英汉语篇翻译
Poor Birds
可怜的小鸟
There was a flock of birds in the jungle near a village. They lived together in a big tree and had a lot of fun every day. This flock of birds usually flew to different places in groups, making a beautiful picture in the sky. Sometimes they have a heated discussion in the tree.
在一个小村庄附近的丛林里有一群小鸟，它们共同栖息在一棵大树上，每天过着快乐的生活。这群小鸟常常成群结队地飞往不同的地方，它们的身姿形成天空一道漂亮的风景。有时，它们会在大树上展开激烈的争论
One day, a farmer went to the jungle to trap some animals for dinner. He saw a lot of birds in the tree, so he threw some corn on the ground and waited until the birds came down to eat. Then he threw a big net over the birds to trap them.
一天，一个农夫到丛林里捕捉猎物用作晚餐。他看到大树上有很多小鸟，于是就在地上撒了些谷物，等着小鸟来吃。然后他支起一张大网捕捉来觅食的小鸟。
When the birds were in the net, they were all afraid and wanted to get out of the net. Some birds in this net said, “Let’s help one other to fly together and push this net up into the tree so we can get out of here.”Everyone listened and count ed, “One, two, three—everyone flies!” They all flew and pushed the net up into the tree and flew out of the net.
被网罩住后，小鸟们都很害怕，想从中逃出去。有些鸟说：“我们
大家一起飞，合力把这张网挂到树上，然后我们就能出去了。大家都听从了这一建议，然后开始数数，‘1，2，3——飞！’所有的小鸟都飞了起来，把网挂到了树上，然后大家都从网中飞了出去。
After that, they sat in the tree and talked to each other. A black bird said,“Do you know why we did not get killed? Because of my idea! If you hadn't had me, you all would have died!! See how smart I was!!” A white bird said,“No! No! That was my idea, not yours!” Another said, “It wasn't either of your ideas; it was mine only.” Another one said, “OK! OK! If you think you are very clever and have a lot of power, next time you do it. I will not do anything. We will see how clever you are!” All the birds were quarrel ing. Everyone became upset, confused, and angry. They refused to admit other birds’ power to succeed in escaping from the net.
事后，这些小鸟停在树上讨论这件事。一只黑色的鸟说：“你知道我们为什么得以逃脱吗？因为我出的主意，要不是我，你们大家都得丧命。看我多聪明啊！”一只白色的鸟说：“不对，不对，那是我的主意，不是你的！”另一只说“不是你们两个任何人的主意，完全是我的主意。”又有一只鸟说：“好吧，好吧，如果你们很聪明，很有能力，下一次你们来，我什么都不做。看一下你们到底有多聪明！”所有的小鸟都吵个不停。大家都变得开始烦躁，不解，气愤，都拒不承认在这件事上其它小鸟所起的作用。
A couple of days later, the farmer came to trap some birds again. This time he did the same thing as he had done before. To his surprise, there were still many birds in his net this time, too. Two or three of the birds shouted,“Hurry up! We must get out of this net. Everyone flies together.” But no one paid attention. They just wanted to do everything for themselves. A black bird said to the white bird, “You said that you had lots of power and good ideas. Now you should do something! Help everybody here. I can’t do anything because I am not smarter than you!!!” he ridiculed. Another said,“You said that you were very clever. Now show your intelligence to everyone”
过了一些日子，农夫又来捕鸟了。这次他和之前的做法一样。让他感到吃惊的是，他这次仍然用网捕到很多鸟。其中有两三只鸟大喊
道：“快点，我们必须从网中逃出去。大家一起飞。”但是没有鸟儿听。它们只想着自我行事。黑鸟对白鸟说：“你说过你很有能力和想法，现在该你显身手了，帮帮大家啊，我什么也做不了，因为我没有你聪明！”它语气里带着嘲讽。另一只鸟说，“你们说你们很聪明，那现在展示给大家看啊。”
No one did anything. They just waited to see who would act. Finally, the farmer came to get the birds in the net. The flock didn't have time and chance to escape any more. They all became a delicious food in the farmer's family table.
