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2019年甘肃天水中考数学试卷及详细答案解析(word版)

2019年甘肃天水中考数学试卷及详细答案解析(word版)
2019年甘肃天水中考数学试卷及详细答案解析(word版)

2019年甘肃天水中考数学试卷

一、选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题4分,共40分,每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是正确的,请把正确的选项选出来)

1.(4分)已知|a|=1,b是2的相反数,则a+b的值为()

A.﹣3B.﹣1C.﹣1或﹣3D.1或﹣3

2.(4分)自然界中的数学不胜枚举,如蜜蜂建造的蜂房既坚固又省料,其厚度为0.000073米,将0.000073用科学记数法表示为()

A.73×10﹣6B.0.73×10﹣4C.7.3×10﹣4D.7.3×10﹣5 3.(4分)如图所示,圆锥的主视图是()

A.B.

C.D.

4.(4分)一把直尺和一块三角板ABC(含30°、60°角)如图所示摆放,直尺一边与三角板的两直角边分别交于点D和点E,另一边与三角板的两直角边分别交于点F和点A,且∠CED=50°,那么∠BF A的大小为()

A.145°B.140°C.135°D.130°

5.(4分)下列运算正确的是()

A.(ab)2=a2b2B.a2+a2=a4C.(a2)3=a5D.a2?a3=a6

6.(4分)已知a +b =1

2

,则代数式2a +2b ﹣3的值是( ) A .2

B .﹣2

C .﹣4

D .﹣31

2

7.(4分)如图,正方形ABCD 内的图形来自中国古代的太极图,现随机向正方形内掷一枚小针,则针尖落在黑色区域内的概率为( )

A .1

4

B .1

2

C .π

8

D .π

4

8.(4分)如图,等边△OAB 的边长为2,则点B 的坐标为( )

A .(1,1)

B .(1,√3)

C .(√3,1)

D .(√3,√3)

9.(4分)如图,四边形ABCD 是菱形,⊙O 经过点A 、C 、D ,与BC 相交于点E ,连接AC 、AE .若∠D =80°,则∠EAC 的度数为( )

A .20°

B .25°

C .30°

D .35°

10.(4分)已知点P 为某个封闭图形边界上一定点,动点M 从点P 出发,沿其边界顺时针匀速运动一周,设点M 的运动时间为x ,线段PM 的长度为y ,表示y 与x 的函数图象大致如图所示,则该封闭图形可能是( )

A.B.C.D.

二、填空题(本大题共8小题,每小题4分,共32分。只要求填写最后结果)11.(4分)函数y=√x?2中,自变量x的取值范围是.

12.(4分)分式方程1

x?1?

2

x

=0的解是.

13.(4分)一组数据2.2,3.3,4.4,11.1,a.其中整数a是这组数据中的中位数,则这组数据的平均数是.

14.(4分)中国“一带一路”给沿线国家和地区带来很大的经济效益,沿线某地区居民2016年人均年收入20000元,到2018年人均年收入达到39200元.则该地区居民年人均收入平均增长率为.(用百分数表示)

15.(4分)二次函数y=ax2+bx+c的图象如图所示,若M=4a+2b,N=a﹣b.则M、N的大小关系为M N.(填“>”、“=”或“<”)

16.(4分)如图,在平面直角坐标系中,已知⊙D经过原点O,与x轴、y轴分别交于A、B两点,B点坐标为(0,2√3),OC与⊙D交于点C,∠OCA=30°,则圆中阴影部分的面积为.(结果保留根号和π)

17.(4分)如图,在矩形ABCD中,AB=3,AD=5,点E在DC上,将矩形ABCD沿AE 折叠,点D恰好落在BC边上的点F处,那么sin∠EFC的值为.

18.(4分)观察下列图中所示的一系列图形,它们是按一定规律排列的,依照此规律,第2019个图形中共有个〇.

