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美国药典USP32-重金属测试

<231>重金属本试验系在规定的试验条件下，金属离子与硫化物离子反应显色，通过制备的标准铅溶液目视比较测定，以确证供试品中重金属杂质含量不超过各论项下规定的限度（以供试品中铅的百分比表示，以重量计）。（见分光光度法和光散射项下测定法目视比较法<851>）[注意:

对本试验有响应的典型物质有铅、汞、铋、砷、锑、锡、镉、银、铜和钼等]。

除各论另有规定外，按第一法测定重金属。第一法适用于在规定试验条件下，能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质。第二法适用于在第一法规定试验条件下不能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质，或者适用于由于性质复杂，易干扰硫化物离子与金属离子形成沉淀的物质，或者是不易挥发的和易挥发的油类物质。第三法为湿消化法，仅用于第一法、第二法都不适合的情况。特殊试剂特殊试剂硝酸铅贮备液—取硝酸铅159.8mg，溶于100ml水中，加1ml硝酸，用水稀释至1000ml。制备和贮存本溶液的玻璃容器应不含可溶性铅。标准铅溶液—使用当天，取硝酸铅贮备液10.0ml，用水稀释至100.0ml。每1ml的标准铅溶液含相当于10μg的铅。按每克供试品取100μl标准铅溶液制备的对照溶液，相当于供试品含百万分之一的铅。方法方法II pH3.5醋酸盐缓冲液—取醋酸铵25.0g溶于25ml水中，加6N盐酸液38.0ml，必要时，用6N氢氧化铵液或6N盐酸液调节pH至3.5，用水稀释至100ml，混匀。标准溶液准备—精密量取标准铅溶液

2ml，（相当于20μg的Pb），置50ml比色管中，加水稀释至25ml，以精密pH 试纸作为外指示剂，用1N醋酸液或6N氢氧化铵液调节pH至3.0~4.0，用水稀释至40ml，混匀。供试品溶液制备—取各论项下规定的供试品溶液25ml，置50ml比色管中，或用各论项下规定用量的酸溶解样品，再用水稀释至25ml，供试品以g计，按下式计算：2.0/（1000L）式中L是重金属限度（%）。以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂，用1N醋酸液或6N氢氧化铵液调节pH至3.0~4.0，用水稀释至40ml，摇匀。对照溶液制备—取供试品溶液制备项下的溶液25ml，置50ml比色管中，加标准铅溶液2.0ml，以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂，用1N醋酸液或6N氢氧化铵液调节pH至3.0~4.0，用水稀释至40ml，摇匀。测定法—在上述三试管中，分别加入pH3.5的醋酸盐缓冲液2ml，然后再加硫代乙酰胺—甘油试液1.2ml，用水稀释至50ml，混匀，放置2分钟，在白色平面?自上向下观察：

供试品溶液产生的颜色与标准品溶液产生的颜色相比，不得更深。对照溶液产生的颜色比标准溶液深或相当。[注意：

如果对照溶液的颜色比标准溶液浅，用方法II代替方法I测定供试品]。方法方法IIII pH3.5醋酸盐缓冲液—按方法I配制。标准溶液准备—按方法I配制。供试品溶液制备—供试品以g计，按下式计算：2.0/（1000L）式中L是重金属限度（%）。

取供试品适量，称重，置适宜的坩埚中，加适量的硫酸使湿润，低温小心灼烧，直至全部炭化，（在炭化过程中坩埚不可盖严），加硝酸2ml和硫酸5滴至炭化物上，小心加热直到白烟不再逸出，置马富炉中500~600°灼烧，直至完全灰化，放冷，加6N盐酸液4ml，加盖，置蒸气浴上加热15分钟，去盖，在蒸汽浴上慢慢蒸发至干，用1滴盐酸湿润残渣，加热水10ml，蒸煮2分钟，滴加6N氢氧化铵液，直到溶液对石蕊试纸呈碱性，用水稀释至25ml，以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂，用1N醋酸液调节pH至3.0~4.0，必要时，滤过，用

