初高中重点语法知识总结
主谓一致
主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称与数的方面与主语保持一致。主谓人称一致的问题比较简单，因为除动词be和have有不同的人称变化外，其他动词只有单数第三人称一般现在时加词尾-s 或-es。至于谓语与主语数的一致问题，则比较复杂，本章主要讨论谓语与主语数的一致问题。
二、主谓一致的三个原则
1. 语法一致原则
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，动词用复数形式：
Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
Her job is teaching French. 他的工作是教法语。
2. 意义一致原则
有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概论，而不是其语法形式：
This news is important for us. 这条消息对我们很重要。
Watch out! The police are coming. 当心，警察来了。
3. 就近原则
有时，谓语动词的的数决定于主语中最靠近它的词语：
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。
Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老师和学生对此都不感兴趣。
三、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题
1. 通常用作复数的集合名词
police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名词，总是表示复数意义，用作主语时，其谓语要用复数：
The police were after him. 察正在追捕他。
People are beginning to talk about her. 人们开始议论她。Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。注：goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：
Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。
2. 只用作单数的不可数集合名词
clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式：
Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen. 他们所有的行李都被偷了。
The furniture is convenient to move. 这家具搬起来很方便。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。
3. 既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词
family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义：
Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一个大家庭。
Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。
The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好。
The football team are having baths. 足球队队员们在洗澡。
It was late, but the audience was increasing. 时间很迟了，但听众人数却在增加。
The audience were all moved to tears. 听众都感动得流了泪。
四、并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题
1. 由and和both...and连接的并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数：
Jim and Mary are both interested in it. 吉姆和玛丽都对此感兴趣。
Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹俩都是大学生。
注：(1) 当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时，谓语用单数：
Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。
No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。
(2) 当and连接两个数相加时，谓语动词可用单数或复数：(加法和乘法可单可复，减法和除法用单数) Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。
(3) 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时，谓语通常要用单数：
A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。
A cart and a horse was seen in the distance。远处看见一辆车和一匹马。
2. 由or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but等连接的并列主语
谓语动词通常与最靠近的主语保持一致(即遵循就近原则)：
He or I am wrong. 不是他错了，就是我错了。
Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。
Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不仅孩子们想去，母亲也想去。Neither his father nor his mother have [has] come. 他的爸爸和妈妈都没来。
3. 由as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等连接的并连主语
谓语动词通常与前面一个主语保持一致：就前原则
The teacher as well as the students has read it 不仅学生读过它，老师也读过。
The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。
五、数量概念作主语时的主语一致问题
1. 表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语
通常将其视为整体，谓语用单数：
Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很长的时间。
Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。
2. 分数(百分数)作主语
“分数(百分数)+of+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持一致：
About 30 percent of the pupils were absent that day. 那天大约有30%的学生迟到。
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海。
注：在现代英语中，有时即使该结构中的名词为复数，其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为整体)：Over sixty per cent of families own [owns] a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。
3.“one in [out of]+复数名词”作主语
谓语动词通常用单数：
Only one in ten students has passed the examination. 只有十分之一的学生通过了考试。
One out of twelve bottles was broken. 每12个瓶子中有一个破了。
5.“all of (some of, none of, half of, most of, lots of, plenty of)+名词”作主语
谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持一致：
Most of the people are against the plan. 大多数人反对这个计划。
Most of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. 地球的大部分地区被水覆盖。
Half of the apple is bad. 这个苹果有一半是坏的。
Half of the apples are bad. 这些苹果当中有一半是坏的。
6.“the [a] number of+名词”作主语
该结构若用定冠词the，其后谓语用单数；若用不定冠词a，其后谓语用复数：
The number of students is 4000. 学生人数为4000。
A number of people were absent from the meeting. 许多人开会缺席。
注意类似结构：
The variety of goods in this shop is rich. 这家商店的品种丰富。
A variety of books have been published. 已出版了各种各样的书。
六、某些不定代词作主语时的主谓一致问题
1. Someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing等复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数：
Someone is asking to see you. 有人找你。Nobody is to blame for it. 这谁也不怨。
No one wants to read such books. 没有想看那样的书。
2. all 作主语
若指人，谓语通常用复数；若指事物或现象，谓语通常用单数：
All have gone home. 大家都走了。
All that glitters is not gold. 发亮的不一定都是金子。
比较：All is silent. 万籁俱寂。(指现象)
All are silent. 人人都沉默不语。(指具体的人)
注：若是“all of+名词”作主语，则谓语动词与其中名词的数保持一致。
3. either和neither作主语
若是单独作主语，谓语动词用单数：
Neither was satisfactory. 两个都不令人满意。
The two guests have arrived, and either is welcome. 两位客人都到了，哪一位都受欢迎。
注：若是“either [neither] of+名词”作主语，则其后的谓语动词可用单数(正式文体)或复数(非正式文体)：
Neither of the two computers is [are] cheap. 这两台电脑都不便宜。
Is [Are] either of the boys ready? 两个男孩都准备好了吗？
I don’t think either of them is [are] at home. 我想他们俩个都会不在家。
4. each作主语或修饰主语
单独用作主语(或修饰主语)，谓语用单数
Each student has his own desk. 每个学生都有自己的课桌。
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 两个男孩进来，每人提着一只箱子。
(2) “each of＋复数名词或代词”用作主语, 谓语一般要用单数
Each of them was deeply frightened. 他们个个都惊恐万分。
5. none (of) 作主语，谓语一般用单数
None of the money is mine. 这笔钱没有一点是我的。
None of the boys likes it. 这些男孩子谁也不喜欢它。
6. 关于“one of+复数名词+定语从句”
在这一结构中，定语从句的谓语用复数取决于先行词是one还是其后的复数名词。一般说来，在这类结构中，复数名词通常被认为是先行词，除非one of前有the (only) 修饰(此时定语从句的谓语用单数)：
