: Too much of it is bad for us. It builds up in our arteries, causing them to get narrower, so that our blood supply has difficulty in getting through ... and this, of course, can eventually end in a heart attack or stroke. The point I'm trying to make here is that, even though we all need some cholesterol in order to insulate our nerves, and to produce cell membranes and hormones, the things many of us eat and even consider healthy lead to the overproduction of cholesterol. And this is very dangerous.

Q: How can we avoid this overproduction of cholesterol?

A: By cutting down our consumption of animal fats: things like red

meat, cheese, eggs, and so on. And by increasing our consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, and also by eating more potatoes, rice, pasta and bread.

Q: Pasta? Potatoes? But ... aren't such things fattening?

A: Nonsense. It isn't pasta, potatoes or bread that makes us fat. It's what we put on such things! Cheese, Butter, Meat!

Q: So anything we like, anything that's delicious, is bad for us. Isn't that what you're saying?

A: Rubbish! I'm simply saying we eat too much of these things. And there are many ways of preparing delicious food without using such large quantities of animal fats.

Q: Last of all, what about exercise? You recently warned against certain forms of exercise, which you said could be dangerous.

A: What I said was that if people aren't used to getting regular and vigorous exercise, they should begin slowly, and not try to do too much at the beginning! I also said that certain games, such as squash, can be dangerous, particularly if you aren't used to playing them. A number of injuries are due to sudden, twisting movements that games like squash involve.

Q: What kinds of exercise do you recommend, then?

A: Gentle jogging, swimming, cycling, brisk walking ... exercise that is rhythmic and gentle, and above all, sustained. That is, done for

at least fifteen minutes uninterruptedly at least three times a

week. We all need such exercise, and the fact is that far too few of us get enough of it, particularly if we live in large cities and

regularly use cars.

Exercise

Directions: Listen to the dialogue and complete the following grids.

A. Cholesterol

B. Exercise

Part 2 Passage

Aging of America

1)The impending collision between the boomers and the nation's retirement system is naturally catching the eye of policymakers and the boomers themselves.

2)Retirement income security in the United States has traditionally been based on the so-called three-legged stool: Social Security, private pensions, and other personal saving.

3)Retirement planning takes time, and these issues need to be

addressed sooner rather than later.

4)One found that in 1991 the median household headed by a

65-69-year-old had financial assets of only $14,000, but expanding the measure to include Social Security, pensions, housing, and other wealth boosts median wealth to about $270,000.

5)Only one or two generations of Americans have had

lengthy retirements, and the crucial retirement issues

keep changing rapidly, making long-term predictions

even harder.

The Baby Boom* generation - the roughly 76 million people born between 1946 and 1964 has been reshaping American society for five decades. From jamming the nation's schools in the 1950s and 1960s, to crowding labor markets and housing markets in the 1970s and 1980s, to affecting consumption patterns almost continuously, boomers

have altered economic patterns and institutions at each stage

of their lives. Now that the leading edge of the generation has turned 50, the impending collision between the boomers and

the nation's retirement system is naturally catching the eye

of policymakers and the boomers themselves.

Retirement income security (退休收入保障)in the United

States has traditionally been based on the so-called three-legged stool: Social Security, private pensions, and other personal saving. Since World War II the system has served the elderly well: The poverty rate among elderly households fell from 35 percent in 1959 to 11 percent in 1995.

Are the baby boomers making adequate preparations（做好充分准备）for retirement? In part, the answer depends on what is meant by "adequate". One definition is to have enough resources to maintain pre-retirement living standards in retirement. A rule of thumb*（经验法则）often used by financial planners（财政计划师，财政预算员）is that retirees should be able to meet this goal by replacing 60-80 percent of pre-retirement income. Retired households can maintain their pre-retirement standard of living with less income because they have more leisure time, fewer household members, and lower expenses. Taxes are lower because retirees escape payroll taxes（工资税）and the income tax（所得税）is progressive. And mortgages have, for the most part, been paid off. On the other hand, older households may face higher and more uncertain medical expenses, even though they are covered by Medicare.

