曼昆微观经济学习题分析解析
1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of
the following:
a. a family deciding whether to buy a new car
b. a member of Congress deciding how much
to spend on national parks
c. a company president deciding whether to
open a new factory
d. a professor deciding how much to prepare
for class
e. a recent college graduate deciding whether
to go to graduate school
2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured in
dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits
to the costs?
3. You were planning to spend Saturday working
at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to
go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing?
Now suppose you had been planning to spend
the day studying at the library. What is the cost
of going skiing in this case? Explain.
4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have
a choice between spending the money now or
putting it away for a year in a bank account
that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity
cost of spending the $100 now?
5. The company that you manage has invested
$5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction
of competing products has reduced
the expected sales of your new product to
$3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should
you go ahead and do so? What is the most that
you should pay to complete development?
6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social
Security decides to work and earn some
income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced.
a. How does the provision of Social Security
affect people’s incentive to save while
working?
b. How does the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings affect people’s
incentive to work past age 65?
7. A 1996 bill reforming the federal government’s antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only two years of benefits.
a. How does this change affect the incentives
for working?
b. How might this change represent a trade-off between equality and efficiency?
8. Your roommate is a better cook than you are,
but you can clean more quickly than your roommate can. If your roommate did all the cooking and you did all the cleaning, would
your chores take you more or less time than if
you divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade can
make two countries both better off.
9. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about
equality or a concern about efficiency. In the
case of efficiency, discuss the type of market
failure involved.
a. regulating cable TV prices
b. providing some poor people with vouchers
that can be used to buy food
c. prohibiting smoking in public places
d. breaking up Standard Oil (which once
owned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into
several smaller companies
e. imposing higher personal income tax rates
on people with higher incomes
f. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated
10. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equality and efficiency.
a. “Everyone in society sho uld be guaranteed
the best healthcare possible.”
b. “When workers are laid off, they should be
able to collect unemployment benefits until
they find a new job.”
11. In what ways is your standard of living different
from that of your parents or grandparents
when they were your age? Why have these changes occurred?
12. Suppose Americans decide to save more of
their incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how might this lead to faster growth
in productivity? Who do you suppose benefits
from the higher productivity? Is society getting
a free lunch?
13. In 2010, President Barack Obama and Congress enacted a healthcare reform bill in the United States. Two goals of the bill were to provide
more Americans with health insurance (via subsidies for lower-income households financed
by taxes on higher-income households) and
to reduce the cost of healthcare (via various
reforms in how healthcare is provided).
a. How do these goals relate to equality and efficiency?
b. How might healthcare reform increase productivity in the United States?
c. How might healthcare reform decrease productivity in the United States?
14. During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenue
to fully fund the war effort; to make up this difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expenditures
is sometimes referred to as an “inflation tax.”
Who do you think is being “taxed” when more money is printed? Why?
15. Imagine that you are a policymaker trying to decide whether to reduce the rate of inflation.
To make an intelligent decision, what would
you need to know about inflation, unemployment, and the trade-off between them?
16. A policymaker is deciding how to finance the construction of a new airport. He can either
pay for it by increasing citizens’ taxes or by
printing more money. What are some of the
short-run and long-run consequences of each option?
1. Draw a circular-flow diagram. Identify the parts of the model that correspond to the flow
of goods and services and the flow of dollars
for each of the following activities.
a. Selena pays a storekeeper $1 for a quart of milk.
b. Stuart earns $4.50 per hour working at a fastfood restaurant.
c. Shanna spends $30 to get a haircut.
d. Sally earns $10,000 from her 10 percent ownership
of Acme Industrial.
2. Imagine a society that produces military goods and consumer goods, which we’ll call “guns”
and “butter.”
a. Draw a production possibilities frontier for guns and butter. Using the concept of opportunity cost, explain why it most likely has a
bowed-out shape.
b. Show a point that is impossible for the economy to achieve. Show a point that is feasible
but inefficient.
c. Imagine that the society has two political parties, called the Hawks (who want a
strong military) and the Doves (who want a smaller military). Show a point on your production possibilities frontier that the Hawks
might choose and a point the Doves might choose.
d. Imagine that an aggressive neighboring country reduces the size of its military. As a result, both the Hawks and the Doves reduce
their desired production of guns by the same amount. Which party would get the bigger “peace dividend,” measured by the increase
in butter production? Explain.
3. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade-offs. Use
a production possibilities frontier to illustrate society’s trade-off between two “goods”—a
clean environment and the quantity of industrial output. What do you suppose determines
the shape and position of the frontier? Show
what happens to the frontier if engineers
develop a new way of producing electricity
that emits fewer pollutants.
4. An economy consists of three workers: Larry, Moe, and Curly. Each works ten hours a day
and can produce two services: mowing lawns
and washing cars. In an hour, Larry can either mow one lawn or wash one car; Moe can either mow one lawn or wash two cars; and Curly
can either mow two lawns or wash one car.
a. Calculate how much of each service is produced under the following circumstances,
which we label A, B, C, and D:
? All three spend all their time mowing
lawns. (A)
? All three spend all their time washing
cars. (B)
? All three spend half their time on each
activity. (C)
? Larry spends half h is time on each activity,
while Moe only washes cars and Curly
only mows lawns. (D)
b. Graph the production possibilities frontier
for this economy. Using your answers to
part (a), identify points A, B, C, and D on
your graph.
c. Explain why the production possibilities frontier has the shape it does.
d. Are any of the allocations calculated in part
(a) inefficient? Explain.
5. Classify the following topics as relating to microeconomics or macroeconomics.
a. a family’s decision about how much income
to save
b. the effect of government regulations on auto emissions
c. the impact of higher national saving on economic growth
d. a firm’s decision about how many workers
to hire
e. the relationship between the inflation rate
and changes in the quantity of money
6. Classify each of the following statements as positive or normative. Explain.
a. Society faces a short-run trade-off between
inflation and unemployment.
b. A reduction in the rate of money growth will reduce the rate of inflation.
c. The Federal Reserve should reduce the rate
of money growth.
d. Society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs.
e. Lower tax rates encourage more work and
more saving.
7. If you were president, would you be more interested in your economic advisers’ positive views or their normative views? Why?
1. Maria can read 20 pages of economics in an hour. She can also read 50 pages of sociology in
an hour. She spends 5 hours per day studying.
a. Draw Maria’s production possibilities frontier
for reading economics and sociology.
b. What is Maria’s opportunity cost of reading
100 pages of sociology?
2. American and Japanese workers can each produce 4 cars a year. An American worker can
produce 10 tons of grain a year, whereas a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain a year. To keep things simple, assume that each country has 100 million workers.
a. For this situation, construct a table analogous
to the table in Figure 1.
b. Graph the production possibilities frontier of
the American and Japanese economies.
c. For the United States, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? For Japan, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? Put this information in a table analogous to Table 1.
d. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cars? In producing grain?
e. Which country has a comparative advantage
in producing cars? In producing grain?
f. Without trade, half of each country’s workers produce cars and half produce grain. What quantities of cars and grain does each country produce?
g. Starting from a position without trade, give
an example in which trade makes each country better off.
