专题口译
张忠彦
英语101-14
《口译》课程技能实习记录
1、旅游业
Tian’anmen(Gate of Heavenly Peace), the front entrance of the Imperial City, has long been a landmark of Beijing. The square to its south was the scene of historic anti-imperialist demonstrations during the May 4th Movement of 1919, which were a major part of a campaign for a new cultural. After liberation in 1949, the square was expanded to cover 40 hectares, several times its original size and became the largest such square in any city in the world. In the center of the square stands the Monument to the Heroes of the people, a structure built to commemorate those who gave up their lives for the revolution, and at the southern end of the square is Mao Zedong Memorial Hall.
In front of Tian’anmen Gate stand two carved white marble pillars, each pointing upward to penetrate a marble cloud. They are another symbol of Beijing.
Other cloud pillars can be found in Peking University and at the Ming Tombs.
They are supposed to have originated when Yao, one of the early semi-legendary kings some time before the 21st century B.C., set up a wooden pillar on which people could post their criticisms of officials, thus showing his willingness to hear the views of the common people. The cloud pillars at Tian’anmen date from the 15th century, when Emperor Yongle rebuilt Beijing in order to move the Ming Dynasty capital from Nanjing. They are topped by two mythical animals, one looking outward and the other looking inward. A legend says that the former is to remind the emperor, when he is out having a good time, to come back and attend to state affairs, and the latter is to remind him, when he stays in the palace all the time, to go out to keep abreast of public feelings. (P3, 《现代汉译英口译教程》，吴冰，外研社，2011)
天安门，作为皇城的正门入口，长期以来就是北京的地标。广场南面是在1919年五四运动，新文化运动的重要部分期间作为历史上反对帝国主义游行的地点。1949年解放以后，广场面积扩大到40公顷，是原来的好几倍大，而且成为世界上最大的城市中心广场。广场中央矗立着为纪念那些为革命献身的英雄而修建的人民英雄纪念碑，广场最南端是毛泽东纪念
堂。天安门前矗立这两根雕刻的白色大理石石柱，名字叫华表，每个柱顶都插着一块云形的长片石。它们是北京的另一个象征。其他华表可以在清华和明十三陵看到。据说可能起源于大约在公元前21世纪早期传说中的皇帝之一，尧，竖立木牌，让人们在上面发表对官府的建议和批评，以此来彰显他听取民意的意愿。天安门的华表可以追溯到15世纪，明永乐皇帝为把明朝都城从南京迁出来而重建北京之时。华表顶部坐着两头神兽，一个面朝南，一个面朝北。据说前者是为了提醒黄帝外出游玩时不要忘了国事，应当回宫处理朝政，后者则是提醒皇帝不要久居深宫，要外出体察民情。
2、农业
The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held in December 1978 worked out a series of policies and measures to speed up the development of agriculture. The main points of “The Resolution on Certain Questions in order to Speed up the Development of Agriculture” are as follows:1)The production brigade’s ownership of the land and its right to handle its own affairs should be respected.2)A household contract responsibility system should be developed on the basis of public ownership of the means of production. Family plots should be restored and household sideline production resumed and protected. Local market trade should be developed.3)The socialist principle of distribution according to work should be implemented and the same pay regardless of work done should be eliminated to encourage initiative.4)The purchasing price for farm produce and sideline products should be raised.
These policies and measures encouraged the farmers to cast off the shackles of the old economic system. Each household was held responsible for a fixed output quota and might sell any additional products at the market price. This is known as the household contract responsibility system in which each household’s income is linked to its output. In the 1950s and early 1960s,the method of fixing output quotas on a household basis was adopted in some areas. This promoted the development of agriculture, but it was later criticized. Beginning in 1979, some of these methods were re-adopted. (P224, 《现代汉译英口译教程》，吴冰，外研社，2011)
在1978年十二月十一届三中全会提出采取一系列的政策和措施加速农业的发展。《关于加快农业发展若干问题的决定》的要点如下：1）生产大队的土地的所有权和正确处理自己事务的权力应该得到尊重。2）家庭承包责任制应当建立在生产资料公有制的基础上。家庭耕地应该恢复，家庭副业应当得到恢复和保护。当地市场贸易应该得到发展。3）应当实行社会主义按劳分配的原则淘汰不劳而获，鼓励首创精神。4）农产品和农副产品的采购价格应当提高。
这些政策和措施鼓励农民摆脱旧的经济体制的束缚。每个家庭都负责一个固定的输出配额和可能按市价出售任何额外的产品。每个家庭负责固定产量配额，可以以市场价销售任何副产品。这就是所谓的家庭联产承包制,每个家庭的收入都与其产量相关。在1950年代和1960年代早期,在一些地区固定产量配额已在家庭的基础上采用，促进了农业的发展，但后来遭到批判。从1979年开始，又重新采用了这一方法。
3、工业
When the people’s republic of China was founded in 1949, China industry had very little to start with. It had accumulated only 12.4 billion yuan(RMB) in fixed assets; its industrial products were of limited variety and the outputs were low. For instance, the output of yarn was only 327000 tons and that of coal, 32 million tons. Many manufactured goods had to be imported at that time.