From a public policy perspective, assuring that retirees maintain 100 percent of pre-retirement living standards may

be overly ambitious. But should policymakers aim to ensure

that they maintain 90 percent of their living standards? Or

that they stay out of poverty? Or use some other criterion? Retirement planning（养老金计划）takes time, and these

issues need to be addressed sooner rather than later.

A second big question is how to measure how well baby boomers are preparing for retirement. Studies that focus only on personal saving put aside for retirement yield bleak conclusions. One found that in 1991 the median household headed by a 65-69-year-old had financial asset of only $14,000. But expanding the measure to include Social Security, pensions, housing, and other wealth boosts median wealth to about $270,000.

A third issue - crucial but as yet little explored - is which

baby boomers are not provided adequately for retirement

and how big the gap is between what they have and what

they should have. Some boomers are doing extremely well,

others quite poorly. Summary averages for an entire generation may not be useful as descriptions of the problem

or as suggestions for policy.

The uncertain prospects for the baby boomers in retirement are

particularly troubling because, as a society, we as yet understand little about the dynamics of retirement. Only one or two generations of Americans have had lengthy retirements, and the crucial retirement issues - health care, asset markets, social security, life span - keep changing rapidly, making long-term predictions even harder.

A: Pre-listening Question

As China's aging population is increasing rapidly, there should be a well-funded pension system put in place. However, the country's pension system only covers a fraction of the work force. It predicts that China will have an elderly population of about 400 million by 2040, which will be a large burden on the economy if an effective pension system is not established.

The Chinese government, aware that the old pension system in the planned economy could not keep pace with the market economy, started to reform a purely "pay-as-you-go" pension system in 1997 and introduced one that combines a basic pension with personal savings accounts. The accounts are jointly paid into by employers and employees, as saving to support employees' retirements. The state is considering expanding a reformed pension insurance system

nationwide.

China is also accelerating the reform of China's pension system.

It has been trying to find appropriate ways to invest pension funds in the capital market rather than simply putting them in banks or buying treasury bonds.

It has also been trying to find appropriate ways to invest pension funds in the capital market overseas.

To ensure the maintenance and appreciation of the pension pool, more investment tools should be allowed, with sound governance and parallel reform in the financial sector to ensure returns.

B: Sentence Dictation

Directions: Listen to some sentences and write them down. You will hear each sentence three times.

C: Detailed Listening

Directions: Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

l. D 2.D 3. B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.C

Exercise D After-listening Discussion

Directions: Listen to the passage again and discuss the following questions.

1)The boomers have altered economic patterns from jamming the nation's schools in the 1950s and 1960s, to crowding labor markets and housing markets in the 1970s and 1980s, to affecting consumption patterns almost continuously.

2)(Open)

Section Three News

News Item1

Long-term impact of diet starts before birth

You are what you eat, the saying goes. And now it appears you are also what your mother ate.

Researchers are learning more about how a pregnant mother's diet can affect her child's health long after the child is born. The latest research shows that some of those effects can begin within days of conception.

Women are encouraged to start taking pre-natal vitamins and watching what they eat as soon as they learn they are pregnant, to help ensure a healthy baby. But it appears that maternal health before pregnancy also has an impact.

Professor Tom Fleming and his colleagues at Britain's University of Southampton fed mice and rats a low-protein diet for three-and-a-half days after the animals had mated.

Fleming compared their offspring to the babies of animals fed a normal, higher-protein diet for those three and a half days. The young rodents from the low-protein group had higher blood pressure and were more hyperactive than the control group.

Another study found that animals with vitamin B deficiencies in the very early days of pregnancy had offspring with higher blood pressure. These young animals also tended to be obese and were at risk for diabetes. So Fleming says it's best to eat right if you're even thinking about getting pregnant.

Exercise A

Directions: Listen to the news and complete the summary.

This news item is about the impact of mother’s diet on baby even before pregnancy.

Exercise B

Directions: Listen to the news again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. (T) You are what you eat. And now it appears you are also what your mother ate.

2. (F) A pregnant mother's diet can affect her child's health shortly

after the child is born.

3. (F) Health before pregnancy has little influence on the baby’s health.

4. (T) The young rodents from the low-protein group had higher blood pressure.

5. (F) The young rodents from the high-protein group were more hyperactive than the control group.

6. (T) Animals with vitamin B deficiencies might have offspring with higher blood pressure.