3. Pat and Kris are roommates. They spend most of their time studying (of course), but they leave some time for their favorite activities: making pizza and brewing root beer. Pat takes 4 hours
to brew a gallon of root beer and 2 hours to
make a pizza. Kris takes 6 hours to brew a gallon of root beer and 4 hours to make a pizza.
a. What is each roommate’s opportunity cost
of making a pizza? Who has the absolute advantage in making pizza? Who has the comparative advantage in making pizza?
b. If Pat and Kris trade foods with each other, who will trade away pizza in exchange for
root beer?
c. The price of pizza can be expressed in terms
of gallons of root beer. What is the highest
price at which pizza can be traded that
would make both roommates better off?
What is the lowest price? Explain.
4. Suppose that there are 10 million workers in Canada and that each of these workers can produce either 2 cars or 30 bushels of wheat in a year.
a. What is the opportunity cost of producing a
car in Canada? What is the opportunity cost
of producing a bushel of wheat in Canada? Explain the relationship between the opportunity costs of the two goods.
b. Draw Canada’s production possibilities frontier. If Canada chooses to consume 10 million
cars, how much wheat can it consume without trade? Label this point on the production possibilities frontier.
c. Now suppose that the United States offers to buy 10 million cars from Canada in exchange
for 20 bushels of wheat per car. If Canada continues to consume 10 million cars, how
much wheat does this deal allow Canada to consume? Label this point on your diagram. Should Canada accept the deal?
5. England and Scotland both produce scones and sweaters. Suppose that an English worker can produce 50 scones per hour or 1 sweater per hour. Suppose that a Scottish worker can produce 40 scones per hour or 2 sweaters per hour.
a. Which country has the absolute advantage in
the production of each good? Which country
has the comparative advantage?
b. If England and Scotland decide to trade,
which commodity will Scotland trade to
England? Explain.
c. If a Scottish worker could produce only 1
sweater per hour, would Scotland still gain
from trade? Would England still gain from
trade? Explain.
6. The following table describes the production possibilities of two cities in the country of Baseballia:
Pairs of Red Socks Pairs of White Socks
per Worker per Hour per Worker per Hour
Boston 3 3
Chicago 2 1
a. Without trade, what is the price of white
socks (in terms of red socks) in Boston? What
is the price in Chicago?
b. Which city has an absolute advantage in the production of each color sock? Which city has
a comparative advantage in the production of
each color sock?
c. If the cities trade with each other, which color
sock will each export?
d. What is the range of prices at which trade can
occur?
7. Suppose that in a year an American worker
can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers, while
a Chinese worker can produce 100 shirts or
10 computers.
a. Graph the production possibilities curve for
the two countries. Suppose that without trade
the workers in each country spend half their
time producing each good. Identify this point
in your graph.
b. If these countries were open to trade, which
country would export shirts? Give a specific
numerical example and show it on your
graph. Which country would benefit from
trade? Explain.
c. Explain at what price of computers (in terms
of shirts) the two countries might trade.
d. Suppose that China catches up with
American productivity so that a Chinese
worker can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers. What pattern of trade would you
predict now? How does this advance
in Chinese productivity affect the economic
well-being of the citizens of the two
countries?
8. An average worker in Brazil can produce an ounce of soybeans in 20 minutes and an ounce
of coffee in 60 minutes, while an average worker
in Peru can produce an ounce of soybeans in
50 minutes and an ounce of coffee in 75 minutes.
a. Who has the absolute advantage in coffee? Explain.
b. Who has the comparative advantage in coffee? Explain.
c. If the two countries specialize and trade
with each other, who will import coffee? Explain.
d. Assume that the two countries trade and that
the country importing coffee trades 2 ounces
of soybeans for 1 ounce of coffee. Explain why both countries will benefit from this trade.
9. Are the following statements true or false? Explain in each case.
a. “Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one of the countries has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods.”
b. “Certain very talented people have a comparative advantage in everything they do.”
c. “If a certain trade is good for one person, it
can’t be good for the other one.”
d. “If a certain trade is good for one person, it is always good for the other on
e.”
e. “If trade is good for a country, it must be
good for everyone in the country.”
10. The United States exports corn and aircraft to the rest of the world, and it imports oil and clothing from the rest of the world. Do you think this pattern of trade is consistent with the principle of comparative advantage? Why or why not?
11. Bill and Hillary produce food and clothing. In an hour, Bill can produce 1 unit of food or 1 unit
of clothing, while Hillary can produce 2 units
of food or 3 units of clothing. They each work
10 hours a day.
a. Who has an absolute advantage in producing food? Who has an absolute advantage in producing clothing? Explain.
b. Who has a comparative advantage in producing food? Who has a comparative advantage
in producing clothing? Explain.
c. Draw the production possibilities frontier
for the household (that is, Bill and Hillary together) assuming that each spends the
same number of hours each day as the other producing food and clothing.
d. Hillary suggests, instead, that she specialize
in making clothing. That is, she will do all the clothing production for the family; however, if
all her time is devoted to clothing and they still want more, then Bill can help with clothing production. What does the household production possibilities frontier look like now?
e. Bill suggests that Hillary specialize in producing food. That is, Hillary will do all the food production for the family; however, if all her
time is devoted to food and they still want more, then Bill can help with food production. What does the household production possibilities frontier look like under Bill’s proposal?
f. Comparing your answers to parts c, d, and e, which allocation of time makes the most sense? Relate your answer to the theory of comparative advantage.
1. Explain each of the following statements using supply-and-demand diagrams.
a. “When a cold snap hits Florida, the price of orange juice rises in supermarkets throughout
the country.”
b. “When the weathe r turns warm in New England every summer, the price of hotel
rooms in Caribbean resorts plummets.”
c. “When a war breaks out in the Middle East,
the price of gasoline rises, and the price of a
used Cadillac falls.”
2. “An increase in the demand for noteboo ks raises
the quantity of notebooks demanded but
not the quantity supplied.” Is this statement
true or false? Explain.
3. Consider the market for minivans. For each
of the events listed here, identify which of the determinants of demand or supply are affected. Also indicate whether demand or supply increases or decreases. Then draw a diagram
to show the effect on the price and quantity of minivans.
a. People decide to have more children.
b. A strike by steelworkers raises steel prices.
c. Engineers develop new automated machinery for the production of minivans.
d. The price of sports utility vehicles rises.
e. A stock-market crash lowers people’s wealth.
4. Consider the markets for DVDs, TV screens, and tickets at movie theaters.
a. For each pair, identify whether they are complements
or substitutes:
? DVDs and TV screens
? DVDs and movie tickets
? TV screens and movie tickets
b. Suppose a technological advance reduces the cost of manufacturing TV screens. Draw a diagram to show what happens in the market
for TV screens.
c. Draw two more diagrams to show how the change in the market for TV screens affects
the markets for DVDs and movie tickets.
5. Over the past 30 years, technological advances have reduced the cost of computer chips. How do you think this has affected the market
for computers? For computer software? For typewriters?
6. Using supply-and-demand diagrams, show the effect of the following events on the market for sweatshirts.
a. A hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop.
b. The price of leather jackets falls.
c. All colleges require morning exercise in appropriate attire.
d. New knitting machines are invented.