10ml水洗涤坩埚和滤器，合并滤液和洗液，置50ml比色管中，用水稀释至

40ml，摇匀。测定法—在上述二试管中，分别加入pH3.5的醋酸盐缓冲液2ml，然后再加硫代乙酰胺—甘油试液1.2ml，用水稀释至50ml，混匀，放置2分钟，在白色平面?自上向下观察：

供试品溶液产生的颜色与标准品溶液产生的颜色相比，不得更深。方法方法IIIIII pH3.5醋酸盐缓冲液——按方法I所示的方法配制。标准溶液的制备——取硫酸8mL和硝酸10mL的混合液，置洁净干燥的100mL凯氏烧瓶中，再加硝酸适量，加入量与供试品溶液中加入的硝酸量相当。加热使产生浓的白烟，冷却，小心加水10mL，若处理供试品需用过氧化氢，则加30%过氧化氢适量，加入量相当于供试品中消耗的过氧化氢量。缓缓煮沸至产生浓的白烟，再冷却，小心地加水5mL，混匀，缓缓煮沸至产生浓的白烟，浓缩至体积2~3mL，冷却，小心加水数毫升稀释，加标准铅溶液2.0mL（20μ的铅），混匀，移入

50mL比色管中，用水洗涤烧瓶，洗液并入比色管中，并稀释至25mL，混匀。供试品溶液的制备—-若供试品为固体——按各论中的规定称取供试品适量，置洁净干燥的100mL凯氏烧瓶中[注意——若反应泡沫过多，可用300mL的烧瓶]，夹住烧瓶使成45°角，加入硫酸8mL和硝酸10mL的混合液适量，其量应足以使样品完全湿润，缓缓加热，至反应开始后停止加热，待反应平息，再分

数次加入上述剩余的酸混合液，每次加酸后再加热，直至18mL酸混合液全部加完。继续加热至微沸，直至溶液变黑，冷却，加硝酸2mL，再加热至溶液变黑。继续加热，再加硝酸，直至溶液不再变黑，然后加强热使产生浓的白烟，冷却，小心地加入水5mL，缓缓加热至产生浓的白烟，继续加热直至体积仅剩数毫升，冷却，小心地加水5mL，观察溶液颜色，若呈黄色，则小心地加入30%的过氧化氢1mL，再蒸发至产生浓的白烟且体积仅剩2~3mL，若溶液仍呈黄色，可重复加水5mL及过氧化氢处理。冷却，小心地加水数毫升稀释，并洗入50mL比色管中，注意合并洗液后的体积不得超过25mL。若供试品为液体——取各论中规定量的供试品，置一洁净干燥的100mL凯氏烧瓶中[注——若反应泡沫过多，可用300mL烧瓶]，夹住烧瓶使成45°角，小心地加入硫酸8mL与硝酸10mL的混合液数毫升，缓缓温热至反应开始，待反应渐止，按固体样品项下自“分数次加入上述相同的酸混合液”起，同法处理。检查法——供试品溶液及标准品溶液制备均按以下方法处理：

用氢氧化铵调节pH值为3.0~4.0，用精密pH试纸为外指示剂（当接近规定的pH值时可用稀氨溶液），然后用水稀释至40mL，混匀。每支比色管中加入pH3.5的醋酸盐缓冲液2mL，然后加硫乙酰氨——甘油碱性试液1.2mL，再加水稀释至50mL，混匀，静置2分钟，置白色平面上自上向下观察，供试品溶液的颜色与标准品溶液的颜色相比，不得更深

the color of the solution from the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation, and the color of the solution from the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation.[NOTE—If the color of the Monitor Preparation is lighter than that of the Standard Preparation, use Method II instead of Method I for the substance being tested.]Method II NOTE—This method does not recover mercury.pH

3.5 Acetate Buffer—Prepare as directed under Method I.Standard Preparation—Pipet 4 mL of the Standard Lead Solution into a suitable test tube,and add 10mL of

6N hydrochloric acid.Test Preparation—Use a quantity, in g, of the substance to be tested as calculated by the formula:

the color of the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the Standard Preparation, and the color of the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the Standard Preparation.