He is one of the people who were killed in the accident. 他是事故中丧命的人之一。
He is the only one of the people who was killed in the accident. 他是事故中唯一丧命的人。
七、其他问题
1.“many a +名词”和“more than one +名词”作主语，谓语动词的数通常用单数(即遵循语法一致的原则)：
Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那儿玩。
More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一个学生考试未及格。
2. each 用于复数名词后作同位语
此时谓语动词用复数：
They each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 他们每人都有一本英汉词典。
The young people each carry a big bag. 这些年轻人个个背着一个大袋子。
3. 主语后接in addition to, with, along with, together with, except, but等介词
其后的动词形式取决介词前主语：就前原则
Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了树木之外什么也看不见。
No one except my parents knows anything about this. 除我父母之外没有知道此事。
Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。
八、重点考点精练
1. The boys and the girls each ____ to do something different, which ____the teacher uneasy.
A. want, make
B. wants, makes
C. want, makes
D. wants, make
2. More than one student _____ read the novels, which _____ written by David.
A. has, was
B. have, were
C. has, were
D. have, was
3. In fact, ______ one cause that leads to the problem.
A. cattle is
B. cattle are
C. cattles are
D. the cattles are
4. The ______ so much alike that I can’t tell which is which.
A. twin looks
B. twins look
C. twin look
D. twins looks
5. Mr Smith has bought a little house in the country, around _____ some green trees.
A. which is
B. it is
C. which are
D. them are
6. Every boy and girl _____ the book and they each _____ to buy one.
A. like, want
B. likes, wants
C. likes, want
D. like, wants
7. Nobody but Betty and Mary _____ late for class yesterday.
A. was
B. were
C. has been
D. have been
8. The teacher as well as the students _____ the book already. They know it well.
A. has read
B. have read
C. are reading
D. is reading
9. The city is not very big. One or two days _____ enough to see it.
A. is
B. are
C. am
D. be
10. Not the teacher, but the students _____ looking forward ______ the film.
A. is, to see
B. are, to see
C. is to seeing
D. are, to seeing 参考答案：1—5 CABBC 6—10 CAAAD
名词性从句
一、主语从句
1. 主语从句的引导词
主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导：That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。
When we arrive doesn’t matter. 什么时候到没有关系。
What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
2. 主语从句与形式主语it
有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况：
(1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代主语从句：
It’s a pity that he didn’t come. 很遗憾他没来。
(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：
Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
It was a problem whether they would support us. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
(3) 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常不用形式主语，总是主语从句放在句首：What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
(4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构：
Is it true that he is the girl’s father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？
How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了？
3. 连词that的省略问题
引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that则可以省略：
That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that不可省)
It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省)
二、宾语从句
1. 宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句通常由连词that和whether (if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导：We believe that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。
I don’t know whether he’ll arrive in time. 我不知道他是否能及时到。
I don’t know who (m) you mean. 我不知道你指谁。
He asked why he had to go alone. 他问他为什么必须一个人去。
Please tell me which you like. 告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。
注：有时介词后可接跟一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句)：
From what you say, he is right. 根据你所说的，他是对的。
有极个别介词(如but, except)可接that引导的宾语从句：
She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black. 她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。
2. 宾语从句与形式宾语it
当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末：
I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
He hasn’t made it known when he is going to get married. 他还没宣布他何时结婚。
3. 连词that的省略问题
引导宾语从句的连词that 通常可以省略：
She said (that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。
I promise you (that)I will be there. 我答应你我会去。
注：有时为了强调，that引导的宾语从句可位于句首，此时that不可省略：
That she is a good girl I know. 她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。
4. 宾语从句与否定转移
当动词think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否定通常转移到主语：
I don’t suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真的。
I don’t imagine that he will come. 我想他不会来的。
四、表语从句
1. 表语从句的引导词
引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if, as though, because等连词：
The fact is that he doesn’t really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。
The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。
The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。
That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。
It isn’t as if you were going away for ever. 义不是你离开不回来了。
It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。
注：whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句；because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。
五、同位语从句
1. 同位语从句的引导词
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等：
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。注：whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句
2. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
(1) 意义的不同：同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：
We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)
We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that 从句为定语从句)
(2) 引导词的功能上的不同：that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。
(3) 被修饰词语的区别：同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when 和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时
却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它
通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：
I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there.. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句) We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句)
The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。(定语从句)
六、名词性从句中两个易错问题
1. 词序问题
名词性从句总是用陈述句词序，则不能使用疑问句词序，尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时，不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序：
误：I didn’t know where did he live.
正：I didn’t know where he lived. 我不知道他住哪儿。
误：Who will he marry remains unknown.