7. A survey shows an increase in drug use by young people. In the ensuing debate, two hypotheses are proposed:
? Reduced police efforts have increased the availability of drugs on the street.
? Cutbacks in education efforts have
decreased awareness of the dangers of drug addiction.
a Use supply-and-demand diagrams to show
how each of these hypotheses could lead to
an increase in quantity of drugs consumed.
b How could information on what has happened
to the price of drugs help us to distinguish between these explanations?
8. Suppose that in the year 2015 the number of births is temporarily high. How does this baby boom affect the price of babysitting services in 2020 and 2030? (Hint: 5-year-olds need babysitters, whereas 15-year-olds can be babysitters.)
9. Ketchup is a complement (as well as a condiment) for hot dogs. If the price of hot dogs rises,
what happens to the market for ketchup? For tomatoes? For tomato juice? For orange juice?
10. The market for pizza has the following demand and supply schedules:
Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied
$4 135 pizzas 26 pizzas
5 104 53
6 81 81
7 68 98
8 53 110
9 39 121
a. Graph the demand and supply curves. What
is the equilibrium price and quantity in this market?
b. If the actual price in this market were above
the equilibrium price, what would drive the
market toward the equilibrium?
c. If the actual price in this market were below
the equilibrium price, what would drive the
market toward the equilibrium?
11. Consider the following events: Scientists reveal that consumption of oranges decreases the risk
of diabetes, and at the same time, farmers use
a new fertilizer that makes orange trees more productive. Illustrate and explain what effect
these changes have on the equilibrium price and quantity of oranges.
12. Because bagels and cream cheese are often eaten together, they are complements.
a. We observe that both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity of bagels have risen. What could be responsible
for this pattern—a fall in the price of flour
or a fall in the price of milk? Illustrate and
explain your answer.
b. Suppose instead that the equilibrium
price of cream cheese has risen but the equilibrium quantity of bagels has fallen.
What could be responsible for this pattern—
a rise in the price of flour or a rise in the
price of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.
13. Suppose that the price of basketball tickets at your college is determined by market forces. Currently, the demand and supply schedules
are as follows:
Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied $ 4 10,000 tickets 8,000 tickets
8 8,000 8,000
12 6,000 8,000
16 4,000 8,000
20 2,000 8,000
a. Draw the demand and supply curves. What
is unusual about this supply curve? Why
might this be true?
b. What are the equilibrium price and quantity
of tickets?
c. Your college plans to increase total enrollment next year by 5,000 students. The
additional students will have the following demand schedule:
Price Quantity Demanded
$ 4 4,000 tickets
8 3,000
12 2,000
16 1,000
20 0
Now add the old demand schedule and the
demand schedule for the new students to
calculate the new demand schedule for the
entire college. What will be the new equilibrium price and quantity?
14. Market research has revealed the following information about the market for chocolate bars: The demand schedule can be represented by
the equation Q D = 1,600 – 300P, where Q D is the quantity demanded and P is the price. The supply schedule can be represented by the equation
Q S = 1,400 + 700P, where Q S is the quantity supplied. Calculate the equilibrium price and quantity
in the market for chocolate bars.
1. For each of the following pairs of goods, which good would you expect to have more elastic demand and why?
a. required textbooks or mystery novels
b. Beethoven recordings or classical music recordings in general
c. subway rides during the next six months or subway rides during the next five years
d. root beer or water
2. Suppose that business travelers and vacationers have the following demand for airline tickets
from New York to Boston:
Quantity Demanded Quantity Demanded
Price (business travelers) (vacationers)
$150 2,100 tickets 1,000 tickets
200 2,000 800
250 1,900 600
300 1,800 400
a. As the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250, what is the price elasticity of demand
for (i) business travelers and (ii) vacationers? (Use the midpoint method in your calculations.)
b. Why might vacationers have a different elasticity from business travelers?
3. Suppose the price elasticity of demand for heating oil is 0.2 in the short run and 0.7 in the
long run.
a. if the price of heating oil rises from $1.80
to $2.20 per gallon, what happens to the
quantity of heating oil demanded in the short
run? In the long run? (Use the midpoint
method in your calculations.)
b. Why might this elasticity depend on the time horizon?
4. A price change causes the quantity demanded
of a good to decrease by 30 percent, while
the total revenue of that good increases by
15 percent. Is the demand curve elastic or inelastic? Explain.
5. The equilibrium price of coffee mugs rose sharply last month, but the equilibrium quantity was
the same as ever. Three people tried to explain
the situation. Which explanations could be
right? Explain your logic.
Billy: Demand increased, but supply was
totally inelastic.
Marian: Supply increased, but so did
demand.
Valerie: Supply decreased, but demand was
totally inelastic.
6. Suppose that your demand schedule for DVDs
is as follows:
Quantity Demanded Quantity Demanded
Price (income = $10,000) (income = $12,000) $ 8 40 DVDs 50 DVDs
10 32 45
12 24 30
14 16 20
16 8 12
a. Use the midpoint method to calculate your
price elasticity of demand as the price of
DVDs increases from $8 to $10 if (i) your
income is $10,000 and (ii) your income is
$12,000.
b. Calculate your income elasticity of demand
as your income increases from $10,000 to
$12,000 if (i) the price is $12 and (ii) the price
is $16.
7. You have the following information about good X and good Y:
? Income elasticity of demand for good X: –3
? Cross-price elasticity of demand for good X
with respect to the price of good Y: 2
Would an increase in income and a decrease in
the price of good Y unambiguously decrease
the demand for good X? Why or why not?
8. Maria has decided always to spend one-third of her income on clothing.
a. What is her income elasticity of clothing demand?
b. What is her price elasticity of clothing demand?
c. If Maria’s tastes change and s he decides
to spend only one-fourth of her income
on clothing, how does her demand curve change? What is her income elasticity and
price elasticity now?
9. The New York Times reported (Feb. 17, 1996) that subway ridership declined after a fare increase:
“T here were nearly four million fewer riders
in December 1995, the first full month after the price of a token increased 25 cents to $1.50, than
in the previous December, a 4.3 percent decline.”a. Use these data to estimate the price elasticity
of demand for subway rides.
b. According to your estimate, what happens
to the Transit Authority’s revenue when the
fare rises?
c. Why might your estimate of the elasticity be unreliable?
10. Two drivers—Tom and Jerry—each drive up to
a gas station. Before looking at the price, each places an order. Tom says, “I’d like 10 gallons
of gas.” Jerry says, “I’d like $10 worth of gas.”What is each driver’s price elasticity of demand?
11. Consider public policy aimed at smoking.
a. Studies indicate that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is about 0.4. If a pack
of cigarettes currently costs $2 and the government
wants to reduce smoking by
20 percent, by how much should it increase
the price?
b. If the government permanently increases
the price of cigarettes, will the policy have a
larger effect on smoking one year from now
or five years from now?
c. Studies also find that teenagers have a
higher
price elasticity than do adults. Why
might this be true?
12. You are the curator of a museum. The museum is running short of funds, so you decide to increase revenue. Should you increase or decrease the price of admission? Explain.
