英国文学
Chapter one (中古文学)
Early and Medieval English literature
Early English Literature/Anglo-Saxon Literature(449-1066)
? 1. historical background
?Britons and Britain
? Three conquests: Roman conquest in 43 AD; Anglo-Saxon conquest in 449;
Norman conquest in 1066
? In 55B.C.,---Julius Caesar; 43 AD, Roman conquered Britain ,making the latter
a province of Roman Empire; the withdrawal of Roman troops ,the Teutonic
tribes, esp., the Anglos conquered the island and called it Angle-land, then
England, their language is Anglo-Saxon old English.
?The united England in the 7th century
?The first Englishmen
?Old English
?The began of the history of English literature
?The social condition of the Anglo-Saxons: a transitional period from the tribal
society to the feudal society
?Anglo-Saxons—heathen people—old mythology of Northern people—marks of
the Northern mythology upon the English language(the days of the week)
?Christianized in the 7th century (Anglo-Saxons)
?Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon Literature
? A verse literature in oral form
?Pagan poetry: Beowulf
?Religious poetry: works of Caedmon (the first known religious poet) and
Cynewulf (except the unknown composer of Beowulf, he was the greatest
Anglo-Saxon poet)
?Anglo-Saxon prose appeared in 8th century: Venerable Bede’s The Ecclesiastical
History of the English People and Alfred the Great’s The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicles
?Anglo-Saxon Poetry—Pagan poetry
?Beowulf
? 1. Beowulf is a national epic（史诗） of English people. (the oldest
poem, the oldest surviving epic in the English language)
? 2. It is the representative work of the early English literature with
more than 3000 lines, passed down by words of mouth （written text in 10th century）
? 3. Its writer is unknown.
? 4. stories based on the folk legends of the primitive northern people
?Term:
?Epic: a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated
style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends on the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.
?Traditional epics: folk epics or primary epics, oral poems about a tribal or
national hero during a warlike age. (Iliad, Odyssey, Beowulf, Chanson de
Roland)
?Literary epics: composed by individual poetic craftsmen in deliberate imitation
of the traditional form. (Paradise Lost, Hyperion)
?Characters in the story:
?Beowulf: a nephew of king of Geats, a people in Denmark.
?Hrothgar: king of Denmark.
?Grendel: a monster.
?She-monster(女妖怪): Grendel’s mother.
?Dragon: a fire dragon, a monster.
2).plots
?fight with Grendel
?fight with Grendel’s mother
? fight with firedrake
? death and funeral
The evil should be punished, and the righteous should be rewarded.
3). Characteristics of ―Beowulf‖
a. the mixture of pagan elements with Christian coloring. The most outstanding example is the frequent reference in the e pic to ―Wyrd‖ (fate) as the decisive factor in human affaires, while on other occasions ―God‖ or ―Lord‖ is also mentioned as the omniscient全知的 and omnipotent 全能的being that rules over the whole universe.
?Characteristics of ―Beowulf‖
? b. the frequent use of metaphors and understatements. ―Ring giver‖ is used for
king, ―Swan road‖or ―whale-path‖ for the sea, ―wave-traveler‖ or ―sea-wood‖
for ship, ―shield-bearer‖, ―battle-hero‖ or ―spear-fighter‖ for soldier.
?Characteristics of ―Beowulf‖
c. Beowulf is written in alliterative verse. Its rhythm depends upon accent and alliteration. That is, the beginning of two or more words in the same line with the same sound or letter. The lines are made up of two short halves, separated by a pause. No rhyme is used; but a musical effect is produced by giving each half line two strongly accented syllables. Each full line, therefore, has four accents, three of which usually begin with the same sound or letter.
When to the s essions of s weet s ilent th ought
我有时醉心于沉思默想
I s ummon up remembrance of th ings past
把过往的事物细细品尝
I s igh the lack of many a th ing I sought
我慨叹许多未曾如愿之事
And w ith old w oes new w ail my dear time’s w aste…
旧恨新怨使我痛悼蹉跎的时光。。。。。。
?Characteristics of ―Beowulf‖
?Beowulf towers above all other Anglo-Saxon literature, not only because it is a
powerful poem about people’s hero written in true epic style, but also because
it tells in artistic form the tale in a leisurely way, full of elaborations in
legendary details, and the verse rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur. The significance of Beowulf：
? a. This glorious epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon
people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting
against the elemental forces.
? b. The epic reflects the situations the epoch of pagan tribalism and of the era of
the Christianized feudal society.