三、解答题(本大题共3小题,共28分,解答时写出必要的文字说明及演算过程)19.(10分)(1)计算:(﹣2)3+√16?2sin30°+(2019﹣π)0+|√3?4|

(2)先化简,再求值:(x

x2+x ?1)÷x

2?1

x2+2x+1

,其中x的值从不等式组{

?x≤1

2x?1<5的整

数解中选取.

20.(8分)天水市某中学为了解学校艺术社团活动的开展情况,在全校范围内随机抽取了部分学生,在“舞蹈、乐器、声乐、戏曲、其它活动”项目中,围绕你最喜欢哪一项活动(每人只限一项)进行了问卷调查,并将调查结果绘制成如下两幅不完整的统计图.请你根据统计图解答下列问题:

(1)在这次调查中,一共抽查了名学生.

(2)请你补全条形统计图.

(3)扇形统计图中喜欢“乐器”部分扇形的圆心角为度.

(4)请根据样本数据,估计该校1200名学生中喜欢“舞蹈”项目的共多少名学生?

21.(10分)如图,一次函数y=kx+b与反比例函数y=4

x的图象交于A(m,4)、B(2,n)

两点,与坐标轴分别交于M、N两点.(1)求一次函数的解析式;

(2)根据图象直接写出kx+b?4

x>0中x的取值范围;

(3)求△AOB的面积.

四、解答题(本大题共50分解答时写出必要的演算步骤及推理过程)

22.(7分)某地的一座人行天桥如图所示,天桥高为6米,坡面BC的坡度为1:1,文化墙PM在天桥底部正前方8米处(PB的长),为了方便行人推车过天桥,有关部门决定降低坡度,使新坡面的坡度为1:√3.(参考数据:√2≈1.414,√3≈1.732)

(1)若新坡面坡角为α,求坡角α度数;

(2)有关部门规定,文化墙距天桥底部小于3米时应拆除,天桥改造后,该文化墙PM 是否需要拆除?请说明理由.

23.(10分)天水某景区商店销售一种纪念品,这种商品的成本价10元/件,已知销售价不

低于成本价,且物价部门规定这种商品的销售价不高于16元/件,市场调查发现,该商品每天的销售量y(件)与销售价x(元/件)之间的函数关系如图所示.

(1)求y与x之间的函数关系式,并写出自变量x的取值范围;

(2)求每天的销售利润W(元)与销售价x(元/件)之间的函数关系式,并求出每件销售价为多少元时,每天的销售利润最大?最大利润是多少?

24.(10分)如图,AB、AC分别是⊙O的直径和弦,OD⊥AC于点D.过点A作⊙O的切线与

OD的延长线交于点P,PC、AB的延长线交于点F.

(1)求证:PC是⊙O的切线;

(2)若∠ABC=60°,AB=10,求线段CF的长.

25.(10分)如图1,对角线互相垂直的四边形叫做垂美四边形.

(1)概念理解:如图2,在四边形ABCD中,AB=AD,CB=CD,问四边形ABCD是垂美四边形吗?请说明理由;

(2)性质探究:如图1,四边形ABCD的对角线AC、BD交于点O,AC⊥BD.试证明:AB2+CD2=AD2+BC2;

(3)解决问题:如图3,分别以Rt△ACB的直角边AC和斜边AB为边向外作正方形ACFG 和正方形ABDE,连结CE、BG、GE.已知AC=4,AB=5,求GE的长.

26.(13分)如图,已知抛物线y=ax2+bx+c经过点A(﹣3,0)、B(9,0)和C(0,4),CD垂直于y轴,交抛物线于点D,DE垂直于x轴,垂足为E,直线l是该抛物线的对称轴,点F是抛物线的顶点.