正：Who he will marry remains unknown. 他同谁结婚还不知道。
2. 时态问题
由于由when引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句要用现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态，所以许多同学容易受此影响在when和if引导名词性
从句时也用现在时表示将来意义。请看几题：
(1) I don’t know if he ________ or not tomorrow.
A. come
B. comes
C. will come
D. is coming
此题答案选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(if≠如果)，而是宾语从句(if＝是否)，句意为“我不知道明天他是否会来。”
(2) I don’t know if she ________, but if she ________ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes
B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come
D. will come, comes
答案选D，第一个if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个if 引导的是条件状语从句。
(3) “When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes
B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come
D. will come, comes
答案D，第一个when 引导的是主语从句，第二个when引导的是时间状语从句。另外，当主句为过去时态时，宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态与之呼应(表客观真理时除外)：The teacher told us that he knew everything. 老师告诉我们他知道一切。
The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快
七、几组引导词的辨析
1. what 与that的用法区别（what = all that）
两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句，区别是what可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所…的”，而that仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略)：
He doesn’t know what she likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。
What you say is quite right. 你所说的相当正确。
I believe (that) he will come to see us. 我相信他会来看我们的。
It’s a pity (that)he didn’t finish college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。
另外，that 可引导同位语从句，但what 通常不用于引导同位语从句。如：
I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
2. whether与if的用法区别
两者的用法异同注意以下几点：
(1) 两者均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换：
He asked if [whether] we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。
He didn’t tell me if [whether] he would come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来
注：若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用if(意为“如果”)。
(2) 当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用if 而不用whether：
I don’t care if it doesn’t rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。
注：在个别词语(如wonder, not sure 等)后的从句否定式有时也可用whether引导：
I wonder if [whether] he isn’t mistaken. 我想知道他是否错了。
(3) 在以下两种情况引导宾语从句，要用whether 而不用if：
①引导宾语从句且置于句首时：
Whether he has left, I can’t say. 他是否走了，我说不定。
②引导主语从句且放在句首时：
Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否会来还是个问题。
注：若在句首使用形式主语it，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用if 来引导：
It was not known whether [if] he would come. 不知他是否会来。
③引导表语从句时：
The question is whether we should go on with the work.问题是我们是否应继续进行这项工作。注：在很不正式的场合if偶尔也用于引导表语从句，但远不如用whether 常见。
④引导让步状语从句时：
Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。
⑤引导同位语从句时：
The question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它还没有考虑。
⑥用于不定式之前时：
I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 我真是哭笑不得。
⑦用于介词之后时：
It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。
⑧直接与or not 连用时：
I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。
注：若不是直接与or not 用在一起，则有时也可用if：
I don’t know whether [if] he will win or not. 我不知他是否能赢。
⑨在discuss(讨论)等少数动词后引导宾语从句时：
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。
3.the reason why….is that….句型
The reason why he didn’t attend the party yesterday is that he hasn’t come back yet. 他昨天没有参加取聚会是因为他还还有回来。
4. that 与whether (if)的用法区别
从意思上看，两者不应该发生混淆，因为whether (if) 表示“是否”，而that却不表示任何含义，但实际使用时，有的同学却经常将其用混，并且高考也常考查它。两者的原则区别是：
that 表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而whether (if) 则表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。请看几道高考真题：
(1)______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (1992)
A. That
B. If
C. Whether
D. Whenever -- ---- --- -----[选C]
(2)______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (1996)
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where --------------- [选B]
由于以上区别，所以动词doubt后接宾语从句时，通常要用whether (if) 来引导，而不用that，因为doubt 表示“怀疑”，其意不肯定、不明确；但是如果它用于否定式，其后的宾语从句则要通常用that 来引导，因为not doubt 表示“不怀疑”，其意是肯定的、明确的。
I doubt if [whether] he’ll come. 我拿不准他是否会来。
I don’t doubt that he will succeed. 我敢肯定他会成功。
Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他会赢吗?
类似地，be sure后的名词性从句通常用that引导，而be not sure 后的名词性从句则通常用whether / if 来引导：
I’m sure that he is honest. 我肯定他是诚实的。
I’m not sure whether (if) he is honest. 我不敢肯定他是否诚实
高考重要考点精练
1. _______ worries me is _______ we’re going to pay for all this.
A. It, that
B. That, how
C. What, how
D. As, that
2. We’ve bought a cottage in the country for ________ we retire.
A. when
B. if
C. since
D. that
3. He just does _______ he pleases and never thinks about anyone else.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. how
4. It shocked me to see ________ my neighbors treated their children.
A. why
B. whether
C. how
D. since
5. It used to be thought ________ the Earth was flat.
A. as
B. when
C. since
D. that
6. He pointed to ________ looked like a tree.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. as
7. His income is double ________ it was five years ago.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. what
8. I know nothing about the accident except ________ I read in the
paper.
A. that
B. for
C. what
D. 不填
9. “I think _______ he needs is more practice.” “Yes, _______ he
needs more practice is quite clear.”
A. what, what
B. that, that
C. what, that
D. that, what
10. “Will the general manager attend the meeting?” “_______ he will
come won’t be known _______ his secretary comes.”
A. That, that
B. That, until
C. Whether, that
D. Whether, until
11. “The problem is _______ we are short of money.” “Yes, _______ we
can borrow some money from her is s till a question.”