After the founding of new china in 1949, the Chinese government started building up a state-owned industry on a large scale. As a result, the country’s industries like metallurgical, mining, power ,aircraft and automobile industries and new industries like petrochemical, computer, telecommunication equipment, instrument industries as well as space industry have been built up from nothing.
Thanks to the policies of reform and opening to the outside world , china’s industry has entered a stage of daring innovation and great development. From 1978 to 1999, it grew at an average rate of 11.1% per year, and the overall industrial strength increased remarkably. By 1999, the industrial added value had reached some 35357 billion yuan (RMB), an increase of 9.2 times over that of 1978.
China’s industrial reform first began by the government giving more rights to and leaving more profits to state-owned enterprises, enlarging the decision-
making power of the enterprises and adopting the enterprise contract responsibility system. These have fully inspired the enthusiasm and creativity of enterprises and their workers and created an excellent environment for the enterprises’independence in management and improvement of operating mechanism. Next, China sped up its industrialization process through the introduction of foreign capital and opening to the outside world. (P203, 《现代汉译英口译教程》，吴冰，外研社，2011)
1949年中华人民共和国成立时，中国的工业几乎是从零开始。固定总资产累计仅有124亿元人民币；工业产品的种类有限，产量也很低。举个例子，当时的纱线产量仅有327000吨，煤矿产量仅有3200万吨。在那时，许多工业制成品都需要进口。
1949年新中国成立后，中国政府开始大规模地建设国有工业。结果，国家的工业基础得到巩固，产量也迅速增加，现代制造工业如冶金业、采矿业，电力、飞机制造业以及汽车制造工业和一些新兴工业如石化、计算机、电子通讯设备，仪器设备以及航天工业都已经从无到有。
由于实行改革开放政策，中国工业已经进入了一个敢于创新和取得巨大发展的阶段。从1978年到1999年，每年的平均增长率为11.1%，总体工业实力显著增加。截止1999年，工业附加值达到3537亿元人民币，比1978年增加了9.2倍。
中国工业改革首先由政府开始，给予国有企业更多的权力和利润，放宽企业自主决策权力，采取企业承包责任制。这些措施充分调动了企业和工人热情与积极性，为企业实现自主管理和改善运作机制穿早了良好的环境。其次，中国通过引进外资和对外开放加速了工业化的进程。
4、经济
With the adoption of the policies of reform and opening-up to the outside world, the Chinese government began to encourage the development of diversified economic elements while insisting on the primacy of public ownership.
As a result, the private-sector has developed rapidly. By the end of 1998, there were a total of 32.4 million industrial and commercial businesses of private ownership, employing 78.24 million people; 325000 Chinese-foreign joint
ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative enterprises and solely foreign-funded enterprises were registered, involving 265.6 billion yuan of foreign direct investment. With there development and expansion, these enterprises have provided convenience for people’s everyday life and funds for construction, while introducing advanced technology and management from abroad. Meanwhile, the control of the public-ownership economy has been further strengthened. Now China has an economic pattern featuring mutual development of diverse systems of ownerships with public ownership as the mainstay.