(1)求出该二次函数的表达式及点D的坐标;

(2)若Rt△AOC沿x轴向右平移,使其直角边OC与对称轴l重合,再沿对称轴l向上平移到点C与点F重合,得到Rt△A1O1F,求此时Rt△A1O1F与矩形OCDE重叠部分图形的面积;

(3)若Rt△AOC沿x轴向右平移t个单位长度(0<t≤6)得到Rt△A2O2C2,Rt△A2O2C2与Rt△OED重叠部分图形的面积记为S,求S与t之间的函数表达式,并写出自变量t 的取值范围.

2019年甘肃省天水市中考数学试卷

答案解析

一、选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题4分,共40分,每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是正确的,请把正确的选项选出来)

1.(4分)已知|a|=1,b是2的相反数,则a+b的值为()

A.﹣3B.﹣1C.﹣1或﹣3D.1或﹣3

【解答】解:∵|a|=1,b是2的相反数,

∴a=1或a=﹣1,b=﹣2,

当a=1时,a+b=1﹣2=﹣1;

当a=﹣1时,a+b=﹣1﹣2=﹣3;

综上,a+b的值为﹣1或﹣3,

故选:C.

2.(4分)自然界中的数学不胜枚举,如蜜蜂建造的蜂房既坚固又省料,其厚度为0.000073米,将0.000073用科学记数法表示为()

A.73×10﹣6B.0.73×10﹣4C.7.3×10﹣4D.7.3×10﹣5

【解答】解:0.000073用科学记数法表示为7.3×10﹣5,

故选:D.

3.(4分)如图所示,圆锥的主视图是()

A.B.

C.D.

【解答】解:圆锥的主视图是等腰三角形,如图所示:

故选:A .

4.(4分)一把直尺和一块三角板ABC (含30°、60°角)如图所示摆放,直尺一边与三角板的两直角边分别交于点D 和点E ,另一边与三角板的两直角边分别交于点F 和点A ,且∠CED =50°,那么∠BF A 的大小为( )

A .145°

B .140°

C .135°

D .130°

【解答】解:∠FDE =∠C +∠CED =90°+50°=140°, ∵DE ∥AF ,

∴∠BF A =∠FDE =140°. 故选:B .

5.(4分)下列运算正确的是( ) A .(ab )2=a 2b 2 B .a 2+a 2=a 4 C .(a 2)3=a 5 D .a 2?a 3=a 6

【解答】解:

A 选项,积的乘方:(ab )2=a 2b 2,正确

B 选项,合并同类项:a 2+a 2=2a 2,错误

C 选项,幂的乘方:(a 2)3=a 6,错误

D 选项,同底数幂相乘:a 2?a 3=a 5,错误 故选:A .

6.(4分)已知a +b =1

2,则代数式2a +2b ﹣3的值是( ) A .2 B .﹣2 C .﹣4 D .﹣31

2

【解答】解:

∵2a +2b ﹣3=2(a +b )﹣3, ∴将a +b =12代入得:2×1

2?3=﹣2

故选:B .

7.(4分)如图,正方形ABCD 内的图形来自中国古代的太极图,现随机向正方形内掷一枚小针,则针尖落在黑色区域内的概率为( )

A .1

4

B .1

2

C .π

8

D .π

4

【解答】解:设正方形ABCD 的边长为2a , 针尖落在黑色区域内的概率=12×π×a 2

4a 2

=π8

故选:C .

8.(4分)如图,等边△OAB 的边长为2,则点B 的坐标为( )

A .(1,1)

B .(1,√3)

C .(√3,1)

D .(√3,√3)

【解答】解:过点B 作BH ⊥AO 于H 点,∵△OAB 是等边三角形,

∴OH =1,BH =√3. ∴点B 的坐标为(1,√3). 故选:B .

9.(4分)如图,四边形ABCD 是菱形,⊙O 经过点A 、C 、D ,与BC 相交于点E ,连接AC 、AE .若∠D =80°,则∠EAC 的度数为( )

A.20°B.25°C.30°D.35°【解答】解:∵四边形ABCD是菱形,∠D=80°,

∴∠ACB=1

2∠DCB=

1

2(180°﹣∠D)=50°,

∵四边形AECD是圆内接四边形,

∴∠AEB=∠D=80°,

∴∠EAC=∠AEB﹣∠ACE=30°,

故选:C.