A. that, that
B. that, whether
C. whether, that
D. theter, whether
12. _______ with the right knowledge can give first aid.
A. Who
B. Whoever
C. Anyone
D. Who ever
13. _______ has the right knowledge can give first aid.
A. Who
B. Whoever
C. Anyone
D. Who ever
14. _______ having the right knowledge can give first aid.
A. Who
B. Whoever
C. Anyone
D. Who ever
15. _______ i s hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything
bad.
A. He
B. It
C. That
D. What
16. “_______ made her struggle to become an artist so hard?” “_______
she was a woman.”
A. What, What
B. That, That
C. What, Thant
D. That, What
17. I firmly believe _______ he said at the meeting was right.
A. that
B. which
C. that what
D. what that
18. After _______ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
A. which
B. it
C. what
D. that
答案：01—05 CABCD 06—10 BDCCD 11—15 BCBCD 16—18 CCC
定语从句
定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。关系词不仅引导定语从句，同时还在定语从句充当一定的句子成分。如：
The girl who spoke is my best friend. 讲话的姑娘是我最好的朋友。
此句中，who spoke是由关系代词who引导的定语从句，用以修饰先行词the girl，同时who 在定语从句中用作主语。
This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。
此句中，where I was born是由关系副词where引导的定语从句，用以修饰先行词the town，同时where在定语从句中用作状语。
一、关系词的用法与辨析
1. 关系词的用法
关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要的有that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等，其中who和whom 只用于指人，which和as 只用于指事物，whose和that既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有when, where 和why，其中when表示时间，where表地点，why表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语：A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that指物，在从句中用作主语) I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物，在从句中句作宾语)
The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人，在从句中作主语)
The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。(whose指物，在从句中作定语)
There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人，在从句中作定语)
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。(as指人，在从句作表语)
2. 关系词的选择
选择关系词可考虑以下四点：
(1) 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等)。
(2) 二看关系词的句功功能，即分清关系是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why)。(3) 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why 通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。
二．语从句与非限制性定语从句
1. 形式不同
限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整：
People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开：
He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同：
I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
I have a sister ,who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
三、应考定语从句的几个易错点：
1. 混淆定语从句与并列句
(1) He has two children, and both of _____ are abroad.
A. them
B. which
C. whom
D. who
(2) He has two children, both of _____ are abroad.
A. them
B. which
C. whom
D. who
第(1)题选A，第(2)题选C。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and 后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第(2)题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。
2. 混淆定语从句与表语(从句)
请看下面的试题：
(1) Your coat is still _____ you left it.
A. where
B. there
C. there where
D. the place where
答案选A，where引导的是表语从句(=在…的地方)，而不是定语从句。
(2) Is this school _____ your father worked in ten years ago?
A. where
B. what
C. that
D. the one
答案选D，this school为句子主语，the one 为表语，your father worked in…为定语从句。不
要误认为this是句子主语，否则school前应加冠词the。比较：
Is this the school _____ your father worked in ten years ago?
A. where
B. what
C. that
D. the one ---------(选C) Is this the school _____ your father worked ten years ago?
A. where
B. what
C. that
D. the one --------(选A)
3. 混淆定语从句与状语从句
(1) I went upstairs ______I heard some crying.
A. where
B. when
C. that
D. which
答案是B而不是A，when的意思是“当…的时候”，引导的是时间状语从句。(upstairs为副词，不宜用作先行词)
(2) He is _____ a clever boy _____ we all like.
A. such, that
B. such, as
C. so, that
D. so, as
答案应选B，而不是A。such …that …(如此…以致…)用于引导结果状语从句，其中的that 不充当句子成分，而such…as…中的as为关系代词，用以引导定语从句并在定语从句充当句子成分。上句中第二空之所以选as，是因为它用作动词like宾语。
4.因逗号误判which
有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句：
(1) If a book is in English, _____ means slow progress for you.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
(2) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。
七、重点考点原创精练
1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ translated into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them
C. which
D. that
2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them
C. which
D. that
3. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them
C. which
D. that
4. Mr Smith is _____ a good teacher _____ we all respect.
A. such, that
B. such, as
C. so, that
D. so, as
5. She may have missed the train, in _______ case she won’t arrive for another hour.
A. whose
B. that
C. which
D. what
6. If he’s only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
7. It was in the small house _____ was built with stones by his father _____ he spent his childhood.
A. which, that
B. that, which
C. which, which
D. that, where
8. I believe the time will soon come ______ there will be no weapons in the world.
A. since
B. that
C. where
D. when
9. The meeting was put off, _____, of course, was exactly what we wanted. n)
A. who
B. which
C. this
D. what
10. The train, _____ takes only two hours to get there, is quicker than the bus, _____ takes three.
A. which, it
B. it, which
C. which, which
D. it, it
11. Mr Smith has bought a little house in the country, around _____ some green trees.
A. which is
B. it is
C. which are
D. them are
12. He is always really rude, ______ is why people tend to avoid him.
A. that
B. it
C. this
D. which
13. The crisis has reached a point ______ the receiver will have to be called in.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. who