Before the reform and opening-up to the outside world in 1978, China’s economy suffered from a weak agriculture and disproportionate development of light and heavy industries. To better coordinate and optimize economic structure, China adopted a series of policies and infrastructure and encouraging the development of the tertiary industry. As a result, the secondary and tertiary industries now make up a larger proportion than the primary industry. The growth of the overall national economy formerly sustained by the primary and secondary industries is now being promoted by the secondary and tertiary industries. In fact, the secondary industry has become the main factor for the rapid development of China’ economy. (P285, 《现代汉译英口译教程》，吴冰，外研社，2011) 随着改革开放政策的采纳，中国政府开始鼓励在坚持公有制的基础上发展多种所有制经济。结果，私有制经济迅速发展。截止1998年底，共计有3240万家私营企业，雇员7824万人，32500家中外合资企业，中外合作企业以及外商独资企业也已经注册，对外直接投资达2656亿元。随着私营企业的发展和扩大，这些企业在引进国外先进的科技与管理的同时，为人们的日常生活和建设募资提供了方便。同时，对公有制经济的控制力也进一步巩固。如今，中国形成了以公有制为主导多种所有制经济共同发展为特征的经济体制。
在1978年改革开放以前，中国遭受着农业力量薄弱，轻重工业比例严重失调的危机。为了更好地调整和优化经济结构，中国采取了一系列的政策和措施，优先发展轻工业，扩大高品质消费品的进口，加强基础工业和基础设施建设，鼓励第三产业的发展。结果，第二产业和第三产业占有的比重已经超过了第一产业。总体国民经济的增长原来是有第一产业和第二
产业支撑，而今则由第二产业和第三产业来推动。实际上，第二产业已经成为中国经济迅速发展的主要因素。
5、贸易
Foreign trade has been an important channel for China to participate in international economic cooperation and competition. The NBS(National Bureau of Statistics)reports indicate that the country has made significant achievements in terms of foreign trade during the last three decades. Its total import and export value soared to $2.17 trillion in 2007 from $20.6 billion in 1978, growing 104-fold in three decades. China had jumped to the third place in world trade in 2004,
a position it currently retains, from 32nd place at the beginning of the reform and
opening-up policy.
The NBS reports also indicate that China had trade deficits during most of the years from 1978 to 1993. But since 1994, the country has been enjoying annual trade surpluses with ever-increasing values, boosting China’s foreign exchange reserves to the largest amount in the world.
On July 1,2004, China began to implement the newly revised Foreign Trade Law. This law transformed the 50-year-old system of examination and approval for foreign trade into a registration system; and it has made clear regulations on the import and export of goods and technology, international trade in services the maintenance of foreign trade order and the protection of intellectual property rights in foreign trade, etc., so as to accelerate its development.
With the increase in imports and exports, the structure of foreign trade has also significantly improved. Finished industrial products, instead of agricultural, sideline, and mineral products, have become the major exports. In 1953, primary products accounted for 79.4% of export goods, while industrial products only
20.6%.（P241,《现代汉译英口译教程》，吴冰，外研社，2011）
对外贸易已成为中国参与国际经济合作与竞争重要渠道。国家数据统计局报告指出在过去的三十年里，中国在对外贸易是那个已经取得显著成就。对外贸易总进出口额从1978年的206亿美元上升到2007年的2.17万亿美元，在三十年里增长率104翻。中国对外贸易在改革开放之初居世界32位，而在2004年已跃居世界第三，并维持至今。
国家数据统计局还显示中国对外贸易多在1978年至1993年间存在贸易逆差。但是自1994年以来，中国出现持续不断的年度贸易顺差，并推动中国成为世界上最大外汇储备国。
2004年7月1日，中国开始实施新修订的《对外贸易法》，新法把过去使用了50 年的对外贸易审批制改为对外贸易登记制，并就商品和技术的进出口，国际贸易服务，对外贸易秩序的维护以及对外贸易中知识产权的维护等等做了明确的规定，加速了《对外贸易法》的发展。
随着进出口额的增加，对外贸易的结构也明显改善。工业制成品代替了农产品，副产品以及矿产，成为主要的出口产品。在1953年，初级产品占出口商品的79.4%，而工业产品仅占20.6%。而在1999年，这个数字分别为10.2%和89.8%。主要进口的是先进的技术和装备以及国内生产需要依赖的原材料。
6、教育
东北地区高师院校毕业生洽谈会在长春举行
老师建议：要迅速捕捉眼球
孔洁珺说，目前，毕业生的求职意向在发生转变，“以往，重点高校的毕业生都向往高薪、白领、大城市，但是，现在反而更倾向于离家近一些、工作压力小一些、稳定性强一些。我们在调查时也发现，家长也有这样的职业预期转变。”但是，她指出，学生对编制的看中程度也随之增长，更看中稳定性，“这样无疑会造成求职过程中的结构性和摩擦性的障碍。”
想在大型招聘会中致胜，孔洁珺给出建议：“首先要有一个好的心态，每个人都会在签约前有不同程度的压力，但是，把压力转变成动力是成功的关键。”另外，要了解招聘会的展位分布和自己的意向单位，确定首选、其次，事先做好功课，了解用人单位的需求、风格、文化、定位等等，“大型招聘会给每个人的时间非常有限，3~5分钟迅速捕捉眼球是成功关键。”
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/805511409.html,/news/system/2013/11/30/010419169_01.shtml
Normal Colleges and Universities Graduate Symposium Held in Changchun, Northeast China
T eacher’s Suggestion: Catch the Eye Quickly as Possible
Kong Jiejun, a teacher of the Northeast Normal University said that there are changes in graduates’job intention at present. "In the past, graduates from the key colleges and universities are eager for a high salary, being white-collar workers, in big cities, but now instead they are more inclined to stay close to home, less work pressure, and strong stability. In the survey, we also found that parents also have such career expectations." But, she pointed that the students show a growing preference to the formation, take a fancy to stability, "It will no doubt cause structural and frictional obstacles in the process of job-searching."