13. Pharmaceutical drugs have an inelastic demand, and computers have an elastic demand. Suppose that technological advance doubles the supply of both products (that is,
the quantity supplied at each price is twice
what it was).
a. What happens to the equilibrium price and quantity in each market?
b. Which product experiences a larger change
in price?
c. Which product experiences a larger change
in quantity?
d. What happens to total consumer spending
on each product?
14. Several years ago, flooding along the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers destroyed thousands
of acres of wheat.
a. Farmers whose crops were destroyed by the floods were much worse off, but farmers
whose crops were not destroyed benefited
from the floods. Why?
b. What information would you need about the market for wheat to assess whether farmers
as a group were hurt or helped by the
floods?
15. Explain why the following might be true:
A drought around the world raises the total revenue that farmers receive from the sale of grain, but a drought only in Kansas reduces the total revenue that Kansas farmers receive.
1. Lovers of classical music persuade Congress to impose a price ceiling of $40 per concert ticket. As a result of this policy, do more or fewer
people attend classical music concerts?
2. The government has decided that the free-market price of cheese is too low.
a. Suppose the government imposes a binding
price floor in the cheese market. Draw
a supply-
and-demand diagram to show the
effect of this policy on the price of cheese and
the quantity of cheese sold. Is there a shortage
or surplus of cheese?
b. Farmers complain that the price floor has reduced their total revenue. Is this possible? Explain.
c. In response to farmers’ complaints, the government agrees to purchase all the surplus
cheese at the price floor. Compared to the
basic price floor, who benefits from this new policy? Who loses?
3. A recent study found that the demand and
supply
schedules for Frisbees are as follows:
Price per Quantity Quantity
Frisbee Demanded Supplied
$11 1 million Frisbees 15 million Frisbees
10 2 12
9 4 9
8 6 6
7 8 3
6 10 1
a. What are the equilibrium price and quantity
of Frisbees?
b. Frisbee manufacturers persuade the government that Frisbee production improves
scientists’ understanding of aerodynamics
and thus is important for national security. A concerned Congress votes to impose a price
floor $2 above the equilibrium price. What is
the new market price? How many Frisbees
are sold?
c. Irate college students march on Washington
and demand a reduction in the price of
Frisbees. An even more concerned Congress
votes to repeal the price floor and impose a
price ceiling $1 below the former price floor.
What is the new market price? How many Frisbees are sold?
4. Suppose the federal government requires beer drinkers to pay a $2 tax on each case of beer purchased. (In fact, both the federal and state governments impose beer taxes of some sort.) a. Draw a supply-and-demand diagram of the market for beer without the tax. Show the
price paid by consumers, the price received
by producers, and the quantity of beer sold. What is the difference between the price
paid by consumers and the price received by producers?
b. Now draw a supply-and-demand diagram
for the beer market with the tax. Show the
price paid by consumers, the price received
by producers, and the quantity of beer sold. What is the difference between the price
paid by consumers and the price received
by producers? Has the quantity of beer sold increased or decreased?
5. A senator wants to raise tax revenue and make workers better off. A staff member proposes raising the payroll tax paid by firms and using part of the extra revenue to reduce the payroll tax paid by workers. Would this accomplish
the senator’s goal? Explain.
6. If the government places a $500 tax on luxury cars, will the price paid by consumers rise by more than $500, less than $500, or exactly $500? Explain.
7. Congress and the president decide that the United States should reduce air pollution by reducing its use of gasoline. They impose a $0.50 tax for each gallon of gasoline sold.
a. Should they impose this tax on producers
or consumers? Explain carefully using a
supply-and-demand diagram.
b. If the demand for gasoline were more elastic, would this tax be more effective or less effective in reducing the quantity of gasoline consumed? Explain with both words and a diagram.
c. Are consumers of gasoline helped or hurt by
this tax? Why?
d. Are workers in the oil industry helped or
hurt by this tax? Why?
8. A case study in this chapter discusses the federal minimum-wage law.
a. Suppose the minimum wage is above
the equilibrium wage in the market
for unskilled labor. Using a supplyand-
demand diagram of the market for
unskilled labor, show the market wage,