14. In 1980 he caught a serious illness from _____ efforts he still suffers.
A. which
B. that
C. whose
D. what
15. I’m looking for a new job, one _____ I get a bit more job satisfaction.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
16. They found a strange book, parts of _____ were difficult to understand.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. this
17. What have you got _____ will help a cold?
A. what
B. that
C. it
D. who
18. Is there a shop around ______ we can buy some toilet articles?
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. what
19. Unless I’m very much mistaken, ______ is my watch you’re wearing!
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
参考答案：
01—05 BCBBC 06—10 DADBC 11—15 CDBCB 16—19 BBCD
状语从句
一、时间状语从句
1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词
引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，如较基本的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等：
Things were different when I was a child. 我小时候情况与现在不同。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。
It’s a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。
He waited until she was about to leave. 他等着一直到她准备离开。
除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外，还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词：
(1) 表示“一…就”的从属连词：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如：
Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。
The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。
We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。
Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。
(2) 涉及time的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，the last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：
Every time I see her I’ll think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
He didn’t tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。
二、条件状语从句
1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词
主要的有if, unless, as [so] long as等：
You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意现在就可以走了。
As long as it doesn’t rain we can go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。
注：除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介词短语(如in case, on condition that等)也可用作连词表示条件：
If case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。
I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。
He may go with us provided [providing] he arrives in time. 他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。Suppose 和supposing 引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：
Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say? 如果老板看到你，他会怎样说?
Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来，是不是不带他去?
2. If引导的条件状语从句----主将从现
I’ll stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 要是明天下雨，我就呆在家里。(主句将来时，从句一般现在时)
三、目的状语从句
1. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词
主要的有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 讲清楚些，以便他们能理解你。
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考试及格。
Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 把窗子关上以防下雨。
四、结果状语从句
1. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等：
He studied hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习用功，所以考试通过了。
He was so angry that he couldn’t speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。
2. so…that与such…that的用法比较
从用法上看，so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词(参见以上例句)。但有时“so+形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)：
He is so clever a child that we all like him. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。
They are such clever children that we all like them. 这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。
注：在much, many, little, few 这四个词前总是用so而不用such：
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。
He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family. 他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。
4. so that引导目状语和结果状语的区别
(1)含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果从句时表示的是一种事实。
(2) 形式上的区别：引导目的从句之前不用逗号(说话时也不停顿)，而结果从句之前则通常有逗号(说话时常有停顿)；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，此时可看从句中是否有can中/ could, may / might, will /would 以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果从句。比较：
We’ve come early so that the meeting can begin promptly. 我们来得很早，以便可以马上开会。
(so that 引导目的状语从句)
We are all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。(so that 引导结果状语从句)
I am going to the lecture early so that I’ll get a good seat. 我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。(so that 引导目的状语从句)
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早，所以找个好座位。(so that 引导结果状语从句)
五、原因状语从句
1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词
主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等：
He can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。
Since [As] we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。
Seeing that it’s raining，we’d better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。Now that you are here, you’d better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。
2. 关于not…because结构
该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：
I didn’t go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。
不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not 是否定从句的：
You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。
3. because 从句与because of短语的转换
Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换：
He can’t come because he is ill. / He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。
I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。
六、让步状语从句
1. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词
主要的有although, though, even though, even if等：
Although he is poor, he’s still happy. 虽然他很穷，他仍然很快乐。
I will try it, though I may fail. 即使我可能失败, 我也要试一下。
We’ll go even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。
注：除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导让步状语从句外，还应注意以下情况：
(1) 用when 和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句，其实它们也可引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”：
She stopped when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去，她却停住了。
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.虽然理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
(2) 用whether…or…引导让步状语从句：
I’ll do it whether you like it or not. 不管你是否喜欢，我都要做。
Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 不论我们帮助他与否, 他都将失败。
(3) 用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句：
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。
Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。
2. whatever, however 等-ever词用法说明
这些词在用法应注意以下几点：
(1) 它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论…”：
Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。
Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。
Whichever day you come, I’ll be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。
Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。
Wherever he goes, I’ll go. 不管他去哪里，我也去。
(2) 它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter…，如说：
No matter what you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。
No matter when you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。
No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
(3) 注意however的几种句型：
①however+主语+谓语：
However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days. 不管你怎么走，至少要三天。
However you come, be sure to come early. 不管你怎么来，一定要早来。
②however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语：
However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。
(5) whenever有时可引导时间状语从句，wherever 有时可引导地点状语从句：
Whenever we see him we speak to him. 每次见到他，我们都和他说话。
They teach wherever their pupils are working. 学生在哪里工作，教师们就在哪里上课。
3. 不能将汉语的“虽然…但是…”直译为(al)though…but…，这是因为(al)though 为从属连词，用于引导让步状语从句；而but在表示“但是”时，它是并列连词，用以连接两个句子使之成为并列句。“因为。。。所以”也不可以用”because。。。so”二者留其一
Although he was extremely angry at that moment, he calmed down finally.
He was extremely angry at that moment, but he calmed down finally.