没有一只鸟行动，它们只是在那儿等着看谁会行动。最后，农夫来收网了。小鸟们再也没有时间和机会逃跑了。它们都成了农夫餐桌上的美食。
(478 words)
英语翻译
p.93 Translation unit 6 To make the campus safer, the university authorities recently released a new regulation that forbids any vendors from entering the campus, and the president called on the students to cooperate with the university on this matter. However, the students’opposition was strong, and hundreds of them expressed their anger on the university BBS. They said that to keep vendors off campus is like deserting the students on an island, as the university was far away from the downtown and the shops on the campus did not provide enough commodities. Some claimed that it was precisely for matters of this kind that university should listen to students’ opinions and needs. Some students thought the university had got it wrong in believing that this regulation will ensure safety on campus. Shocked by the students’ reaction, the president tried to make amends for his mistake by announcing that the university will look into this new regulation again. He told students that they were entitled to live a convenient and comfortable life, but safety is just as much an important concern as that. He proposed to build a big supermarket within the campus and some convenient stores near dormitory buildings, which would certainly make students’ life much easier. U NIT 1 If you ask me, taking a second major isn’t good for every undergraduate. In my freshman year as an English major, I took economics as my minor. By all odds, I was the most hardworking student in my class. But try as I might to meet the requirements of the two different subjects, I still couldn’t do well enough to pass all the exams. Given that the study of economics required a good command of mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English major. Failing English Literature and Macroeconomics in the second semester sounded the alarm for me. This was the first time I did not pass a course in my life, which had greatly sapped my confidence. Although I was not a man who would easily bow to fate, as the summer break came to a close, I decided to give up economics for fear that I would fail in both subjects. Now that I had only one subject to attend to, everything seemed to be on the right track again. UNIT 2 It was not until after he had graduated from university and started to work that Zhang Lei became aware of the pleasure of reading. Reflecting on his undergraduate studies, he lamented that he, unlike his classmates who had immersed themselves in various interesting books they were able to lay hands on from the library or bookshop, had only read textbooks, none of which was really worthwhile, or could be read in one sitting. He was deprived of the privilege of gaining access to the writers’ fantastic worlds through the
经典中文英文翻译
经典中文的英译 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
英汉语翻译5-Old Age
Old Age As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome. Psychologically where are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regards for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; one’s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’s mind more keen, if this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably to be true. The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one’s interest should be contemplative and if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult. 老年 由于我很少生病，对于健康也说不出什么有用的话来。我的饮食都是按照自己的喜好，然后困了就睡觉。我从来不会因为什么有益于健康，就去做什么，虽然事实上我喜欢做的事情通常是有益健康的。 人在老年要谨防两种危险的心理，其中一种是过分地沉溺于过去。活在记忆里，怀念过去的美好时光，或是沉浸在已故朋友的感伤中，这些都无济于事。一个人的思想要向着未来，要向着还未完成的事情。但这并不容易做到，因为随着年龄的增长，一个人的过去所占的分量会越来越重。人们经常自己想，过去的情感更加炽热，过去的思维更加敏捷， 另外要避免的一件事是，抓着儿女不放，希望能从他们身上吸取一些元气。孩子们长大了，就会想要过自己的生活，如果你还和他们小时候那样，经常和他们在一起，除非他们对你漠不关心（这种情况很少），否则你很有可能会成为他们的负担。我并不是说要对儿女毫不关心，只是你们应该把兴趣放在沉思上，如果有可能的话，放在慈善事业上，而不是过分的情绪化。在动物的世界里，一旦孩子能够自理，父母便对他们放任自由了，而人类因为婴儿期比较长，父母很难做到这样。
英汉短文翻译