10.(4分)已知点P为某个封闭图形边界上一定点,动点M从点P出发,沿其边界顺时针匀速运动一周,设点M的运动时间为x,线段PM的长度为y,表示y与x的函数图象大致如图所示,则该封闭图形可能是()

A.B.C.D.

【解答】解:y与x的函数图象分三个部分,而B选项和C选项中的封闭图形都有4条线段,其图象要分四个部分,所以B、C选项不正确;

A选项中的封闭图形为圆,开始y随x的增大而增大,然后y随x的减小而减小,所以A 选项不正确;

D选项为三角形,M点在三边上运动对应三段图象,且M点在P点的对边上运动时,PM 的长有最小值.

故选:D.

二、填空题(本大题共8小题,每小题4分,共32分。只要求填写最后结果)

11.(4分)函数y=√x?2中,自变量x的取值范围是x≥2.

【解答】解:依题意,得x ﹣2≥0, 解得:x ≥2, 故答案为:x ≥2. 12.(4分)分式方程1x?1

?

2x

=0的解是 x =2 .

【解答】解: 原式通分得:

x?2(x?1)x(x?1)

=0

去分母得:x ﹣2(x ﹣1)=0 去括号解得,x =2

经检验,x =2为原分式方程的解 故答案为x =2

13.(4分)一组数据2.2,3.3,4.4,11.1,a .其中整数a 是这组数据中的中位数,则这组数据的平均数是 5 .

【解答】解:∵整数a 是这组数据中的中位数, ∴a =4,

∴这组数据的平均数=1

5

(2.2+3.3+4.4+4+11.1)=5. 故答案为5.

14.(4分)中国“一带一路”给沿线国家和地区带来很大的经济效益,沿线某地区居民2016年人均年收入20000元,到2018年人均年收入达到39200元.则该地区居民年人均收入平均增长率为 40% .(用百分数表示)

【解答】解:设该地区居民年人均收入平均增长率为x , 20000(1+x )2=39200,

解得,x 1=0.4,x 2=﹣2.4(舍去),

∴该地区居民年人均收入平均增长率为40%, 故答案为:40%.

15.(4分)二次函数y =ax 2+bx +c 的图象如图所示,若M =4a +2b ,N =a ﹣b .则M 、N 的大小关系为M < N .(填“>”、“=”或“<”)

【解答】解:当x=﹣1时,y=a﹣b+c>0,

当x=2时,y=4a+2b+c<0,

M﹣N=4a+2b﹣(a﹣b)

=4a+2b+c﹣(a﹣b+c)<0,

即M<N,

故答案为:<

16.(4分)如图,在平面直角坐标系中,已知⊙D经过原点O,与x轴、y轴分别交于A、B两点,B点坐标为(0,2√3),OC与⊙D交于点C,∠OCA=30°,则圆中阴影部分的面积为2π﹣2√3.(结果保留根号和π)

【解答】解:连接AB,

∵∠AOB=90°,

∴AB是直径,

根据同弧对的圆周角相等得∠OBA=∠C=30°,

∵OB=2√3,

∴OA=OB tan∠ABO=OB tan30°=2√3×√3

3

=2,AB=AO÷sin30°=4,即圆的半径为

2,

∴S阴影=S半圆﹣S△ABO=π×22

2

?12×2×2√3=2π﹣2√3.

故答案为:2π﹣2√3.