4. 让步状语从句与倒装
引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但不是能用although：
Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。
Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。
注：as 可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反，although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。Though 引导可倒装也可不到装
七、方式状语从句
1. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词主要的有as, as if, as though等：
You must do as your parents tell you. 你必须按你父母说的去做。
They treated the child as if she were their own. 他们待这孩子像亲生的一样。
2. as if [as though] 从句与虚拟语气
一般说来，若as if 和as though 从句所表示的内容可能为事实，则用陈述语气，若为假设或不大可能为事实，则用虚拟语气。不过在非正式文体中，有时即使句意明确地表示不是事实，也可能用陈述语气：
He treats me as if I am [were] a stranger. 他待我有如陌生人。
The stuffed dog barks as if it is [were] a real one. 这个玩具狗叫起来像是真狗似的。
八、地点状语从句
1. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等：
Put the medicine where children can’t reach it. 把药放在孩子们拿不到的地方。
You can’t camp where [wherever, anywhere] you like these days.如今你可不能随便在哪宿营。Everywhere Jenny goes she’s mistaken for her sister. 无论走到哪个地方，詹妮都被误认为是她妹妹。
2. 不可忽略的考点
高考真题：以下四题均选where，其意为“在…的地方”，用以引导地点状语从句。
(1) When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.(1986)
A. at which
B. at where
C. the place where
D. where
(2) After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre. (1997)
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. when
(3) You should make it a rule to leave things _____ you can find them again. (1999)
A. when
B. where
C. then
D. there
(4) She found her calculator ______ she lost it. (2000上海)
A. where
B. when
C. in which
D. that
九、状语从句与省略
为了简洁起见，有的状语从句(如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句等)有时可省略从句的主语和部分谓语(尤其是当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包括有动词be 时)：
She fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他在做作业时睡着了。
While (he was) doing so, he trembled a little. 他这样做时稍稍颤抖了一下。
He opened his mouth as if (he was) to speak. 他张开口，好像要说话似的。
Often she would weep when (she was) alone. 她一个人时，常常哭泣。
I’d like to see you whenever (it’s) convenient. 在你方便的时候我想来看看你。
If (you are) traveling north，you must change at Leeds. 如果你是向北行，你必须在里兹换车。注：有些由if构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so：There are few, if any, mistakes in that book. 那本书就是有错误也不多。
If necessary, ring me at home. 如果必要，可以打电话到我家找我。
If possible, I wish to go there next summer. 如果可能，我希望明年夏天去。
He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now? 他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?
高考真题精选
1. The farmer watered the vegetables in the field ______they might grow better.
A. in case
B. for fear that
C. in order
D. so that
2. If they don’t understand it the first time, go over it again _____ they do.
A. when
B. after
C. since
D. until
3. I won’t accept their offer, ______ favora ble the conditions.
A. how
B. however
C. no matter
D. no matter however
4. ______ it happened to be a nice day, we decided to go to the beach.
A. When
B. Before
C. If
D. Since
5. We were just about ready to leave ______ it started to snow.
A. when
B. before
C. after
D. since
6. I’ll keep his address _____ I need it.
A. so that
B. in order that
C. in case
D. when
7. Will you keep my place in the queue for me _____ I go and make a phone call?
A. since
B. while
C. in case
D. until
8. ______ I’m very much mistaken, that’s my watch you’re wearing!
A. If
B. Unless
C. Since
D. Because
9. The mother don’t let the boy touch the knife_____ he might cut himself.
A. in order that
B. so as that
C. for fear
D. that
10. The modern history of Italy dates from 1860, ______ the country became united.
A. when
B. if
C. since
D. until
11. We can’t move into the new flat _______ the other tenants have moved out.
A. since
B. when
C. until
D. as
12. When I met him last week, it was the first time we had seen each other _____ we were at school.
A. that
B. since
C. when
D. after
13. She made a note of it ______ she might forget.
A. so that
B. in order that
C. if
D.in case
14. The fire went on for quite some time ______ it was brought under control.
A. when
B. since
C. after
D. before
15. They sat down opposite each other, but it was some moments _______ they spoke.
A. after
B. before
C. since
D. when
16. ______ the government agrees to give extra money , the theatre will have to close.
A. Until
B. Unless
C. Since
D. While
17. _______ I suggest, he always disagrees.
A. However
B. Whatever
C. Whichever
D. Whoever
18. Their country has plenty of oil, ______ ours has none.
A. while
B. when
C. unless
D. since
19. "_______when do the pubs stay open?" "About midnight."
A. Since
B. Before
C. Until
D. After
20. _____ I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
A. Since
B. Because
C. If
D. While
21. You should let your children play ______ you can see them.
A. where
B. when
C. in which
D. that
22. They kept trying _____ they must have known it was hopeless.
A. if
B. because
C. when
D. where
23. _____ you are at home alone, please don’t leave the door open.