7. (T) Animals with vitamin B deficiencies may suffer obese and diabetes.

8. (F) It's best to eat right after you get pregnant.

News Item2

While the latest vaccines are available to children in the developed world, the situation is very different in poorer countries. According to a joint report by the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the UN Children’s Fund, just 50 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are immunized in their first year of life against diseases like tuberculosis, measles, tetanus, and whooping cough.

The report says in some developing countries fewer than one in twenty children are vaccinated.

Dr Paul Fife of UNICEF says many developing countries are not able to buy vaccines that are widely available, and even discounted in the industrialized world. He says UNICEF, the single largest buyer of vaccines for children, is also finding difficulty locating the needed medicines.

The head of the World Health Organization’s vaccine program, Dr Daniel Tarahtola, says one way to address the vaccine shortage is for more production in the developing world.

The report says that although the market for vaccines in developing countries is potentially huge, with more than 130 million children born there each year, drug companies target most of their vaccines to the countries of the developed world.

Exercise A

Directions: Listen to the news and complete the summary.

This news item is about the shortage of vaccines in developing countries.

Exercise B

Directions: Listen to the news again and complete the following passage.

Vaccines are not available to children in many developing countries. Just 50 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are immunized in their first year of life against diseases. In some developing countries

fewer than one in twenty children are vaccinated.

Many developing countries are not able to buy vaccines that are widely available, and even discounted in the industrialized world. One way to address the vaccine shortage is for more production in the developing world.

Although the market for vaccines in developing countries is potentially huge, with more than 130 million children born there each year, drug companies target most of their vaccines to the countries of the developed world.

News item 3

AIDS Vaccine Test in Thailand Shows Some Promise

Closer to home ... an experimental AIDS vaccine has proved partly effective in a test involving 16,000 volunteers in Thailand.

For a variety of reasons, HIV — the virus that causes AIDS — has stymied efforts to develop a vaccine, and this new vaccine was only about 31 percent effective, according to the researchers. That's not great, but it's the best result yet, and the limited success may help researchers improve its effectiveness.

U.S. Ambassador to Thailand Eric John noted the significance of the vaccine trial.

JOHN: "There will be more studies of this vaccine regimen, and

perhaps other vaccines tested. ... This trial will be recognized as a testament to Thailand's ability to successfully execute a complicated vaccine trial, the largest ever attempted, that ended with a credible conclusion, and that brought us one step closer to an HIV vaccine" Even if the vaccine only modestly reduces a person's risk of developing AIDS, it could play an important role in combating the disease, which the United Nations estimates killed two million people in 2007.

A: Directions: Listen to the news and complete the summary.

This news item is about an AIDS vaccine test in Thailand which shows some promise in combating the desease.

Exercise B

Directions: Listen to the news again and answer the following questions.

1.An experimental AIDS vaccine has proved partly effective in a

test in Thailand.

2.Because for a variety of reasons, HIV has stymied efforts to

develop a vaccine.

3.This new vaccine was only 31 percent effective.

4.The limited success may help researchers improve its

effectiveness.

5.Yes it’s largest ever attempted.

6.The UN estimates that AIDS killed two million people in 200

7.

Section four part 1

World TB day

In the late 19th century, tuberculosis – a bacterial disease spread through the air–killed one out of every seven people in the United States and in Europe. Today, this infectious disease remains the second leading killer in the world after AIDS, with more than two million TB-related deaths each year. Tuberculosis strikes somewhere in the world every second. According to Michael Iademarco of the US Centers for Disease Control–the disease primarily plagues developing countries.

“Countries such as India, and China, Vietnam, the Philippines. There is a list of 23 high-burdened countries in the world. It’s from this set of 23 countries that eighty percent of the world’s TB burden comes from.”

Dr Iademarco says that poverty and poor health conditions contribute significantly to the spread of tuberculosis in those countries.

“Many of these 23 high-burdened countries, for example, are lower or low income countries. So, they don’t have adequate health

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Exercise:
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. b
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Three out of four pedestrians killed or seriously injured are either under fifteen or over sixty. The young and elderly may not judge speeds very well, and may step into the road when you do not expect them. Give them, and the infirm,

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