见方法Ia项下原理部分给出的信息。在残留滴定中，额外的试剂被加入到供试样品中，为反应的完成留下了充分的时间，并且将未消耗掉的试剂与水和某种溶剂（例如，甲醇）的标准溶液一起滴定。残留滴定程序通常是可行的，并避免了可能在直接滴定该物质过程中遇到的困难，这些物质中被束缚水分释放得很缓慢。Apparatus, Reagent, and Test Preparation—Use Method Ia.仪器、试剂、供试配制液：

同方法Ia。Standardization of Water Solution for Residual Titration—Prepare a Water Solution by diluting 2 mL of water with methanol or other suitable solvent to 1000 mL. Standardize this solution by titrating 25.0 mL with the Reagent, previously standardized as directed under Standardization of the Reagent. Calculate the water content, in mg per mL, of the Water Solution taken by the formula:

用于残留滴定的水溶液的标准化：

以甲醇或其他适当溶剂将2mL水稀释至1000mL，以配制水溶液。使用此前已经按照试剂的标准化项下规定进行过标准化的试剂，对25mL此溶液进行滴定，从而对其进行标准化。按照下面的公式，计算此水溶液中的水分含量（单位mg/mL）：

V′F/25,

步骤：

当具体各论中规定用方法Ib测定水分含量时，将35至40mL适当溶剂转移至该滴定容器，并用试剂滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点并加入精确称量的额外试剂。留下充分的时间以使该反应水溶液对未消耗的试剂进行滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点计算样品中的水分含量（单位mg）：

F(X′XR), is the water equivalence factor of the Reagent;X′is the volume, in added after introduction of the specimen; X is the volume, Water Solution required to neutralize the unconsumed is the ratio,V′/25(mLReagent/mL Water

SolutionStandardization of Water Solution for Residual Titration.的水平衡因子；X′是在放入样品后加入的试剂体积（试剂所必需的已标准化水溶液的体积（单位mLis the water Determine the water content of the Water against it periodically as

水溶液的水分含量，Where the individual monograph specifies that the water content transfer 35 to 40 mL of methanol or other Reagent to the Test Preparation, mix, and Allow sufficient time for Reagent with al endpoint. Calculate the water content of the specimen, in mg, taken by the formula:40mL甲醇或其他滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点。快速加留下充分的时间以使该反应进行滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点。

任何市场上销售的仪器，其中包含一个绝对密闭的系统，并装备了必需的电极和磁性搅拌器。该仪器的微处理器控制着分析程序并显示结果。该仪器不必校准，因为消耗的电流绝对可以被测量到。Reagent—See Reagent under Method Ia.试剂：

见方法Ia项下试剂。

Test Preparation—Where the specimen is a soluble solid,dissolve an appropriate quantity,accurately weighed, in anhydrous methanol or othsuitable solvents. Liquids may be used as such or as accurately prepared solutions in appropriate anhydrous solvents.供试配制品：

使用干燥注射器，将供试配制液，其经过精确称量并估计含有约0.5－5mg 水，或按照仪器生产商的建议，快速注射入阳极电解液，混匀，并对电势终点作库仑滴定法。直接从仪器显示中读取该供试配制液的水分含量，并计算该物质中存在水分的百分比。进行空白检测，并作任何适当的校正。

METHOD III (GRAVIMETRIC)

Procedure for Chemicals—Proceed as directed in the individual monograph preparing the chemical as directed under Loss on Drying 731—Proceed as directed in the individual monograph.Procedure for Articles of Botanical Origin— Place about 10 g of the drug, prepared as directed (seeMethods of Analysis under Articles of Botanical )and accurately weighed,in a tared evaporating dish. Dry at for 5 hours, and

weigh. Continue the drying and weighing at 1intervals until the difference between two successive weighings corresponds to Staff Liaison :