the number of workers who are employed,
and the number of workers who are unemployed. Also show the total wage payments
to unskilled workers.
b. Now suppose the secretary of labor proposes
an increase in the minimum wage. What
effect would this increase have on employment? Does the change in employment
depend on the elasticity of demand, the elasticity of supply, both elasticities, or neither?
c. What effect would this increase in the minimum wage have on unemployment? Does
the change in unemployment depend on the elasticity of demand, the elasticity of supply,
both elasticities, or neither?
d. If the demand for unskilled labor were inelastic, would the proposed increase in the minimum wage raise or lower total wage payments to unskilled workers? Would your answer change if the demand for unskilled
labor were elastic?
9. The U.S. government administers two programs that affect the market for cigarettes.
Media campaigns and labeling requirements
are aimed at making the public aware of the dangers of cigarette smoking. At the same
time, the Department of Agriculture maintains
a price-support program for tobacco farmers, which raises the price of tobacco above the equilibrium
price.
a. How do these two programs affect cigarette consumption? Use a graph of the cigarette market in your answer.
微观经济学(曼昆)案例分析练习题
微观经济学（曼昆）案例分析练习题 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8a9897053.html,/ 1、假设我们有以下自行车的市场供给与需求表： a．画出自行车的供给曲线和需求曲线。 b．自行车的均衡价格是多少? c．自行车的均衡数量是多少? d．如果自行车的价格是100美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降？ e．如果自行车的价格是400美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降? f.假设自行车市场的工会为增加工资而谈判。此外，再假设这个事件增加了生产成本，使自行车制造不利，而且，在每种自行车价格时减少了自行车供给量20辆。在图4_2中画出新的供给曲线以及原来的供给和需求曲线。自行车市场新的均衡价格和数量是多少? 【参考答案】： a．
b ．300美元。 c ．50辆自行车。 d ．短缺，70—30=40单位，价格将上升。 e ．过剩，60—40=20单位，价格将下降。 f.均衡价格为400美元，均衡数量为40辆自行车。 2、假设《每日新闻》估计，如果它把自己报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元，那么订 户数就将从5万下降到4万。 a ．当用中点法计算弹性时，《每日新闻》的需求价格弹性是多少? b ．使用中点法的好处是什么? c ．如果《每日新闻》只关心总收益最大化，它应该把报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元吗?为什么该提价或不该提价? 【参考答案】： a ．(10000／45000)／(0.50美元/1.25美元)=0.56。 b ．用中点法的好处是，无论你从价格为1美元开始上升到1.5美元，还是从1.5美元开始下降到1美元，弹性的值是相同的。 c ．应该提价。因为需求价格弹性小于1(缺乏弹性)，价格上升将增加总收益。 3、对下列每一对物品，你预期哪一种物品更富有供给弹性?为什么? a ．电视；海滩的地产
微观经济学第2章-习题及解答
·习题解答 一、判断正误并解释原因 1.假如卫生组织发布一份报告，称某种蘑菇会致癌，则这种蘑菇的需求曲线会向右移。 分析：这种说法是错误的。因为卫生组织发布该蘑菇会致癌的报告会使人们减少对此种蘑菇的需求量，因此其需求曲线会向左下方移。 2.预计某产品的价格会下降，则该产品的供给将会减少。 分析：这种说法是错误的。因为当预计某产品的价格下降时，生产者会在价格下降前尽量多地生产产品，因此该产品的供给会增加。 3.如果政府对某种商品的生产者给予现金补贴，会使该商品的供给曲线向左上方移动。 分析：这种说法是错误的。如果政府对某种商品的生产者给予现金补贴，会使该商品的供给曲线向右下方移动。这与生产者生产成本减少或生产技术改善使供给曲线向右下方移动是一样的。 4.需求曲线的斜率和需求的价格弹性是相同的概念。 分析：这种说法是错误的。二者是两个紧密联系却又不相同的概念。需求曲线在某点的斜率为dP/ dQ，而需求的点弹性不仅取决于斜率的倒数值dQ/dP，还取决于P/Q。 5.假如某城市运输的需求的价格弹性为1.2，则为了增加运输的收入，运输价格应该降低。 分析：这种说法是正确的。因为运输的需求的价格弹性为1.2，说明运输的需求是富有弹性的。富有弹性的商品的价格与销售收入成反方向变动。因此要增加收入必须降价。 6.降低价格一定会使供给量下降。 分析：这种说法是错误的。对于一般商品来说，在其他因素不变的条件下，降低价格会使供给量减少。但当其他因素发生变化时，降低价格不一定会使供给量减少。 二、选择正确答案 1.在得出某种商品的个人需求曲线时，下列（）外均保持为常数。 A.个人收入 B.其余商品的价格 C.个人偏好 D.所考虑商品的价格 2.在得出某棉花种植农户的供给曲线时，下列（）外均保持常数。 A.土壤的肥沃程度 B.技术水平 C.棉花的种植面积 D.棉花的价格 3.在某一时期内彩色电视机的需求曲线向左平移的原因可以是（）。 A.彩色电视机的价格上升 B.黑白电视机的价格上升 C.消费者对彩色电视机的预期价格下降 D.消费者的收入水平提高 4.某月内，X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升，分别引起X商品的需求变动量为50单位和80单位，则在它们共同作用下该月X商品需求数量（）。 A.增加30单位 B.减少30单位 C.增加130单位 D.减少130单位 5.如果一条线性的需求曲线与一条曲线型的需求曲线相切，则在切点处两条需求曲线的需求的价格弹性系数（）。
曼昆微观经济学习题.doc
1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following: a. a family deciding whether to buy a new car b. a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks c. a company president deciding whether to open a new factory d. a professor deciding how much to prepare for class e. a recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school 2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured in dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits to the costs? 3. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. What is the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain. 4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away for a year in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now? 5. The company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should you go ahead and do so? What is the most that you should pay to complete development? 6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced.
曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案
第三章 6．下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性： 一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量 A．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少答：没有贸易时，波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子，芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势哪个城市有比较优势 答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。 C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子 答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。 D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少 答：白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子，最低价格是1 双红袜子。红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。 7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。 A．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。 答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。