To win in the heavy section recruiting, Kong gave an advice: "In the first place to have a good state of mind, everyone will have different levels of pressure before signing. However, turning the pressure into motive power is the key to success." In addition, it is necessary to learn about the job fair booth distribution and dispositional parts, determine the first and second choice, make preparation in advance, and to know the employer’s demand ,style, culture, positioning, etc.
"Big fair gives very limited time to everyone, to capture the eye quickly in three to five minutes is a key to success."
7、环保
江苏省雾霾天气昨日持续，空气污染程度在全国“首屈一指”。江苏环保部门坦言，治雾霾光靠环保局是远远不够的，需改变产业结构、能源结构，需各部门、各地区联动起来。
空气重污染，市民纷纷对环保部门表示不满。对此，南京市环保局相关负责人表示，产业结构不调整，生产生活方式不转变，仅靠环保部门努力是难以扭转现在的大气污染现状的。“我们的发展大量靠的是消耗化石能源，而这些都是造成空气污染的元凶。南京每年消耗近4000万吨煤，有150万辆机动车，3000多工地，把这些数字控制住、降下来绝不仅仅是环保部门的事情。”
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/805511409.html,/html/20131206/478092.shtml
Haze weather lasted yesterday in Jiangsu province, and the air pollution level is “second to none” in the country. Jiangsu Ministry of Environment
admitted that governing the haze only by the Environmental Protection Administration is far from enough, which needs to change industrial structure, energy structure, and have the joint operation of all departments and regions.
For the serious air pollution, the residents are dissatisfied with the Environmental Protection Administration. To this, the official in charge of Nanjing Environmental Protection Administration said without adjusting the industrial structure, changing the way of production and lifestyle, it is difficult to reverse the present situation of air pollution only by the Ministry of Environment.
"Our development mostly depends on the consumption of fossil energy, which are the Culprit of air pollution. Nanjing consumes nearly 40 million tons of coal every year, with 1.5 million vehicles and more than 3000 sites, and to control and bring down the digital, is not just the responsibility of Ministry of Environment.
8、外交
今年1月30日，习近平总书记在中共中央政治局就中国的和平发展道路进行的第三次集体学习中发表讲话，指出“任何外国不要指望我们会拿自己的核心利益做交易，不要指望我们会吞下损害我国主权、安全、发展利益的苦果。”7月30日，在中共中央政治局第八次集体学习中，他再次强调说，“我们爱好和平，坚持走和平发展道路，但决不能放弃正当权益，更不能牺牲国家核心利益”。
在亚洲博鳌论坛2013年年会开幕式上，习近平发表主旨演讲中提到，中国将坚定维护亚洲和世界和平稳定。
习近平：“我们将坚定维护亚洲和世界和平稳定。中国将继续妥善处理同有关国家的分歧和摩擦，在坚定捍卫国家主权、安全、领土完整的基础上，努力维护同周边国家关系和地区和平稳定大局。中国将在国际和地区热点问题上继续发挥建设性作用，坚持劝和促谈，为通过对话谈判妥善处理有关问题作出不懈努力。”
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/805511409.html,/news/201312/t20131206_514328040.shtml
On January 30 this year, in the third group study among the members of the Political Bureau of CPC Central Committee on China's peaceful development , Chinese President, Xi Jinping, also General Secretary, had made
a speech that "Any foreign do not expect we will do a deal with our own core
interests, do not expect we will swallow the bitter pill of harming China's
sovereignty, security and development interests." In July 30,in the eighth group study among the members of the Political Bureau of CPC Central Committee, President Xi repeatedly stressed that “we love peace, adhere to peaceful development, but can not give up legitimate rights and interests, can not sacrifice more core national interests”.