Gary E.Ritchie, M.Sc., Scientific Fellow:

(GC05) General Chapters 05 85 :

Volume No. 31

(2) Page 517-816-835

溶出度检查法美国药典USP-711

<711> DISSOLUTION 溶出度 (USP39-NF34 Page 540) General chapter Dissolution <711> is being harmonized with the corresponding texts of the European Pharmacopoeia and/or the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. These pharmacopeias have undertaken to not make any unilateral change to this harmonized chapter. 通则<711>溶出度与欧盟药典和日本药典中的相应部分相统一。这三部药典承诺不做单方面的修改。 Portions of the present general chapter text that are national USP text, and therefore not part of the harmonized text, are marked with symbols to specify this fact. 本章中的部分文字为本国USP内容，并没有与其他药典统一。此部分以（）标注。 This test is provided to determine compliance with the dissolution requirements where stated in the individual monograph for dosage forms administered orally. In this general chapter, a dosage unit is defined as 1 tablet or 1 capsule or the amount specified. Of the types of apparatus designs described herein, use the one specified in the individual monograph. Where the label states that an article is enteric coated and a dissolution or disintegration test does not specifically state that it is to be applied to delayed-release articles and is included in the individual monograph, the procedure and interpretation given for Delayed-Release Dosage Forms are applied, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph. 本测试用于检测药品口服制剂的溶出度是否符合各论中的规定。本章中，除另有规定外，单位制剂定义为1片或1粒胶囊。对于本章中所述多种仪器，使用各论中规定的种类。除各论中另有规定外，如果检品是肠溶衣片且各论中的溶出度或崩解时限检查项下没有特别指出适用迟释剂的，使用本章中适用于迟释剂的流程和解释。 FOR DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING OR COATED WITH GELATIN涂有或包含明胶的剂型 If the dosage form containing gelatin does not meet the criteria in the appropriate Acceptance Table (see Interpretation, Immediate-Release Dosage Forms, Extended-Release Dosage Forms, or Delayed-Release Dosage Forms) because of evidence of the presence of cross-linking, the dissolution procedure should be repeated with the addition of enzymes to the medium, as described below, and the dissolution results should be evaluated starting at the first stage of the appropriate Acceptance Table. It is not necessary to continue testing through the last stage (up to 24 units) when criteria are not met during the first stage testing, and evidence of cross-linking is observed. 如果剂型中含有明胶，其不符合验收表中的标准（见判断，速释制剂，延释制剂，缓释制剂），因为存在明胶交联结合作用，它的溶解过程与外加的媒介酶是重复的，见下面的描述，并且溶解结果可以通过适当的验收表的开始的第一阶段标准进行评估。如果溶出结果不满足第一阶段的测试标准，那么就没有必要继续测试到最后阶段，并且也证明了明胶交联结合作用的存在。

常见的微生物检测方法

摘要：微生物的检测，无论在理论研究还是在生产实践中都具有重要的意义，本文分生长量测定法，微生物计数法，生理指标法和商业化快速微生物检测简要介绍了利用微生物重量，体积，大小，生理代谢物等指标的二十余种常见的检测方法，简要介绍了这些方法的原理，应用范围和优缺点。概述：一个微生物细胞在合适的外界条件下，不断的吸收营养物质，并按自己的代谢方式进行新陈代谢。如果同化作用的速度超过了异化作用，则其原生质的总量（重量，体积，大小）就不断增加，于是出现了个体的生长现象。如果这是一种平衡生长，即各细胞组分是按恰当的比例增长时，则达到一定程度后就会发生繁殖，从而引起个体数目的增加，这时，原有的个体已经发展成一个群体。随着群体中各个个体的进一步生长，就引起了这一群体的生长，这可从其体积、重量、密度或浓度作指标来衡量。微生物的生长不同于其它生物的生长，微生物的个体生长在科研上有一定困难，一般情况下也没有实际意义。微生物是以量取胜的，因此，微生物的生长一般指群体的扩增。微生物的生长繁殖是其在内外各种环境因素相互作用下的综合反映。因此生长繁殖情况就可作为研究各种生理生化和遗传等问题的重要指标，同