图3 一4 生产可能性边界 B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。哪一个国家将从贸易中获益解释原因。 答：中国将出口衬衣。对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。 因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。 衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。两个国家都会从贸易中获益。例如，衬衣的价格为1/8 台电脑，换言这，中国出口8 件衬衣换回1 台电脑。中国专门生产衬衣（100 件），并出口其中的8 件，这样就有92 件衬衣和换回的1 台电脑。而没有贸易时，92 件衬衣和1 台电脑在中国是不可能得到的产出。美国专门生产电脑（20 台）并向中国出口其中的1 台换取8 件衬衣。这样，美国最后就有19 台电脑和8 件衬衣，这也是没有贸易时美国不可 能得到的产出。由此可见，贸易使中国和美国所能消费的产品增加，两国都获益了。 C．解释两国可以交易的电脑价格（用衬衣衡量）是多少。 答：一台电脑的价格将在5 到10 件衬衣之间。如果电脑价格低于5 件衬衣，美国将不会出口，因为在美国一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。如果电脑的价格高于10 件衬衣，中国将不会进口，因为在中国一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣。 D．假设中国的生产率赶上了美国，因此，一个中国工人每年可以生产100件衬衣或20台电脑。你预期这时的贸易形式会是什么样的。中国生产率的这种进步将如何影响两国居民的经济福利 答：此时，中美双方将同时生产两种商品，然后进行贸易，不过此时的贸易被称为水平贸易，即生产率大致相同的两个国家进行的贸易。而中国在提高生产率之前，两国进行的是垂直贸易。垂直
曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案
问题与应用 1．描写下列每种情况所面临的权衡取舍： A．一个家庭决定是否买一辆新车。 答：如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如：外出旅行，购置新家具；如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。 B．国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。 答：对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。但同时，政府可用于交通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。 C．一个公司总裁决定是否新开一家工厂。 答：开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。这样，企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。 D．一个教授决定用多少时间备课。 答：教授若将大部分时间用于自己研究，可能会出更多成果，但备课时间减少影响学生授课质量。E．一个刚大学毕业的学生决定是否去读研究生。 答：毕业后参加工作，可即刻获取工资收入；但继续读研究生，能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。2．你正想决定是否去度假。度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量，但度假的收益是心理的。你将如何比较收益与成本呢?? 答：这种心理上的收益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。对于这个行动前就会作出的既定目标，我们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围。在这个可以承受的成本范围内，度假如果满足了既定目标，如：放松身心、恢复体力等等，那么，就可以说这次度假的收益至少不小于它的成本。3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实成本是什么？现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么？请解释之。 答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。 4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢? 答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。 5．你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元，但开发工作还远远没有完成。在最近的一次会议上，你的销售人员报告说，竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。如果完成这项开发还要花费100万美元，你还应该继续进行这项开发吗？为了完成这项开发，你的最高花费应该是多少?? 答：还应该继续这项开发。因为现在它的边际收益是300 万美元，而边际成本是100 万美元。为了完成这项开发我最多能再花300 万美元。只要边际收益大于边际成本，就有利可图。 6．魔力饮料公司的三位经理正在讨论是否要扩大产量。每位经理提出了做出这个决策的一种方法：哈利：我们应该考查一下我们公司的生产率——每个工人生产的加仑数——将上升还是下降。 罗恩：我们应该考查一下我们的平均成本——每个工人的成本——将上升还是下降。 赫敏：我们应该考查一下多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益，大于还是小于额外的成本。你认为谁对？答：我认为赫敏提出的决策方法正确。因为只有多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益大于它的额外成本时，多卖一加仑饮料才是有利可图的。理性人应该考虑边际量。 77．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。 A．提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时的储蓄激励? 答：社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入，以保证生活。因此，人们不用为不能工作时的生活费而发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。
微观经济学考试题答案(画图分析)
总效应与边际效应的关系 消费者均衡 生产曲线
TP L MP L AP L A I II III O L MP L AP L TP L C B 特点：先曾后减的倒U 型曲线 关系：（1）TPL 和APL ①MPL=dTPL/dL ，知MPL 在数值上等于曲线TPL 上对应点的斜率②若A 点前MPL 单调递增，A 点后MPL 单调递减，A 点对应MPL 的最高点③若C 为曲线的最高点，则C 点之前MPL>0，TPL 增加；C 点后MPL<0，TPL 减少；C 点处MPL=0，对应TPL 最高点（2）TPL 与APL ①APL=TPL/L ，知APL 在数值上等于TPL 上对应点与原点连线的斜率②若B 点为TPL 上与原点连线的斜率的最高点，则B 点前APL 增加；B 点后APL 减少，B 点对应着APL 最高点（3）APL 和MPL 当MPL>APL 时，APL 增加；当MPL 曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第1篇导言 第1章经济学十大原理 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．稀缺性（scarcity） 答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。 2．经济学（economics） 答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。 自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。 3．效率（efficiency） 答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。 4．平等（equity） 答：平等指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展 复习思考题 第1章 绪 论 1.简述微观经济学与宏观经济学的区别与联系。 2.经济模型应该准确地描述现实世界吗？ 3.实证分析与规范分析的区别是什么？ 4.市场与行业的区别是什么？ 第2章 供给和需求的基本原理 1.在下列各种情形下，啤酒的市场价格将如何变动？ （1）啤酒生产原料价格上涨； （2）消费者收入普遍提高； （3）啤酒业进行大规模的广告宣传； （4）凉夏。 2.假设一个封闭的岛国遭受了大海啸的袭击，造成大面积农田被毁坏，但所幸的是只有很少一部分居民死亡。请画图分析大海啸发生前后该国粮食市场均衡价格和数量的变化。 3.有人说，气候不好对农民不利，因为农业要歉收；但也有人说，气候不好对农民有利，因为农业歉收后谷物会涨价，农民因此而增收。试利用所学的经济学原理对这两种说法给予评价。 4.刘先生决定总是把他的收入的一个固定比例（1/a ）用于购买食品。请计算他对食品的需求价格弹性和需求收入弹性。 5.已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为P Q d 550-=，供给函数为P Q s 510+-=。 （1）求均衡价格e P 和均衡数量e Q ，并作出几何图形； （2）假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为P Q d 560-=. 求出相应的均衡价格e P 和均衡数量e Q ，并作出几何图形。 （3）假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，供给函数变为P Q s 55+-=.求出相应的均衡价格e P 和均衡数量e Q ，并作出几何图形。 6. 2006年3月1日，中国发改委等四部门联合发布通知，确定了2006年白小麦的最低收购价格为每50公斤72元。请画图分析这种最低收购价格措施如何影响市场结果。 第六章、第七章练习题 一、判断 1．某厂商产量达到5万时的MR=65元，MC=55元，（其它条件一定）该厂商应继续扩大产量. 2. 完全竞争厂商只能被动地接受既定的市场价格。 3. 完全竞争条件下，行业所面临的需求曲线是一条水平线。 4. 完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是短期边际成本曲线上等于和高于停止营业点的部分。 5. 完全竞争厂商的平均收益曲线和边际收益曲线与需求曲线是相同的。 6. 完全竞争厂商实现短期均衡时，定可获得大于零的经济利润。 7. 当一个完全竞争行业实现长期均衡时，每个企业都实现了正常利润，且经济利润都为零。 8. 在厂商短期均衡产量上，当AR＜SAC 且AR＞AVC时，厂商亏损，但应继续生产。 9. 在完全竞争市场上，SMC曲线和SAC 曲线的交点，被称为停止营业点。 10.垄断行业由于有规模经济可以比竞争行业产量更高，价格更低 11.完全竞争市场与垄断竞争市场的差别是后者可以影响产品的价格. 12.在完全竞争产品市场，厂商的短期反供给函数为P = SMC =f(Q)。 二、选择题 1、在完全竞争市场上，厂商短期均衡条件是（） A、P=AR B、P=MR C、P=MC D、P=AC 2、在垄断竞争中（） A、为数很少的厂商，有差异的产品 B、许多厂商，同质的产品； C、为数很少几个厂商，同质产品 D、许多厂商，有差异的产品 3、在一般情况下，厂商得到的价格若低于下述哪种成本，他将停止营业？（）A、平均可变成本 B、平均成本 C、平均不变成本 D、边际成本 4、在短期，完全垄断厂商（） A、无盈亏 B、取得最大利润 C、发生亏损 D、以上情况都可能出现 5、下列描述中，不属于完全垄断厂商实行差别定价的条件是（） A、市场存在不完全性 B、各个市场的需求弹性不同； C、市场未达到均衡状态 D、市场必须能有效地分离开来。 6、寡头垄断厂商的产品是（） A、同质的 B、有差异的 C、既可以是同质的，也可以是有差异的 D、以上都不对 7、P=MC的最大利润原则（） A．适用于任何条件下的厂商。 B、仅适用于完全竞争条件下的厂商。C．仅适用于非完全竞争的厂商。 D．所有的市场结构都不能适用。 8、在完全竞争市场上（） A、产品不同质 B、要素不能自由流动 C、信息不畅通 D、价格既定 9、在完全竞争市场的收支相抵点上（） A、P=SAC B、 P=LAC C、P=AVC D、MR=AVC 10、如果某厂商的平均收益曲线从水平线变为向右下方倾斜的曲线，说明（）。A、既有厂商进入也有厂商退出该行业 B、完全竞争被不完全竞争所取代 C、新的厂商进入了该行业 D、原有的厂商退出了该行业11、对一个垄断竞争企业来说，平均收益曲线（）。 A、和企业的需求曲线一样，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。 B、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。 C、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线与企业的需求曲线相同。 D、和边际收益曲线一样都与企业的需求曲线相同。 计算题： 1、 已知某厂商的生产函数为：Q=L 3/8K 5/8 ，又设P L =3，P K =5。 ⑴、 求产量Q=10时的最低成本支出和使用的L 与K 的数量。（5分） ⑵、 求产量Q=25时的最低成本支出和使用的L 与K 的数量。（5分） 求总成本为160时，厂商均衡的Q 、K 、L 的值。（5分） 2、 已知生产函数为：Q=L 0.5K 0.5 ，试证明： ⑴、 该生产过程是规模报酬不变。（7分）⑵它受边际报酬递减规律的支配。 3、甲、乙两公司的产品的需求曲线分别为Q 1=200-0.2P 1，Q 2=400-0.25P 2，这两家公司现在的销售量分别为100 和250。 （1）求甲、乙两公司当前的价格弹性？ （2）假定乙公司降价后，使乙公司的销售量增加到300，同时又导致甲公司的销售量下降到75，问甲公司产品的交叉弹性是多少？ 4、垄断厂商的成本函数为TC=Q 2+2Q ，产品的需求函数为P=10-3Q ，求： （1）利润极大的销售价格、产量和利润； （2）若政府试图对该垄断厂商采取限价措施，迫使其按边际成本定价，求此时的价格和厂商的产量、利润； （3）求解收支相抵的价格和产量。 5. 假设某完全竞争厂商使用劳动和资本两种生产要素进行生产，在短期内，劳动的数量可变，资本的数量固定。厂商的成本曲线为3 22()161803 LTC Q Q Q Q =-+和 32()224120400STC Q Q Q Q =-++，试计算： （1）厂商预期的长期最低价格是多少？ （2）如果要素价格不变，在短期内，厂商会维持经营的最低产品价格是多少？ （3）如果产品价格是120元，那么在达到短期均衡时，厂商将生产多少产品？获得的利润是多少？ 6. . 已知某消费者的效用函数U ＝XY ，他打算购买X 和Y 两种商品，当其每月收入为120元，Px=2元，Py=3元时，试问： （1）为获得最大的效用，该消费者应如何选择商品X 和Y 的消费数量？ （2）假设商品X 的价格提高44％，商品Y 的价格保持不变，该消费者必须增加多少收入才能保持原有的效用水平？ 7.已知某一时期内商品的需求函数为Q d =50-5P ，供给函数为Q s =-10+5P 。 (1)求均衡价格P e 和均衡数量Q e ，并作出几何图形。 (2)假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d=60-5P 。求出相应的均衡价格P e 和均衡量Q e ，并作出几何图形。 (3)假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s =-5+5P 。求出相应的均衡价格P e 和均衡量Q e ，并作出几何图形。 8.假定表2—5是需求函数Q d =500-100P 在一定价格范围内的需求表： (2)根据给出的需求函数，求P=2元时的需求的价格点弹性。 9假定表2—6是供给函数Qs=-3+2P 在一定价格范围内的供给表： (1)求出价格3元和5元之间的供给的价格弧弹性。 Chapter 5 Elasticity and Its Application TRUE/FALSE 1. Elasticity measures how responsive quantity is to changes in price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 2. Measures of elasticity enhance our ability to study the magnitudes of changes. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 3. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 4. In general, demand curves for necessities tend to be price elastic. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 5. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 6. Necessities tend to have inelastic demands, whereas luxuries have elastic demands. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 7. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 8. The demand for Rice Krispies is more elastic than the demand for cereal in general. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 9. The demand for soap is more elastic than the demand for Dove soap. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 10. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 11. Even the demand for a necessity such as gasoline will respond to a change in price, especially over a longer time horizon. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 12. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 13. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in price divided by the percentage change in quantity demanded. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 288 第一页 1.完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，成本用美元计算，假设产品价格为66美元。 （1）求利润极大时的产量及利润总额 （2）由于竞争市场供求发生变化，由此决定的新的价格为30元，在新的价格下，厂商是否会发生亏损？如果会，最小的亏损额为多少？ （3）该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业（停止生产）？ 解：（1）由STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，则MC=3Q2-12Q+30 当完全竞争厂商实现均衡时，均衡的条件为MC=MR=P，当P=66元时，有 66=3Q2-12Q+30 解得Q=6或Q=2（舍去）当Q=6时，厂商的最利润为 =TR-TC=PQ-（Q3-6Q2+30Q+40）=66×6-（63-6×62+30×6+40）=176元 1、已知某企业的平均可变成本为A VC＝X2－30X+310,X为产量。