? c. The epic gives the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, strong and
courageous people and his kinfolk.
?Part II: the Anglo-Norman Period (1066—1350)
1. Norman Conquest
?Normans: a hardy race of sea rover living in Scandinavia
?Norman Conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, under William, Duke of Normandy
after the Battle of Hastings in 1066, accelerated the development of feudalism in England.
?William the Great: the King of England
?The establishment of feudalism in England
Social conditions in feudal England
?Class division became very sharp.
?Social conflict: the peasants, the church and court, wars and diseases, the
government---the Dark Age
?The rising of 1381: Wat Tyler and John Ball
?The influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and Literature
?Chivalry---the knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and
reverence paid to Virgin Mary
?Three languages co-existed in England: English, French Latin
?Literature varied in interest and extensive in range (histories and chronicles, in
Latin or French)
?Romance: the prevailing form of literature
English Literature in Anglo-Norman Period
?English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.
?The prevailing literary form is Romance. (ballads, drama)
?Term
Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero; generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures. In the tales of adventure, knights, or distressed ladies, experienced various tests and had their wishes eventually fulfilled. The reason for their adventures could be love, religious faith, or the mere desire for excitement.
The Essential Features of the Romance
Lacks the general resemblance to truth or reality.
Exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.
Adventures remote form ordinary life.
Emphasize supreme devotion to a fair lady
Knight is the central character.
Romance cycles (different subjects matter)
The matters of France: Emperor Charlemagne—Chanson de Roland
The matters of Rome : tales of antiquity古代, from the Trojan War to the feats功绩 of Alexander the Great （tales from Greek and Rome）
The matters of Britain: adventures of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table (the most important), written in Latin, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight—the best of Arthurian romances
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
A verse-romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend
The plots:
King Arthur’s feast
Challenge from the Green knight
Fulfill promise
A series of test in the Green Chapel
Gawain’s v ictory
Characteristics and Theme
?the bravest of knights
? a test of his virtue and truth
? one of the best told stories in all the medieval literature of Europe
? Motif: the tests of faith, courage and purity----nobility of hero
? the human weakness for self-preservation-----humanness
?Ballads
?Definition:
? anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.
Whatever the origin, popular ballads were literature of common people. (a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and 4th rhymed.)
? Classification of Popular Ballads
? a. the reflection of the historical events
? b. the reflection of myths and legends
? c. the adaptation of some literary works.
?Another classification:
? a.border ballads: age-long struggle between Scots and English
? b. the ballads of Robin Hood
? c. the humorous ballads
?Varieties of themes
? a. matters of class struggle
? b. the border wars between England and Scotland
? c. conflict between love and wealth
? d. the cruel effect of jealousy and treachery
? e. the struggle of young lovers against their feudal families
? f. of humors
? g. some about supernatural ghost and spirits
Ballads of Robin Hood
? a. his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and down-
trodden
? b.strong, brave and clever
? c.tender-hearted and affectionate for the poor and down-trodden
? d.his pure love for Marian
? e.his simple loyalty to the monarchy
The characteristic features of the popular ballads
? a. the extensive use of dialogue
? b. the refrain叠句（诗歌中重复出现的一行、一行的部分或者一组诗句，通常出
现在每一个诗节的结尾。）
? c. the ballad meter
? d. the repetition of words or phrase
?English literature in Age of Chaucer
?Five main writers in the 14th century
?William Langland
?Piers the Plowman—for common people, social discontent, the equality of
men and dignity of labour.
?describe the author’s wonderful dream, he saw the fairy field (the earth), full
of all kinds of people/ all sorts of parasites/a group of rats/the Lady Bribery/the pilgrimage of people in search for truth----allegory
?Social significance of Piers the Plowman
? Piers, the main character of the poem, not a representative of the poor
peasants, but a well-to-do peasant---accepts the existing social relations---
limitation
? Praises the poor peasants, condemns and exposes the sins of the
oppressors
? Played an important role in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the
eve of the rising 1381
? A realistic picture of medieval England
?Artistic Feature of the poem
? written in the form of a dream vision, tell the story under the guise of having
dreamed it.
? an allegory (relates truth through symbol)
? uses indignant satire
? written in alliteration
?John Wycliffe: the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator
of the Bible (Latin-English), the ―father of English prose‖.
?John Gower: a scholar and a literary man—criticize the social life
?John Mandeville: a travaller, wrote about the wonders he had seen abroad
?Geoffrey Chaucer: the greatest one, the representative writer of the century---
the 14th century is called the Age of Chaucer.