A. While
B. As
C. Before
D. How
参考答案：1—5 DDBDA 6—10 CBBCA 11—15 CBDDB 16—20 BBACD 21—23 ACA
不定式
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它通常由不定式符号to + 动词原形构成，但有时to也可省略(省略to的不定式叫不带to的不定式，与动词原形同形)。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能，在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能用作谓语(故称不定式为非谓语动词)。不定式可以有不同的时态(如进行式、完成式等)和语态(主动语态和被动语态)。
一、不定式的否定式
1.不定式的否定式的构成
通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 的形式，注意not和never一定要放在不定式符号to的前面，而不是其后面。如：
The doctor advised me not to smoke. 医生劝我不要抽烟。
Father warned me never to drive after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。
注：若不定式为完成式和被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前：
She pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。
It is nice not to be dependent on others. 不依靠别人是好的。
2. so as to do sth 和in order to do sth 的否定式
对于这两个结构的否定式，通常是将否定词置于不定式符号to之前，而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置：
Study hard so as not to fail the exam. 努力学习，以免考试不及格。
He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。
二、不定式的时态与语态
1. 不定式时态与语态的基本形式(以do为例)
主动语态被动语态
一般式to do to be done
进行式to be doing 无
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行to have been doing 无
2. 不定式一般式的用法
(1) 一是表示将来，即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作：
We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。
He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。
We expect him to come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。
(2) 表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作：
He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。
Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的？
I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)
2. 不定式进行式的用法
(1) 表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作：
He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。
He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人们认为他躲在林子里。
(2) 正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样，不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来：
He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。
The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。
3. 不定式完成式的用法
(1) 表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：
He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。
(2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作：
I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。
(3) 表示过去未实实现的想法和愿望：
I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。
We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。
4. 不定式完成进行式的用法
表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作：
You seem to have been writing very long. 你好像已经写了很久了。
The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行两天了。
5. 不定式被动语态的用法
不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式，往往取决于句子的意思，即意思上为主动就用主动形式，意思上为被动就用被动形式：
Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确，以后见分晓。
I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。
三、不定式的句法功能
1. 作主语
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
To remember this is very important. 记住这一点很重要。
注：为了避免头重脚轻，在许多情况下，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部，而在句首使用的主语位置使用形式主语it：
It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s a pity to leave so early. 这么早走太遗憾。
2.作表语
He seems to be ill. 他似乎有病。Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。You are not to smoke in this room. 你不应在这个房间里吸烟。
注：不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)，二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形，三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等，再如：We are to meet at the station at three. 我约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定)
How are we to convince him? 我们怎么能说服他呢? (表可能性)
You are to come when I call. 叫你来的时候，你必须来。(表命令)
3. 作宾语
I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。
Remember to post the letter. 记住把信寄了。
I hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。
注：不定式不仅用作动词的宾语，还可用作个别介词(如but, except)的宾语：
I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。
It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。
4. 作宾语补足语
Who taught you to drive? 谁教你开车的?
He warned me not to touch it. 他警告我不要触碰它。
What caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变主意的?
注：当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时，通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式，并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后：
It find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 我感到学会日语不容易。
高中英语必修四知识点总结
欢迎使用，祝您学有所成。 第一单元 1）achieve 表示“完成，到达”。 区别achieve，reach，gain： achieve着重表示达到一定目的的过程中所需要的技能，耐性和努力。 reach指达到任何目标、目的或指达到发展过程中的某个阶段。 gain强调经过奋斗才达到所期望的目标、优势或者有利地位。 2）condition 表示“条件”，condition为单数时，表示人/物所处的“状态”。 conditions（复数）指一般情况，环境。 in good/poor condition状况好/不好。 out of condition状况不好。 on condition that在……条件下，假使。 on no condition决不。 3）connection 表示“连接，关系”。 connections亲戚。 in connection with与……有关。 4）behave 表示“举止，举动，行为表现”。 behave oneself表现良好，行为良好。 behave as起……作用，表现为……。 5）worthwhile 表示“值得做的，值得出力的”。 句型It is worhtwhile doing/to do sth“干……是值得的”。 6）observe 表示“观察，注意”，可接省略to的不定式的复合结构，当observe用被动语态时，其后的不定式应回复to。 observe后也可接由现在分词构成的复合结构。 后接that从句，表示“注意到，说”。 observe还可以表示“遵守，庆祝”。 7）respect 作动词，后直接跟宾语。 respect oneself自重，自尊。 作名词，表示“尊重，尊敬”。have/show respect for意为“对……尊重/尊敬”。 have respect to注意，考虑。 表示“敬意，问候”时，用复数形式，常与give，send，pay连用。 in respect of sth就某方面而言。 with respect to 涉及，关于。 8）argue 表示“争论，辩论”。
精选5篇高一英语知识点总结
精选5篇高一英语知识点总结 一. 直接引语和间接引语 (一)直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语;用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放 在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将 引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指 示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。 1. 时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said, asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过 去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进 行时，等等。例如： Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.” →Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework. 2. 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根 据意义进行相应的变化，例如： She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been. He said,“These books are mine.” →He said that those books were his. (二)直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether或if;如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us等。如： She said,“Is your father at home?” →She asked me if/whether my father was at home. “What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me. →My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
高中英语语法大全归纳总结-高中语法归纳总结
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高中英语语法最重要知识汇总
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
人教版高中英语知识点总结
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高中英语语法知识点 完成时
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3. 现在完成时多与下列时间状语连用： （1）用于＂过去发生的事，对现在造成的影响或结果＂的时间状语有： （2）用于＂过去发生的事，一直延续到现在＂的时间状语有： for + 时间段 for two years since + 时间点 since 2008 since then since he came here so far 目前；迄今为止 up to now=till now=by now 到现在为止；直到现在 all the time 总是；一直 recently/lately 最近 these days 近几天 by the end of...到……末/结束 by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末 during /over the last (past) few years 在过去的几年中 in the last /past days/ months/ years 在过去的几个天/月/年中 （3）在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。 I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes. I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. （4）非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
高考英语语法拿分点总结大全
高考语法总结—备战 一、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法 1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或 事 —Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one. 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化)成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 II. 定冠词的用法 1 表示某一类人或物In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于演奏乐器play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; / 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’ｓ (二十世纪九十年代) 11 用于表示度量单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词He patted me on the shoulder. III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法 1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 1
高中英语语法知识点总结
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C、 which are D、 them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are 2、 A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?” A、 that B、 which C、 where D、 what
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高一人教版英语知识点归纳分享 人教版高一英语知识点总结1 重点短语 1. be fond of爱好 2. treat…as…把……看作为…… 3. make friends with 与……交朋友 4. argue with sb. about / oversth. 与某人争论某事 5. hunt for寻找 6. in order to为了 7. share…with与……分享 8. bring in引进;赚钱 9. a great / good many许多… _. have difficulty (in) doing做……有困难 _. end up with以……结束 _. e_cept for除……之外 _. come about发生 _. make(a)fire生火 _. make yourself at home别拘束 _. the majority of大多数 _. drop sb. a line给某人写短信 _. for the first time第一次 _. at all根本;竟然 _. have a (good) knowledge of…精通…… ☆交际用语☆ 1. i think… i like / love / hate... i enjoy... my interests are...