当市场价格为310时，该企业的利润为0，求该企业的固定成本。 pi=TR-TC=(P-AC)Q, P=310,pi=0得AC=310 AFC=AC-A VC=310-（X^2-30X+310）=-X^2+30X TFC=-X^3+30X^2 因为MC=d(TVC)/dx =d(X^3-30X^2+310X)/dx =3X^2-60X+310 又P=MC=AC得X=20 所以TFC=-X^3+30x^2=4000 4、假设完全竞争市场的需求函数和供给函数分别为Qd=50000－2000P； Qs=40000＋3000P。 求： （1）市场均衡价格和均衡产量； （2）厂商的需求函数？ 市场均衡时Qd=Qs，即 50000－2000P=40000＋3000P 市场的均衡价格P=2 均衡产量QD=Qs=46000。 完全竞争市场中，厂商的需求曲线是由市场的均衡价格决定，故厂商的需求函数为P=2。 4、设生产成本函数为：C（Q）＝50＋Q2，反需求函数为：P（Q）＝40－Q，求：利润最大化时厂商的产量、价格及利润。 分析：利润最大化时MR=MC 因为P（Q）=40-Q 得出TR=40Q-Q2 MR=40-2Q 习题一 1.简释下列概念： 稀缺：指相对于人的无穷无尽的欲望而言，“经济物品”以及生产这些物品的资源总是不充分的或者说不足的。 自由物品：指人类无需通过努力就能自由取用的物品，如阳光、空气等，其数量是无限的。 经济物品：指人类必须付出代价方可得到的物品，即必须借助生产资源通过人类加工出来的物品。 生产可能性边界：指在既定的经济资源和生产技术条件下所能达到的各种产品最大产量的组合的轨迹，又叫生产可能性曲线。 自给经济：一种经济体制，其特点是每个家庭生产他们消费的大部分物品，扩大一点说，是每个村落生产他们消费的大部分物品，只有极少数消费品是与外界交换来的。 在这种体制下，资源配置和利用由居民的直接消费所决定，经济效率低下。 计划经济：一种经济体制，其基本特征是生产资料归政府所有，经济的管理实际上像一个单一的大公司。在这种体制下，资源配置和利用由计划来解决。 市场经济：一种经济体制，其基本特征是产权明晰，经济决策高度分散。这种经济为一只“看不见的手”所指引，资源配置和利用由自由竞争的市场中的价格机制来解决。 混合经济：一种经济体制，其基本特征是生产资料的私人所有和国家所有相结合，自由竞争和国家干预相结合，因此也是垄断和竞争相混合的制度。在这种体制下，凭借市场制度来解决资源配置问题，依靠国家干预来解决资源利用问题。 微观经济学：西方经济学的两大组成部分之一，它以单个经济单位（居民户、厂商以及单个产品市场）为考察对象，研究单个经济单位的经济行为，以及相应的经济变量的单项数值如何决定。 宏观经济学：西方经济学的两大组成部分之一，以整个国民经济活动作为考察对象，研究社会总体经济问题以及相应的经济变量的总量是如何决定的及其相互关系。总体经济问题包括经济波动、经济增长、就业、通货膨胀、国家财政、进出口贸易和国际收支等。 实证经济学：在解释经济运行时从客观事实出发，力求说明和回答经济现象“是什么”和“为什么”，并借以预测人们经济行为的后果，而不对事物作好坏、善恶的评价。 规范经济学：以一定的价值判断为出发点，提出行为标准，作出“应当”与“不应当”的评价，阐述怎样才能符合这样的标准。 内生变量：是指由经济模型内部结构决定的变量。 外生变量：指不是由经济模型中的变量决定的，而是由外部因素（如政治，自然）决定的变量。 存量：是一定时点上存在的变量的数值。 流量：是一定时期内发生的变量变动的数值。 局部均衡：是假定在其他条件不变的情况下来分析某一时间、某一市场的某种商品（或生产要素）的供给与需求达到均衡时的价格决定。 一般均衡：在分析某种商品价格决定时，是在各种商品和生产要素的供给、需求、价格相互影响的条件下来分析所有商品和生产要素的供给和需求同时达到均衡时所有商品的价格如何被决定。 2.你认为研究人们的消费问题是属于微观经济学还是宏观经济学的对象？ 答：微观经济学和宏观经济学不是仅从概念上就可简单加以区分的。消费这个概念和问题，微观经济学和宏观经济学中都有，但含义和研究的角度不一样。在微观经济学中，研究消费主要是研究消费者行为（选择），即根据预算约束，消费者如何按自己的偏好选购消费品以实现效用极大化；而在宏观经济学中，研究消费主要是研究社会的总消费支出水平如何决定，及如何影响总需求水平等。 3.经济物品是指（D）。 Ａ．有用的物品；Ｂ．稀缺的物品；Ｃ．要用钱购买的物品；Ｄ．有用且稀缺的物品。 4.一国生产可能性曲线以内的一点表示（B）。 曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题 ————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期: ? 第一页 １.完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为STC＝Q3-６Q2+３０Ｑ＋40,成本用美元计算，假设产品价格为６６美元。 (1)求利润极大时的产量及利润总额 （2)由于竞争市场供求发生变化，由此决定的新的价格为３０元，在新的价格下,厂商是否会发生亏损？如果会，最小的亏损额为多少? (3)该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业（停止生产）？ 解：(1）由STC=Q3-6Ｑ2+３0Q＋40，则ＭC=３Q2-1２Ｑ+30 当完全竞争厂商实现均衡时，均衡的条件为ＭC=ＭR=P，当P＝６６元时,有 66=3Q2-12Q+3０解得Q=6或Q=２（舍去) 当Q＝6时，厂商的最利润为 =TR-TC=PQ-(Q３-6Ｑ2+３0Ｑ+40)=6６×6-(6３-６×６2+３０×6＋４0）=176元 1、已知某企业的平均可变成本为A VC＝Ｘ2-30X＋3１0,Ｘ为产量。当市场价格为310时,该企业的利润为０，求该企业的固定成本。 ｐi=ＴR-TＣ=(Ｐ-AC)Q, P=310，pｉ=0得AC=310 AFC=ＡC-ＡVC=310-(X^2－3０X+310)=－X＾2+30Ｘ TFＣ=-Ｘ＾3+3０X^２ 因为ＭC=d(TVC)/dx =d(X＾3-30X＾2+31０Ｘ）/dｘ =３Ｘ^2-６0X+3１0 又P=ＭC=AC得X=20 所以TFC=－X^3＋３０ｘ^２＝4000 4、假设完全竞争市场的需求函数和供给函数分别为Qd=５0000-2000P; Qｓ＝4０000＋3000Ｐ。?求： （1）市场均衡价格和均衡产量； （２)厂商的需求函数？?市场均衡时Ｑd＝Qｓ，即 500０0-20０0Ｐ=40０0０＋３0００P 市场的均衡价格P=2 均衡产量ＱD＝Qs＝46000。 完全竞争市场中，厂商的需求曲线是由市场的均衡价格决定,故厂商的需求函数为P=２。 4、设生产成本函数为：C(Q)＝50+Q2,反需求函数为:P(Ｑ)＝40-Q，求：利润最大化时厂商的产量、价格及利润。 分析:利润最大化时ＭR=ＭＣ 因为P（Q)＝40－Ｑ得出TＲ=40Q-Q2 ＭR=40-２Ｑ C(Q)=50＋Ｑ2 得出MC＝2Ｑ MR=MＣ得Q=10，P＝30； 第十章外部性 复习题 1．举出一个负外部性的例子和一个正外部性的例子。 答：负外部性的例子：化工厂排放的化学废气，污染了环境，但它却不必承担污染的全部成本。正外部性的例子：在临街的自家院子里种花，既美化了自己家的环境，又使邻居和路人可以欣赏到美丽的花，具有正外部性。 2．用供求图解释企业生产过程中发生的负外部性的影响。 图10－1 存在负外部性的供求图 答：生产中的外部性使该物品的社会成本大于私人成本，生产该物品的社会最适量小于其均衡数量，即市场量。 3．专利制用什么方法帮助社会解决了一个外部性问题? 答：专利制利用法律法规的形式规定专利发明者可以在一定时期排他性的使用自己的发明的权利，激励发明者更多地进行新技术研究，科技发明的正外部性内在化。 4．什么是矫正税？为什么就保护环境免受污染的方法而言，经济学家对矫正税的偏好大于管制？ 用于纠正负外部性影响的税收被称为矫正税。这种税也被称为庇古税。作为解决污染的方法，经济学家对矫正税的偏爱通常大于管制，因为税收可以以较低的社会成本减少污染。首先是因为税收减少污染更有效率。矫正税实际上规定了污染权的价格，并把污染权分配给那些减少污染成本最高的工厂。无论环境保护机构选择的污染水平是多少，它都可以通过税收以最低的总成本达到这个目标。其次，矫正税对环境更有利。在管制政策下，企业被动地减少污染，一旦达到了管制的要求，它就没有理由再减少排污。税收激励工厂主动减少污染，以尽 力减少不得不为此支付的税收量。 5．列出不用政府干预时也可以解决外部性引起的问题的一些方法。 答：私人解决外部性所引起的问题的方法有：(1)用道德规范和社会约束来解决；(2)慈善行为；(3)通过依靠有关各方的私利来解决外部性问题；(4)利益各方签订合约。 6．设想你与一个吸烟者同住一间房，但你不吸烟。根据科斯定理，什么因素决定了你的室友是否在房间里吸烟?这个结果有效率吗?你和你室友如何达成这种解决方法? 答：根据科斯定理，如果我被迫吸烟所承受的成本大于我的室友吸烟所获得的收益，我的室友就不应该在房间里吸烟。如果我的成本小于室友的收益，她就可以在房间里吸烟。只要交易成本不阻止协议的达成，结果就是有效的。我和室友协商达成解决办法：我们中的一个补偿另一个吸烟或者不吸烟的损失。如我给室友买一些糖果以缓解她不能吸烟的痛苦，来与她达成协议——她以后不在房间里吸烟。 问题与应用 1．有两种方法保护你的汽车不被偷窃：防盗杠杆使偷汽车者难以偷走你的汽车；报警器使得在你的车被偷以后，警察可以轻而易举地抓得小偷。以上哪一种类型的保护会给其他车主带来负外部性？哪一种带来正外部性？你认为你的分析有什么政策含义吗？ 答：（1）防盗杠杆的保护给其他车主带来负外部性，因为防盗杠杆的使用使偷汽车者难以偷走我的汽车，但偷车者会把注意力转向其他汽车，多偷那些没有安装防盗杠杆的汽车。（2）报警器给其他车主带来正外部性，因为偷汽车者并不知道哪些汽车装了报警器，为避免被抓，他们会减少偷任何一辆车的概率。 （3）这一分析的政策含义是政府应该对使用防盗杠杆的汽车所有者征税，对装报警器的汽车所有者给予补贴。 2．你同意下列说法吗?为什么同意或不同意? A．“必须根据矫正税引起的无谓损失来评价庇古税作为减少污染方法的收益。” 答：不同意。矫正税与其他大多数税不同，它是存在负外部性时的正确激励，从而使资源配置接近于社会最优。矫正税既增加了政府收入，又增加了社会福利。 B．“当决定是否向消费者或者生产者征收矫正税时，政府应该把税加载引起外部性的市场一方身上。” 答：不同意。无论向谁征税，税收的影响是相同的。因此无论外部性是由消费者还是生产者造成的，向消费者或者生产者征税会导致同样的数量下降以及消费者支付和生产者收入的价曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第1章 经济学十大原理)
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