Part III: Geoffrey Chaucer
(1340—1400)
The father of English poetry, the father of English fiction
his life :
his early 30 years (French influence)
the second period (15 years, Italian influence)
his last 15 years (English period)
Chaucer’s literary career
The period of French influence (1360-1372): translated works from French into English, The Romaunt of the rose,
The period of Italian influence (1372-1385) : produced works adapted from Italian writers (Dante, Bocaccio), began to use Heroic Couplet, Troilus and Criseyde, The House of Fame, The Parliament of Fouls, The Legend of Good Women
The period of English influence (1386-1400)—his maturity, his richest development, used heroic couplet successfully, The Canterbury Tales—a picture of English society in the Middle ages
Troilus and Criseyde
Chaucer’s longest complete poem (8,000 lines) and his greatest artistic achievement
Taken from a poem by Boccaccio (Filostrato), the love story between Troilus, a son of the King of Troy, and Criseyde, a beautiful widowed daughter of Calchas
The Canterbury Tales– one of the monumental works in English literature
A collection of stories from a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, where the famous Saint Thomas Becket was assassinated.
Chaucer’s writing plan: 124 stories, only 24 were written.
Written in heroic couplet, about 17,000lines, contains a prologue, 24 tales (22 of them in verse form, 2 in prose form)---a picture of English society of that time.
The prologue
reveals Chaucer’s writing plan, and also vividly describes the teller of each tale, supplies a miniature of the English society of Chaucer’s time-----the founder of English realism
The tales
stories well suited to characters
The tales of the Knight, the Pardoner, the Nun’s Priest and the Wife of Bath together with the Prologue are regarded as the best of the whole collection.
The significance of the Canterbury Tales
The first realistic writer presents a true life picture of the society of his time
The forerunner humanism—praise men’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life, to satirize the evils
To use Heroic couplet
Term:
Heroic Couplet: Lines of iambic pentameter which rhymed in pairs: aa,bb,cc, and so on. ( a poem with lines of 10 syllables, 5 stresses, rhyming in pairs.)
Heroic Couplet
- ／ - ／ - ／ - ／ - ／
So long ∣ as men ∣ can breathe ∣ or eyes ∣ can see,
- ／ - ／ - ／ - ／ - ／
So long ∣ lives this ∣ and this ∣ gives life ∣ to thee
Features of Chaucer’s writing
Vivid and exact language (Middle English)
a master of realism
The founder of English literary language
The firs t great poet wrote in the English language; Chaucer’s English: London dialect Father of English poetry --the heroic couplet (the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter) Chaucer’s style in The Canterbury Tales is flexible.
His prose is easy and informal.
A great satirist
《英美文学资料》word版
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲 第一部分英国文学 一、课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。 二、课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义 2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<
失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1.新古典主义 2.伤感主义 3.笛福及代表作 4.蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1.维多利亚时期的文学特点 2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 第七章: 现代时期 1.现代主义文学 2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作 3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作 三、本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学： 1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗” 第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释 3.“人文主义” 的名词解释 4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题 5.哈姆雷特的性格分析 6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1.启蒙运动时期的界定 2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色 3.伤感主义的名词解释 4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
英国文学 整理
Term Definition： Alliteration（押头韵）: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend（亚瑟王传奇）: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet（十四行诗）: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit（夸张）: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）: A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance（传奇小说）: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the
英国文学概述-王守仁
英国文学概述－王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔（Thomas More, 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、
英国文学名词解释
Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature
英国文学下半部分总结
一：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment 1)Pope 18世纪被称为是Pope的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用 “heroic couplet” 1)16岁Pastorals《田园诗》 2)1711 Essay on Criticism《批评论》—heroic couplets and didactic poem 3)1714 The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》—a mock-heroic poem 4)The Dunciad《群愚史诗》 5)Essay on man《人论》—philosophical poem in heroic couplets 6)Imitation of Horace《仿贺拉斯》 7)Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿勃诺斯特医生书》 2)Swift 讽刺作家 1)1704 A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》—parable寓言 2)1704 The Battle of the Books《书站》 3)1708 Bickerstaff Almanac《比克斯塔福历书》 4)1708 Elegy of Mr.Partridge《帕特里奇挽歌》 5)1708 Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff《艾萨克·比克斯塔福的辩护》 6)1726，10 Gulliver’s Travels《格里佛游记》 7)Pamphlets on Ireland(小论文) 关于爱尔兰的小册子 （1）The Drapier’s Letters《布商的书信》 （2） A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》 8)Tragic love affairs: Candenus and V anessa《坎迪纳斯和文莎》、Journal to Stella《给斯拉特的信》—love-letters 9)1745 On the Death