PASSAGE A Since about 1800, near the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, coal, petroleum, and gas have been used at a rapidly increasing rate. The supply of these fuels is limited, and electric power is very scarce in many places. Some scientists believe solar energy is the only source which can meet the worlds’ enormous need for power. Great progress had been made in harnessing the sun. Not only is the sun now used in cooking, but it also supplies power for such things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes. It operates telephone lines, portable radios, electric clocks, hearing aids, and even communications satellites. Some homes and office buildings in the United States are now being heated with solar energy. The three most significant types of solar equipment so far are the furnace, the still, and the cell. Solar furnaces heat water or air, which is then circulated through a building to make it comfortable. Solar stills are especially important because they can provide fresh water at a relatively cheap rate. Salt can be easily removed from sea water with a solar still. The most highly developed is the solar cell. Some cells are so effective that they can turn 16 per cent of the energy they receive from the sun into electric energy. One of the cell’s b iggest advantages is that it can be made either small enough to carry or large enough to produce a current that can run an automobile. Besides, it has a very long life. It is still too expensive for the average consumer. But when ways are discovered to produce it more cheaply, we can expect its use to be wide-spread. PASSAGE B Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are subject to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy, which lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general, make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表
中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表 中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表.txt我们用一只眼睛看见现实的灰墙，却用另一只眼睛勇敢飞翔，接近梦想。男人喜欢听话的女人，但男人若是喜欢一个女人，就会不知不觉听她的话。在互联网上混的都时兴起个英文名字，一是方便注册用户名，二是有个好英文名容易显得自己比较Cool。但是起英文名时，中文姓氏还是要保留的，并且姓氏一般都有专门的英文翻译，比如“刘德华”的英文名是Andy，刘姓对应的英文翻译是Lau，所以全称便是“Andy Lau”。当然了，我们一般人直接用汉语拼音作为姓氏的英文翻译也可以，但在比较正式的场合下，最好还是用相应的英文翻译。 姓氏的英文翻译跟汉语拼音是有一些细微差别的，这主要由中西方人发音的不同特点来决定的。比如，从声母上来看，D开头的姓，英文翻译对应的是T，G对应的是K，X对应的是HS，Z、J 一般对应的是C，韵母也会有一些细微差别。详细的，请参考如下中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表，正在起英文名的朋友可以看看。 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei
如何将汉语翻译成英语.doc
如何将汉语翻译成英语 将汉语翻译成英语的技巧 一、代入法 这是进行英语写作时最常用的方法。同学们在掌握一定的词汇和短语之后，结合一定的语法知识，按照句子的结构特点，直接用英语代入相应的句式即可。如： ◎他从不承认自己的失败。 He never admits his failure. ◎那项比赛吸引了大批观众。 The match attracted a large crowd. ◎他把蛋糕分成4块。 He divided the cake intofour pieces. 二、还原法 即把疑问句、强调句、倒装句等还原成基本结构。这是避免写错句子的一种有效的办法。如： ◎这是开往格拉斯哥的火车吗? Is this the train forGlasgow? 还原为陈述句：This isthe train for Glasgow. ◎他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。 It was because he lovedmy money that he married me. 还原为非强调句：Becausehe loved my money, he married me.
◎光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。 So fast does lighttravel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 还原为正常语序：Lighttravels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed. 三、分解法 就是把一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。这样既能把意思表达得更明了，又能减少写错句子的几率。如： ◎我们要干就要干好。 If we do a thing, weshould do it well. ◎从各地来的学生中有许多是北方人。 There are students fromall over the country. Many of them are from the North. 四、合并法 就是把两个或两个以上的简单句用一个复合句或较复杂的简单句表达出来。这种方法最能体现学生的英语表达能力，同时也最能提高文章的可读性。如： ◎我们迷路了，这使我们的野营旅行变成了一次冒险。 Our camping trip turnedinto an adventure when we got lost. ◎天气转晴了，这是我们没有想到的。 The weather turned outto be very good, which was more than we could expect. ◎狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。 Wolves are highly socialanimals whose success depends upon their cooperation.
英汉语篇翻译
Poor Birds 可怜的小鸟 There was a flock of birds in the jungle near a village. They lived together in a big tree and had a lot of fun every day. This flock of birds usually flew to different places in groups, making a beautiful picture in the sky. Sometimes they have a heated discussion in the tree. 在一个小村庄附近的丛林里有一群小鸟，它们共同栖息在一棵大树上，每天过着快乐的生活。这群小鸟常常成群结队地飞往不同的地方，它们的身姿形成天空一道漂亮的风景。有时，它们会在大树上展开激烈的争论 One day, a farmer went to the jungle to trap some animals for dinner. He saw a lot of birds in the tree, so he threw some corn on the ground and waited until the birds came down to eat. Then he threw a big net over the birds to trap them. 一天，一个农夫到丛林里捕捉猎物用作晚餐。他看到大树上有很多小鸟，于是就在地上撒了些谷物，等着小鸟来吃。然后他支起一张大网捕捉来觅食的小鸟。 When the birds were in the net, they were all afraid and wanted to get out of the net. Some birds in this net said, “Let’s help one other to fly together and push this net up into the tree so we can get out of here.”Everyone listened and count ed, “One, two, three—everyone flies!” They all flew and pushed the net up into the tree and flew out of the net. 被网罩住后，小鸟们都很害怕，想从中逃出去。有些鸟说：“我们
英汉短语翻译