17.(4分)如图,在矩形ABCD 中,AB =3,AD =5,点E 在DC 上,将矩形ABCD 沿AE 折叠,点D 恰好落在BC 边上的点F 处,那么sin ∠EFC 的值为

45

【解答】解:∵四边形ABCD 为矩形, ∴AD =BC =5,AB =CD =3,

∵矩形ABCD 沿直线AE 折叠,顶点D 恰好落在BC 边上的F 处, ∴AF =AD =5,EF =DE ,

在Rt △ABF 中,∵BF =√AF 2?AB 2=4, ∴CF =BC ﹣BF =5﹣4=1, 设CE =x ,则DE =EF =3﹣x 在Rt △ECF 中,∵CE 2+FC 2=EF 2, ∴x 2+12=(3﹣x )2,解得x =4

3, ∴EF =3﹣x =5

3

, ∴sin ∠EFC =CE

EF =45. 故答案为:45.

18.(4分)观察下列图中所示的一系列图形,它们是按一定规律排列的,依照此规律,第2019个图形中共有 6058 个〇.

【解答】解:由图可得,

第1个图象中〇的个数为:1+3×1=4, 第2个图象中〇的个数为:1+3×2=7, 第3个图象中〇的个数为:1+3×3=10, 第4个图象中〇的个数为:1+3×4=13, ……

∴第2019个图形中共有:1+3×2019=1+6057=6058个〇, 故答案为:6058.

三、解答题(本大题共3小题,共28分,解答时写出必要的文字说明及演算过程) 19.(10分)(1)计算:(﹣2)3+√16?2sin30°+(2019﹣π)0+|√3?4| (2)先化简,再求值:(x

x 2+x

?1)÷

x 2?1

x 2+2x+1

,其中x 的值从不等式组{?x ≤12x ?1<5的整

数解中选取.

【解答】解:(1)原式=﹣8+4﹣2×1

2+1+4?√3 =﹣8+4﹣1+1+4?√3 =?√3;

(2)原式=x?x 2?x x(x+1)?x+1

x?1

=?x

x+1?x+1x?1

=x

1?x ,

解不等式组{?x ≤1

2x ?1<5得﹣1≤x <3,

则不等式组的整数解为﹣1、0、1、2, ∵x ≠±1,x ≠0, ∴x =2,

则原式=

2

1?2

=?2.

20.(8分)天水市某中学为了解学校艺术社团活动的开展情况,在全校范围内随机抽取了部分学生,在“舞蹈、乐器、声乐、戏曲、其它活动”项目中,围绕你最喜欢哪一项活动(每人只限一项)进行了问卷调查,并将调查结果绘制成如下两幅不完整的统计图.请你根据统计图解答下列问题:

(1)在这次调查中,一共抽查了50名学生.

(2)请你补全条形统计图.

(3)扇形统计图中喜欢“乐器”部分扇形的圆心角为115.2度.

(4)请根据样本数据,估计该校1200名学生中喜欢“舞蹈”项目的共多少名学生?

【解答】解:(1)8÷16%=50,

所以在这次调查中,一共抽查了50名学生;

(2)喜欢戏曲的人数为50﹣8﹣10﹣12﹣16=4(人),

条形统计图为:

(3)扇形统计图中喜欢“乐器”部分扇形的圆心角的度数为360°×16

50

=115.2°;

故答案为50;115.2;

(4)1200×

12

50

=288, 所以估计该校1200名学生中喜欢“舞蹈”项目的共288名学生.

21.(10分)如图,一次函数y =kx +b 与反比例函数y =4x

的图象交于A (m ,4)、B (2,n )两点,与坐标轴分别交于M 、N 两点. (1)求一次函数的解析式;

(2)根据图象直接写出kx +b ?4

x

>0中x 的取值范围; (3)求△AOB 的面积.

【解答】解:(1)∵点A 在反比例函数y =4

x 上, ∴

4m

=4,解得m =1,

∴点A 的坐标为(1,4), 又∵点B 也在反比例函数y =4

x 上, ∴4

2=n ,解得n =2,

∴点B 的坐标为(2,2), 又∵点A 、B 在y =kx +b 的图象上, ∴{k +b =42k +b =2,解得{k =?2b =6, ∴一次函数的解析式为y =﹣2x +6.