of Dr. Swift 3)Defoe “the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人， 1)1701 Trueborn Englishman—A Satire《纯血统英国人》---- pamphlet 2)1702 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的途径》 3)1703,5 Hymn to the Pillory《木枷颂》 4)The Review《评论报》—a political and literary magazine 5)代表作Robinson crusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》 Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》 Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》 Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》 4. Richardson 1)1740 Pamela《帕米拉》或者Virtue Rewarded:In a Series of Familiar Letters from a Beaytiful Y oung Damsel to Her Parents—书信体形式 Epistolary novels，a long tale 2)1747-1748 Clarissa《克拉丽莎》—the best one 3)1753-1754 Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》5. Fielding “ father of English Novel”英国小说之父
英国文学名著整理
☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落
英国文学概况及你喜爱的英国作家
British Literature （一）Early and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学 1.“Beowulf” 《贝奥武夫》 The national epic of the English people,finished in 8th century.The hero narrative poem around the year 750.Up to 3000 lines.It’s the most ancient work of all the old English record.And it’s the most great work of the existing ancient literature in English.Also the earliest dialect epic in Europe. 它是英国民族史诗，完成于8世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。 2.Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400),the founder of English poetry. . His work The Canterbury Tales telling the clue of the story with a group of pilgrims from various social strata in their way to religious pilgrimage.Showing us clearly the life of people at that time.In all the 23 story, in addition to the two articles, the rest is the work of poetry genre. 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。 （二）The Renaissance文艺复兴时期文学 1. William Shakespeare （1564～1616） The great British Renaissance dramatist and poet.And the master of the European Renaissance humanism literature.Shakespeare left 37 plays including some general plays he co-wrote with others.In addition, he also wrote 154 sonnets and three or four long poem. 英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。此外，他还写有154首十四行诗和三、四首长诗。 His working: The four great comedy：A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It ,Twelfth Night The four great tragedy: Hamlet ,Othello ,King Lear ,Macbeth others：Romeo and Juliet ,etc... 2.Francis Bacon, The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science. 培根（ 1561-1626 ）英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家. Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.His representative work is Of Studies.《论学习》 （三）The period of English Bourgeois Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学 1. John Milton :Paradise Lost 《失乐园》 2.John Bunyan :The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》 （四）Eighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
英国文学
英国文学 1, Periods of English Literature from 449-1965 Old english literature (449-1066) Works: The epic poem Beowulf贝尔武甫(700-750) Midieval english literature(1066-1485) Background: Norman Conquest. English Literature in Age of Chaucer (14th century) Five main writers: Langland朗格兰, Wycliffe威克里夫, Gower高尼, Mandeville曼德维尔, Chaucer乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗瑞·乔叟(1340-1400): He is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”. His main works: The Romance of the Rose, Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 Folk literature:Robin Hood Ballads English Renaissance(1485-1660) Writers: William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626) John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674) John Bunyan约翰·班扬(1628-1688) Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) and Richard Steele理查德·史蒂尔(1672-1729) Neo-classicism （1660-1798） Major writers: William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757-1827) Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796) Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731) Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754) Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯Samuel Johnson塞缪·约翰逊Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) Romanticism (1798-1832) Major writers: William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772-1834) George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788-1824) Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西·比西·雪莱(1792-1822) John Keats约翰·济慈(1759-1821) Charles Lamb 查尔斯·兰姆(1775-1834) William Hazlitt威廉·哈兹里特Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特(1771-1832) Victoria age (1832-1901) Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870) The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(1836-1837) Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特(1837-1838) Nicholas Nickleby尼古拉斯·尼克贝尔(1838-1839) David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(1949-1950) William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·马克皮斯·萨克雷(1811-1893) Anne Bronte安妮·布朗特(1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷(1848) Mrs. Gaskell盖斯凯尔夫人(1810-1865) George Eliot乔治·艾略特(1819-1880) Modern period(1901-1965) George Gissing乔治·吉辛John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥(1867-1933) Bernard Shaw伯纳·肖(1856-1950) William Butler Y eats威廉·巴特拉·叶芝(1865-1939) T. S. Eliot托·斯·艾略特(1888-1965) James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) Robert Tressell罗伯特·特雷斯尔(1870-1911) Ralph Fox拉尔夫·福克斯(1900-1937)Wystan Huge Auden威·休·奥登(1907-1973) 2, English Renaissance literature(1485-1660)