be cut and dry 事先准备好的，索然无味的French leave 不辞而别 Italian football 炸弹 castle in Spain 空中楼阁，白日梦Greek gift 害人的礼物 Turkish towel 粗面毛巾 a bad sailor 会晕船的人 under the weather 身体不适 be green-eyed 红眼病 get off to a good start 开门红 skin and bones 皮包骨头 in deep water 水深火热 at one''s fingertips 了如指掌 talk black into white 颠倒黑白 go through fire and flood 赴汤蹈火 search one’s heart 扪心自问 on the down grade每况愈下 roses and thorns 有甜有苦 fusion and fission 聚变和裂变 mistakes of succumbing to individualism 犯个人主义的错误 to bore a hole 镗孔 to improve the surface finishes 提高表面光洁度 dry cow 不产奶的母牛 dry fire 空弹射击 dry facts 不加渲染的事实 dry book 枯燥无味的书 dry shampoo 干洗的洗发剂 dry party 无酒的聚会 dry wine 无甜味的葡萄酒 dry farming 旱作农业 dry law 禁酒令 dry nurse 保姆electromagnetic waves 电磁波 oil baron 石油大王 slow-witted 头脑迟钝 tongue-tied 张口结舌，哑口无言。to wait for gains without pains 守株待兔 wall of bronze 铜墙铁壁 catch at shadows 捕风捉影 Whoever plays with fire perishes 玩火自焚 running dog 走狗 downy lips make，thoughtless slips 嘴上没毛，说话不牢castle in the air 空中楼阁
英语翻译成汉语
[转] 英语中常见的123个中国成语写作就不用愁字数啦 1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. 2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing. 3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不眠之夜 white night 6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best 8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord. 9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul 10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 12.大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener 13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace 14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits. 16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more 17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad
英语和汉语互译中的区别
英语和汉语的区别 一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年) 我们看一看下面的例子： Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt （成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的）personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived。 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。 这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 由于英语是"法治"的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是"人治"，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。 例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline （身心的锻炼，训练；纪律，风纪，命令服从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目）and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。 英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，"产生兴趣"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零。 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句
英汉习语翻译
A wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼. to be on the ice 如履薄冰. to sit on pins and needles 如坐针毡. An ass is known by his ears 见耳识驴it is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock（）鸡司晨，家之不祥. it’s ill to waken sleeping dogs/ Let sleeping dogs lie 勿惹睡狗. A barking dog is better than a sleeping lion 吠犬不可怕，睡狮难提防. The great fish eat up the small 大鱼吃小鱼. He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount 骑虎难下. A good horse cannot be of a bad colour 好马无劣色. to be as mild as a lamb 驯如羔羊. 合抱之木，生于毫末Great oaks from little acorns grow. 人靠衣服马靠鞍It’s the saddle that makes the horse and the tailor , the man. 旧瓶装新酒new wine in old bottles. 玩火者必自焚He who plays with fire gets burned. 羽毛丰满to become full-fledged. 风驰电掣to pass swiftly like the wind or lighting. The ap ple of one’s eye 掌上明珠. as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠. as strong as a horse 大力如牛. as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗. Man proposes, God disposes 谋事在人,成事在天. Everyone for himself, God for us all 人人为自己, 老天为大家. A small bird wants but a small nest 燕雀无鸿鹄之志. Take not
英汉互动翻译
直译与意译 中国自东晋以来一直存在关于直译(literal translation)/意译(free translation)的争辩。朱光潜在《谈翻译》一文中，认为意译是指把原文意思用中文表达出来，不必完全依据原文的自面和次第。林汉达在《英文翻译原则方法实例》中认为，主张直译的人并非反对意译，而是反对胡译和曲译。同样，主张意译的人反对的是呆译或死译（rigid translation）。我们认为正确的翻译是直译，同时也是意译。许渊冲在《翻译中的几对矛盾》一文中说，直译把忠实于原文内容放第一位，忠实于原文形式放第二位，通顺的译文形式放第三位；意译是把忠实于原文内容放第一位，通顺的译文形式放第二位，不拘泥于原文形式的翻译方法。翻译一篇文章或一段话、一个句子时，直译和意译往往交织在一起。两种翻译方法的前提都是译文要通顺、地道、明白、晓畅，让读者明白译出语的意义。 使用这两种翻译方法时要避免两种倾向，一是死译，不顾目的语表达习惯而与原文语言形式亦步亦趋的翻译方法；二是过度意译（over-free translation），具体表现为附加过多额外信息，要么信息含量不能等同于原文信息含量，甚至改变源语形象，歪曲原文历史、文化背景知识。 例1 A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps, for there is a companionship of books as well as of men. 译文1：人们往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友及阅读的书目中看到他的为人，因为，人与人之间存在友谊，人与书之间也存在友谊。 译文2：所谓欲知其人，先观其友；观其阅读书目，亦能知其人，因人可与人为友，亦可与书为友。 例2His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 译文1：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 译文2：他用非常尖酸刻薄的口气进行了反驳。 例3The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away.