(2)根据图象得:kx +b ?4

x

>0时,x 的取值范围为x <0或1<x <2; (3)∵直线y =﹣2x +6与x 轴的交点为N , ∴点N 的坐标为(3,0),

S △AOB =S △AON ﹣S △BON =1

2×3×4?1

2×3×2=3.

四、解答题(本大题共50分解答时写出必要的演算步骤及推理过程)

22.(7分)某地的一座人行天桥如图所示,天桥高为6米,坡面BC的坡度为1:1,文化墙PM在天桥底部正前方8米处(PB的长),为了方便行人推车过天桥,有关部门决定降低坡度,使新坡面的坡度为1:√3.(参考数据:√2≈1.414,√3≈1.732)

(1)若新坡面坡角为α,求坡角α度数;

(2)有关部门规定,文化墙距天桥底部小于3米时应拆除,天桥改造后,该文化墙PM 是否需要拆除?请说明理由.

【解答】解:(1)∵新坡面坡角为α,新坡面的坡度为1:√3,

∴tanα=

3

=√33,

∴α=30°;

(2)该文化墙PM不需要拆除,

理由:作CD⊥AB于点D,则CD=6米,

∵新坡面的坡度为1:√3,

∴tan∠CAD=CD

AD

=6AD=1

√3

解得,AD=6√3米,

∵坡面BC的坡度为1:1,CD=6米,

∴BD=6米,

∴AB=AD﹣BD=(6√3?6)米,

又∵PB=8米,

∴P A=PB﹣AB=8﹣(6√3?6)=14﹣6√3≈14﹣6×1.732≈3.6米>3米,

∴该文化墙PM不需要拆除.

23.(10分)天水某景区商店销售一种纪念品,这种商品的成本价10元/件,已知销售价不低于成本价,且物价部门规定这种商品的销售价不高于16元/件,市场调查发现,该商品每天的销售量y(件)与销售价x(元/件)之间的函数关系如图所示.

(1)求y 与x 之间的函数关系式,并写出自变量x 的取值范围;

(2)求每天的销售利润W (元)与销售价x (元/件)之间的函数关系式,并求出每件销售价为多少元时,每天的销售利润最大?最大利润是多少?

【解答】解:(1)设y 与x 的函数解析式为y =kx +b , 将(10,30)、(16,24)代入,得:{10k +b =3016k +b =24,

解得:{k =?1

b =40

所以y 与x 的函数解析式为y =﹣x +40(10≤x ≤16);

(2)根据题意知,W =(x ﹣10)y =(x ﹣10)(﹣x +40) =﹣x 2+50x ﹣400 =﹣(x ﹣25)2+225, ∵a =﹣1<0,

∴当x <25时,W 随x 的增大而增大, ∵10≤x ≤16,

∴当x =16时,W 取得最大值,最大值为144,

答:每件销售价为16元时,每天的销售利润最大,最大利润是144元.

24.(10分)如图,AB 、AC 分别是⊙O 的直径和弦,OD ⊥AC 于点D .过点A 作⊙O 的切线与

OD 的延长线交于点P ,PC 、AB 的延长线交于点F . (1)求证:PC 是⊙O 的切线;

(2)若∠ABC =60°,AB =10,求线段CF 的长.

【解答】解:(1)连接OC,

∵OD⊥AC,OD经过圆心O,∴AD=CD,

∴P A=PC,

在△OAP和△OCP中,

∵{OA=OC PA=PC OP=OP

∴△OAP≌△OCP(SSS),

∴∠OCP=∠OAP

∵P A是⊙O的切线,

∴∠OAP=90°.

∴∠OCP=90°,

即OC⊥PC

∴PC是⊙O的切线.

(2)∵OB=OC,∠OBC=60°,∴△OBC是等边三角形,

∴∠COB=60°,

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