时，微生物在生产实践上的各种应用或是对致病，霉腐微生物的防治都和她们的生长抑制紧密相关。因此有必要介绍一下微生物生长情况的检测方法。既然生长意味着原生质含量的增加，因此测定的方法也都直接或间接的以次为根据，而测定繁殖则都要建立在计数这一基础上。微生物生长的衡量，能够从其重量，体积，密度，浓度，做指标来进行衡量。生长量测定法体积测量法：又称测菌丝浓度法。经过测定一定体积培养液中所含菌丝的量来反映微生物的生长状况。方法是，取一定量的待测培养液（如10毫升）放在有刻度的离心管中，设定一定的离心时间（如5分钟）和转速（如5000 rpm），离心后，倒出上清夜，测出上清夜体积为v，则菌丝浓度为（10-v）/10。菌丝浓度测定法是大规模工业发酵生产上微生物生长的一个重要监测指标。这种方法比较粗放，简便，快速，但需要设定一致的处理条件，否则偏差很大，由于离心沉淀物中夹杂有一些固体营养物，结果会有一定偏差。称干重法：

美国药典简介

美国药典简介 1. 标题和修订（Title and Revision）. 9 2. 药典地位和法律认可（Official status and legal recognition）9 2.10 药典正文(Official Text) 9 2.20 药典物品（Official Articles）. 9 2.30 法律认可（Legal Recognition）. 10 3. 与标准的符合性（Conformance to standard）. 10 3.10 标准的适用性(Applicability of standard) 10 3.10.10 制剂、原料药、辅料的标准的适用性（Applicability of Standards to Drug Products, Dru g Substances, and Excipients）. 10 3.10.20 医疗器械、营养补充剂、以及其组成成分的标准的适用性（Applicability of Standards to Medical Devices, Dietary Supplements, and Their Components and Ingredients）11 3.20 一致性的标示（Indicating Conformance）. 11 4. 药典各论和通则（Monographs and general chapters）12 4.10 各论(Monographs) 12 4.10.10 检测程序的适用性(Applicability of Test Procedures) 12 4.10.20 接受标准(Acceptance Criteria) 12 4.20 附录（General Chapter）. 12 5. 各论组成（Monograph Components）. 13 5.10 分子式（Molecular formula）. 13 5.20 附加物质、赋形剂、组分(Added Substances, Excipients, and Ingredients) 13 5.20.10官方原料药中附加的物质、赋形剂、组分（Added Substances, Excipients, and Ingredien ts in Official Substances）. 13 5.20.20官方制剂中的附加物质、赋形剂、组分（Added Substances, Excipients, and Ingredients in Official Products）. 13 5.30 性状和溶解性（Description and Solubility）. 14

USP1227-VALIDATION OF MICROBIAL RECOVERY FROM PHARMACOPEIAL ARTICLES美国药典微生物回收率验证

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[N OTE —Weights and volumes provided may be adjusted to meet the requirements of the digestion apparatus used.] An example procedure that has been shown to have broad applicability is the following. Dehydrate and predigest 0.5 g of primary sample in 5 mL of freshly prepared Concentrated acid . Allow to sit loosely covered for 30 min in a fume hood.Add an additional 10 mL of Concentrated acid , and digest, using a closed vessel technique, until digestion or extraction is complete. Repeat, if necessary, by adding an additional 5 mL of Concentrated acid . [N OTE —Where closed vessel digestion is necessary, follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedures to ensure safe use.] Alternatively, leachate extraction may be appropriate with justification following scientifically validated metal disposition studies, which may include animal studies, speciation, or other means of studying disposition of the specific metal in the drug product. 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