In the opening ceremony of Boao Asia BBS annual meeting in 2013, president Xi delivered a keynote speech that China will firmly safeguard peace and stability of Asian and world.
President xi: "we will firmly safeguard Asian and world peace and stability.
China will continue to properly handle differences and disagreements with related countries, maintain relations with neighboring countries and regional peace and stability on the basis of resolutely safeguard China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity. China will continue to play a constructive role in the international and regional hotspot issues, adhere to make peace and promote talks, and make unremitting efforts to properly handle relevant issues through dialogue and negotiations."
9、体育
中国式口号无处不在
响亮的口号，醒目的标语，曾成为中国体育不可或缺的一部分，也往往折射出竞技领域之外的诸多内涵。至于这些内容在过去几十年里的变化，更是直接见证了中国体育乃至整个社会的发展。直到现在，有些口号仍有生命力，比如：“友谊第一，比赛第二”，“发展体育运动，增强人民体质”。值得反思的是，这些响亮的口号喊过之后就没事了，形式和内容并不一定要有关联。甚至，过去运动会还喊过“提高警惕，保卫祖国”，这也算是中国体育的特色。唯一不同的是，在其他项目尤其是奥运项目上，口号是一种姿态，更是战斗的号角，其结果也往往能起到决定性的作用，而且在这些字里行间还透露出浓浓的政治色彩。体育正是在这样的口号之下，突显了片面追求冠军和锦标主义的实质。至于足球则是另一番景象，1985年提出的“足球从娃娃抓起”到现在依然是句空话。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/805511409.html,/dajuguan/special/slogan/
Chinese Slogan Is All Around
Loud slogans，eye-catching signs had become indispensable part of Chinese sports and also reflect many connotations outside the athletic field. As for the changes of the content in the past few decades, more directly witnessed the development of Chinese sports and the whole society. Until now, some slogans still have vitality, such as: “Friendship first, competition second”,"Develop sports and strengthen the body".
What is worth reflecting on is that there is no necessity to have been related between form and content with nothing done after shouting. Even, in the past games, there is such slogans as "Be vigilant and defend the motherland," which is also characteristic of Chinese sports. The only difference is that in other projects, especially the Olympic, slogan is a kind of attitude, the battle horn, and not only the result also can often play a decisive role, but these words also reveal a strong political color. Under such slogans, Sports highlights the essence of one-sided pursing the titles and trophies. As for football, it is quite different. “soccer should be trained from baby” put forward in 1985 now is still the words。
10、文化
现今世界随着全球化进程，文化变迁的深度、广度、速度和烈度都超过了以往的历史，剧烈的变迁容易引起文化失调，进而给人们的生活带来困扰，产生文化震动和文化休克。文化震动是由于现代社会的骤然巨大变化对人们心理的强烈影响，这种影响甚至能够使人们在前所未有的社会压力面前张皇失措，无所适从，产生心理上的震颤，社会学家和人类学家把这种由于内在的文化积累或外在的文化移入引起的急剧的变迁对人的心理的影响叫做文化震动。
而文化“休克”则是由于不同国家、不同民族、甚至不同地区、不同社群有着多样的文化结构和文化内容，各特殊的文化模式受到各国、各民族、各地区、各阶层等多种因素的影响，如气候、地理条件、资源、人口以及社会环境等影响而造成的种种不同就构成了文化上的差异，这种差异导致文化的震动，从而“休克”就很自然地出现了。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/805511409.html,/gundong/detail_2013_11/29/31650437_0.shtml Today with the progress of globalization, the depth, breadth, speed and intensity of cultural change all override the history in the past, the dramatic
change is likely to cause cultural dislocation, then bring puzzle to people's life and cultural shock. Culture shock is caused by the sudden large changes of modern society on people's psychological strong influence, and this influence can even make people caught flat-footed and disoriented in the face of unprecedented social pressure, producing psychological tremor. Sociologists and anthropologists put this sharp impact on the person's psychology cased by the inherent cultural accumulation or the changes of the external acculturation is called culture shock.
And culture "shock" is due to different countries, different nationalities, even different regions, and different communities have a variety of cultural structure and cultural content, the special cultural patterns are influenced by every nation , nationality, region, and all walks of life and so on .For example, the differences cased by climate, geography, resources, population and social environment form the cultural differences, and these differences lead to culture shock, thus the "shock" will naturally emerge.