2. did you have a good flight? you must be very tired. just make yourself at home. i beg your pardon? can you tell me how to pronounce...? get it. 人教版高一英语知识点总结2 核心单词 persuade vt.说服;劝服;使相信(同convince) 常用结构: persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 persuade sb. out of doing sth. 说服某人不要做某事 persuade sb. that-clause 使某人相信…… 联想拓展 talk sb. into/out of doing sth.=reason sb. into/out of doing sth. 说服某人做/不做某事 trick sb. into/out of doing sth. 诱使某人做/不做某事 urge sb. into/out of doing sth. 怂恿某人做/不做某事 易混辨析 advise/persuade advise 强调劝告,建议的动作,不注重结果;而persuade强调已经说服 ,重在结果.用法上:advise可跟v.-ing形式作宾语,也可以接that-clause (that sb. should do),而persuade则不能.
精选高中英语语法归纳总结
高中英语语法总结 第一章主谓一致 (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项: 1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。 2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物) 用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When we’ll go o ut for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。 4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。 7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。 None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。 8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。 9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
高一英语重点语法总结与归纳
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高中英语语法总结大全-形容词和副词
高中英语语法大全之形容词和副词 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 （错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill. （错）She is an afraid girl. （对）The girl is afraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词 1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错）She sang lovely. （错）He spoke to me very friendly. （对）Her singing was lovely. （对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 用形容词表示类别和整体 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building
2020年高中英语语法归纳总结
高中英语语法归纳总结 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you sueed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that ? 事实是? It is an honor that ?非常荣幸 It is mon knowledge that ?是常识 (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that?很自然?
人教版高一英语语法知识点总结
人教版高一英语语法知识点总结 在学习人教版高一英语课文时，高一的学生应该懂得怎样去总结知识点。下面就是给大家带来的人教版高一英语知识点总结，希望能帮助到大家! 人教版高一英语知识点总结1 【现在进行时】 1. 表示现在(说话瞬间) 正在进行或发生的动作。 [例句] He is reading a newspaper now. 2. 表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时动作不一定正在进行)。 [例句] What are you doing these days? 3. 表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等, 常与always, constantly, continually等副词连用。 [例句] He is always thinking of others. 4. 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移动”、“方向”的词。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week. 【过去进行时】 1. 表示过去某时正在进行的动作。 [例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him. 2. 动词go, come, leave, arrive, start等的过去进行时常表过去将来时。 [例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow. 人教版高一英语知识点总结2 各种时态的被动语态 被动语态概述 被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river. 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river. 被动语态的构成
(完整版)高中英语知识点全面总结整理版
t 高中英语总结目录：一、重点单词二、重点词组三、高级词汇而介词。 Note:可以说fromabroad,表示 从国外回来。 3.admit 用法：表示承认的时候后面要加上动名词形式。 的形5.afford 用法：通常与动词不 定式搭配使用。 Note:前面需要有beableto 或 can 等词。 6.after 用法：表示在时间、空
间之后；beafter表示追寻。Note:用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点，而in接一个时间段，如：after3o’clock;in3days. 7.agree用法：与介词 Pleaseallowmein. 10.among用法：用在三者或三 者以上的群体中。 Note:还可以表示其中之一，如： Heisamongthebest. 11.and用法：用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结构。Note:与祈使句搭配时往往可以 表示条件。如： 搭配。 beanxiousfor/about/todo Note:beanxiousabout表示担心；beanxiousfor表示盼望得到。15.appear用法：不及物动词，
没有宾语，没有被动语态。Note:还可以作为系动词，与seem同义，表示看起来……。 16.arrive用法：arriveat表示到一个小地方；arrivein表 配；soundasleep表示熟睡。 19.attend用法：表示参加，后 面经常加上meeting,lecture,conference,class,school,wedding,funera l等词；也可以表示照顾，照料。 Note:attendto可以表示处理、 照料等。 因此只有用它才可以回答why 的特殊疑问句及用在强调句中。 23.become用法：系动词，表示